Bilgisayar Mhendislii Blm

Computer Programming

Repetition and Loop Statements

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Control Structures
Controls the flow of program execution
Sequence Selection Repetition

Repetition structure
Repetition of steps (loop body) : loop while, for, and do-while statements
Each has advantages for some type ofrepetitions

Ex: calculate payroll for several employees

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Repetition
How to design repetition
Solve the problem for a specific case Try to generalize Answer the following questions for repetition
Do I need to repeat any step? How many times to repeat the steps? How long to continue repetition?

Decide on the loop type based on the answers.

The flow chart on the nect slide

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Loop Choice

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Comparison of Loop Kinds

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Counter Controlled Loop

Repetition is managed by a loop control variable
For example a counter

General format: set counter to 0 while counter < final value do something increase counter by one
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//initialization //test //loop body //updating

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Program Fragment with a Loop

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Flowchart for a while Loop

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while statement
General syntax: while (loop repetition control) statement Example count_star = 0; while (count_star < N) { printf(*); count_star = count_star +1; }
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Payroll calculator
Calculate payroll for several employees
Calculate the total payroll as well

Input:
For each employee
Hours, rate, pay

Number of employees

Output
For each employee
Payroll

Total payroll
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Generalized conditional loop

Ex: multiplying a list of numbers
Ask for numbers Multiply as long as the product is less than 10000

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Generalized conditional loop

Ex: multiplying a list of numbers
Ask for numbers Multiply as long as the product is less than 10000
product = 1; while (product < 10000){ printf(%d \n Enter next item >, product); scanf(%d,&item); product = product * item; }

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Compound assignment
Simple assignment count = count + 1; time = time 1; product = product * item; n = n / (d + 1); value = value % 7; In general: var = var op exp Compound assignment count += 1; time -= 1; product *= item; n /= (d + 1); value %= 7; In general: var op= exp

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for statement
for statement is another repetition structure supplies a designated space for each of the loop components
Initialization of the loop control variable Test of the loop repetition control Change of the loop control variable

Syntax: for (intialization expression; loop repetition condition; update expression) statement;
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for Statement in a Counting Loop

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for statement
for (count_star = 0; count_star < N; count_star += 1) printf(*); for (i = 0; i < max; i +=1) printf(%d \n, i); for (product = 1; product < 10000; product *= item) scanf(%d, &item);
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Increment and Decrement Operators

Unary operators Side effect
++ increments the operand -- decrements the operand

The value of the operation depends on the position of the operator

Pre-increment : operand is after the operator
Value is the variables value after incrementing

Post-increment : operand is before the operator

Value is the variables value before incrementing

Similar for decrement operator

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Prefix and Postfix Increments

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Increment and Decrement Operators

What is the result of following code fragments
n = 4; printf(%3d, --n); printf(%3d, n); printf(%3d, n--); printf(%3d, n); y = n * 4 + ++n; x = n++ * --n;

Write a function to compute factorial of an integer

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Function to Compute Factorial

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Conditional Loops
If you do not know exact number of repetitions Ex: ensuring valid user input
Continue to prompt user to enter a value as long as the response is not reasonable Print an initial prompting message Get the number of observed values While the number of value is negative Print a warning message and ask for another value Get the number of observed values

Where is initialization, test and update steps?

How to write the loop in C?
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Conditional Loops
Ex: Monitoring gasoline supply
Capacity 80000 barrels Use of gasoline is entered in gallons
1 barrel = 42 gallons

Alert if the supply falls below 10% of the capacity

Input:
Current supply Several uses

Output
Remaining supply Alert
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Sentinel Controlled Loops

Input one additional data item at each repetition
Usually number of items is not known in advance When to stop reading data?

Sentinel value: unique value to stop repetition

Should be an abnormal value Get a line of data While the sentinel value has not been encountered Process the data line Get another line of data

Where is initialization, test and update stages

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Sentinel Controlled Loops

Ex: Calculate sum of a collection of exam scores
Assume the number of students in not known What is the sentinel value?

Input:
Exam score

Output:
Sum of scores

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Sentinel Controlled Loops

Algorithm: Initialize sum to zero while score is not the sentinel Get score Add score to sum

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Sentinel Controlled Loops

Correct Algorithm: Initialize sum to zero Get the first score while score is not the sentinel Add score to sum Get score

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Sentinel-Controlled while Loop

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Sentinel-Controlled for Loop

Can we use for statement for sentinel controlled loops?

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Sentinel-Controlled for Loop

printf(); for (scanf(%d,&score); score != SENTINEL; scanf(%d,&score)) { sum += score; printf(.); }

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End-file Controlled Loops

Ex: Calculate sum of a list of integers in a file A data file is terminated by an endfile character
detected by fscanf functions.

special sentinel value is not required

uses the status value returned by fscanf

Algorithm: Initialize sum to zero Read the first value while end of file is not reached Add value to sum Read the next value
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End-file Controlled Loops

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Infinite Loop on Faulty Data

If the file contains a faulty data 7o, fscanf
stops at the letter o, stores the value 7 in score leaves the letter o unprocessed. returns a status value of one finds the letter o awaiting processing leaves the variable score unchanged leaves the letter ' o ' unprocessed, returns a status value of zero

On the next loop iteration, fscanf

In the previous program

the return value of fscanf is not checked for values other than EOF unsuccessful attempt to process the letter o repeats over and over.

