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4 Computing Probabilities and Percentile Using The Standard Normal

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35 views18 pages

4 Computing Probabilities and Percentile Using The Standard Normal

Practical research

Uploaded by

fherlynjanep
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computing

Probabilities and
Percentile Using the
Standard Normal Table
-A normal distribution
curve can be used as a
probability distribution
curve for normally
distributed variables.
Example 1:
If 𝑧 value at random, say, below
1.45 that is the same as the area
under the curve at the left of 1.45.
In this case, the area is 0.9265.
Therefore, the probability of
randomly selecting a 𝑧 value below
of 1.45 is 0.9265 or 92.65%.
-The problems involving
probabilities and
percentiles are solved in
the same manner as
finding the areas under a
normal curve.
In finding probabilities, the following notations
will be used:
(a)𝑃(𝑍 < 𝑧) – probability at the left of 𝑧
(b)𝑃(𝑍 > 𝑧) = 1 – 𝑃(𝑍 < 𝑧) – probability at
the right of 𝑧
(c)𝑃(𝑎 < 𝑧 < 𝑏) – the probability of 𝑧
that is in between two other 𝑧
values, say 𝑎 and 𝑏
In finding probabilities, the following notations
will be used:
(d) 𝑃(𝑋 < 𝑥) – probability at the left of a
normal random variable 𝑥
(e) 𝑃(𝑋 > 𝑥) – probability at the right of a
normal random variable 𝑥
(f) 𝑃(𝑎 < 𝑋 < 𝑏) – the probability of a normal
random variable 𝑋 that is in between two
other normal random variables, say 𝑎 and
𝑏.
Examples 2:
Find the probabilities for each of the
following.
(a)𝑃(𝑍 < 1.32)
(b)𝑃(𝑍 < −1.05)
(c)𝑃(−0.75 < 𝑍 < 1.56)
(d)𝑃(𝑍 > −0.88)
Solution: a) 𝑃(𝑍 < 1.32)
The probability 𝑃(𝑍 < 1.32)
means to find the area under
the normal curve at the left of 𝑧
= 1.32. From the table, find the
intersection on row 1.3 and
column 0.02. Thus, the
probability is 0.9066 or 90.66%.
Solution: b) 𝑃(𝑍 < −1.05)
The probability 𝑃(𝑍 <
−1.05) is the same as the
area under the normal
curve at the left of
𝑧 = −1.05. From the table,
the area is 0.1469. Thus,
the probability is 0.1469
or 14.69%.
Solution: c) 𝑃(−0.75 < 𝑍 < 1.56)
The probability 𝑃(−0.75 < 𝑍 < 1.56) is
the same as the area under the
normal curve between 𝑧 values -
0.75 and 1.56. To get the area,
subtract the area of 𝑧 = −0.75 from
the area of 𝑧 = 1.56. Thus, 𝑃(−0.75
< 𝑍 < 1.56)
= 𝑃(𝑍 < 1.56)– 𝑃(𝑍 < −0.75)
= 0.9406 – 0.2266
= 𝟎. 𝟕𝟏𝟒𝟎 𝑜𝑟 𝟕𝟏. 𝟒𝟎%.
Solution: d) 𝑃(𝑍 > −0.88)
The probability 𝑃(𝑍 > −0.88)
is the same as the area
under the normal curve at
the right of 𝑧 = −0.88. To get
the area, subtract the area
of 𝑧 = −0.88 from 1. Thus, 𝑃(𝑍
> −0.88)
= 1 – 𝑃(𝑍 < −0.88) = 1 – 0.1894
= 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝑜𝑟 𝟖𝟏. 𝟎𝟔%.
Examples 3:
Let 𝑋 be a normal random variable
with mean 𝜇 = 15 and standard
deviation 𝜎 = 3.
Find the probabilities of the following:
(a) 𝑃(𝑋 < 19)
(b) 𝑃(10 < 𝑋 < 19)
Solution: a) 𝑃(𝑋 < 19)
Given: 𝑋 be a normal random variable with mean 𝜇 = 15 and standard
deviation 𝜎 = 3.

(a) To find the probability, convert the normal


random variable 19 to a z-score.
𝑥−𝜇 𝟏𝟗−𝟏𝟓
Thus, 𝑃(𝑋 < 19) = 𝑃(𝑍 < ) = 𝑃(𝑍 < )
𝜎 𝟑
𝟒
= 𝑃(𝑍 < ) = 𝑃(𝑍 < 1.33). From the table, the
𝟑
probability at the left of 𝑧 = 1.33 is
equal to 0.9082 or 90.82%.
Solution: b) 𝑃(10 < 𝑋 < 19)
Given: 𝑋 be a normal random variable with mean 𝜇 = 15 and standard
deviation 𝜎 = 3.

To find the probability, convert the normal


random variables 10 and 19 to z values.
𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟗−𝟏𝟓
Thus, 𝑃(10 < 𝑋 < 19) = 𝑃( <𝑍< )
𝟑 𝟑
= 𝑃(−1.67 < 𝑍 < 1.33) = 𝑃(𝑍 < 1.33) – 𝑃(𝑍 < −1.67).
From the table, we have 0.9082 – 0.0475
= 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟎𝟕 or 𝟖𝟔. 𝟎𝟕%.
Examples 4:
Each month, a Filipino household generates an
average of 28 pounds of newspaper for garbage
or recycling. Assume that the distribution is
normal with a standard deviation of 2 pounds. If
a household is selected at random, find the
probability of its generating
a. between 27 and 31 pounds per month.
b. more than 30.2 pounds per month.
Solution: a) between 27 and 31 pounds per month.
Given: 𝜇 = 28 pounds and standard deviation 𝜎 = 2 pounds.
(a) The probability of generating between 27
and 31 pounds is 𝑃(27 < 𝑋 < 31). This is equal
𝟐𝟕−𝟐𝟖 𝟑𝟏−𝟐𝟖
to 𝑃( <𝑍< ) = 𝑃(−0.5 < 𝑍 < 1.50)
𝟐 𝟐
= 𝑃(𝑍 < 1.50) – 𝑃(𝑍 < −0.5) = 0.9332 – 0.3085
= 0.6247. Thus, the probability of generating
between 27 and 31 pounds of newspaper per
month is 0.6247 or 62.47%.
Solution: a) more than 30.2 pounds per month.
Given: 𝜇 = 28 pounds and standard deviation 𝜎 = 2 pounds.
The probability of generating more than 30.2
pounds per month is equivalent to 𝑃(𝑋 > 30.2)
which is equal to 1 – 𝑃(𝑋 < 30.2) since it is right
𝟑𝟎.𝟐−𝟐𝟖
tailed.1 – 𝑃(𝑋 < 30.2) = 1 – 𝑃 (𝑍 < )
𝟐
= 1 – 𝑃(𝑍 < 1.10) = 1 – 0.8643 = 0.1357. Thus, the
probability of generating more than 30.2 pounds
of newspaper per month is 0.1357 or 13.57%.
Find Me!
A. Use the Table of Standard Normal distribution to
determine corresponding probabilities of the
following:
1. 𝑃(𝑍 < −1.45) 3. 𝑃(0.5 < 𝑍 < 2.33)
2. 𝑃(𝑍 > 1.78)
B. 𝑋 is a normally distributed random variable with a
mean of 60 and a standard deviation of 8. Find the
probabilities indicated by using the table.
4. 𝑃(𝑋 < 52) 5. 𝑃(48 < 𝑋 < 64) 6. 𝑃(𝑋 > 57)

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