Infinite loop!...
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Infinite Loop on Faulty Data

Solution: Change the loop repetition condition to while (input_status == 1) loop exits on
end of file (input_status negative) OR faulty data (input_status zero)

Add an if statement after the loop to decide whether to print the results or to warn of bad input.
if (input_status == EOF) printf (Sum of exam scores is %d\n", sum); else { fscanf (inp, %c, &bad_char); printf("*** Error in input: %c ***\", bad_char); }
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Nested Loops
Loops may be nested like other control structures.
an outer loop with one or more inner loops. Each time the outer loop is repeated, the inner loops are reentered,

Ex: Audubon Club members sightings of bald eagles Input: for each month a group of integers followed by a zero Output: for each month total sightings program contains a sentinel loop (for sightings in a month) nested within a counting loop (for months).

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Nested Loops

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Nested Loops
Ex: a simple program with two nested counting Ioops.
The outer loop is repeated three times (for i = 1, 2 3). The number of times the inner loop is repeated depends on the current value of i.

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Nested Loops

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Nested Loops
The output of the algorithm:

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Nested Loops
What is displayed by the following program segments, assuming m is 3 and n is 5?

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do-while Statement
for statements and while statements evaluate loop repetition condition before the first execution of the loop body. Pretest is usually desirable
when there may be no data items to process when the initial value of the loop control variable is outside its expected range.

Sometimes loop must execute at least once Ex: interactive input

1. Get a data value. 2. If data value isnt in the acceptable range, go back to step 1.

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do-while Statement
C provides the do-while statement to implement such loops
1. Get a data value. 2. If data value isnt in the acceptable range, go back to step 1. do { printf(Enter a letter from A to E> ); scanf(%c, &letter); } while (letter < A || letter > E);

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do-while Statement
SYNTAX: do { statements } while ( loop repetition condition ); Ex: Find first even input do status = scanf(%d, &num); while (status > 0 && (num % 2) != 0);

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Flag Controled Loops

If loop repetition condition is complex
Use a flag is a type int (values: 1 (true) and 0 (false)) Flag represents whether a certain event has occurred. Ex: Input Validation The do-while is often used in checking for valid input
An input is always needed

Two nested loops

Repeat reading input when the input is not valid
not in range OR not a number

Repeat reading input to skip invalid input line

Not to have infinite loop

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Do While Statement and Flag Controled Loops

Do they behave similarly? Why?

scanf(%d, &num); while (num != SENT) { /* process num */ scanf(%d, &num); }

do { scanf(%d, &num); /* process num */ } while (num != SENT);

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Do While Statement and Flag Controled Loops

Which of the following code is better way to implement a sentinel-controlled loop? Why?

scanf(%d, &num); while (num != SENT) { /* process num */ scanf(%d, &num); }

do { scanf(%d, &num); if (num != SENT) /* process num */ } while (num != SENT);

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Do While Statement and Flag Controled Loops

Rewrite the follwing code using do-while statement with no decisions in the loop body: sum = 0; for (odd = 1; odd < n; odd+=2) sum += odd;

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Case Study:
Problem: Collecting area for Solar-Heated House
Area depends on several factors the average number of heating degree days for each month
the product of the average difference between inside and outside temperatures and the number of days in the month

the average solar insolation for each month

rate at which solar radiation falls on one square foot of a given location

heating requirement per square foot of floor space floor space efficiency of the collection method

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Case Study:
The formula for the desired collecting area (A) A = heat loss / energy source heat lost is the product of the heating requirement, the floor space, and the heating degree days. energy resource is the product of the efficiency of the collection method, the average solar insolation per day and the number of days. Two data files hdd.txt contains numbers representing the average heating degree days for each months. solar.txt contains the average solar insolation for each month
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Case Study:
Problem Inputs Average heating degree days file Average solar insolation file heat_deg_days /* average heating degree days for coldest month */ coldest_mon /* coldest month (number 1..12) solar_insol /* average daily solar insolation for coldest month*/ heating_req /* Btu/degree day Ft2 */ efficiency /* % of solar insolation converted to usable heat */ floor_space /* square feet */ Program Variables energy_resrc

/* usable solar energy available in coldest month (Btus obtained from 1 Ft2 of collecting area) */

Problem Outputs heat_loss collect_area

/* Btus of heat lost by structure in coldest month */ /* approximate size Ft2 of collecting area needed */
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Case Study:
Algorithm
1. Determine the coldest month and the average heating degree days for this month. 2. Find the average daily solar insolation per Ft2 for the coldest month. 3. Get from the user the other problem inputs: heating_req, efficiency, floor_space. 1. Estimate the collecting area needed. 2. Display results.

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Case Study:
Program to Approximate Solar Collecting Area Size

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How to Debug and Test Programs

Error Types:
syntax errors run time errors logic errors

run-time error or logic error is usually not obvious

you may spend considerable time and energy locating it.

Method:
examine the program output and determine program part generating incorrect results focus on the statements and try to determine the fault

OR
Use Debugger programs Debug without debugger
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Common Programming Errors

Of-by-one Loop Errors
A common logic error with loops
loop executes one more time or one less time than required

In sentinel-controlled loops, an extra repetition is more dangerous. In counting loops, the initial and final values of counter should be correct and the loop repetition condition should be right. Ex: the following loop body executes n + 1 times instead of n times. for (i=0; i <= n; ++i) sum += i;

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Common Programming Errors

Dont Confuse
Use if statement to implement decision step !! Use while statement to implement loop !!

In using while or for statements, dont forget that

The structure assumes that the loop body is a single statement!! Use (always) braces for consisting multiple statements !!

Keep in mind that compiler ignore indentation!!

Ex : x is 1000 and max is 0; Wrong!! (infinite loop) while (x > max) sum+=x; x++;
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True while (x > max) { sum+=x; x++; }

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Common Programming Errors

Dont forget!! = : is assigment operator == : is equality operator

Wrong!!
while (x=1) ..

True
while (x==1) ..

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