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Digital Metasurfaces www.advancedscience.com

Light-Controllable Digital Coding Metasurfaces

Xin Ge Zhang, Wen Xuan Tang, Wei Xiang Jiang,* Guo Dong Bai, Jian Tang, Lin Bai,
Cheng-Wei Qiu,* and Tie Jun Cui*

attracted extensive attention and investiga-

Since the advent of digital coding metamaterials, a new paradigm is unfolded tions, and have realized many intriguing
to sample, compute and program electromagnetic waves in real time with physical phenomena such as negative
one physical configuration. However, one inconvenient truth is that actively refraction,[7] backward wave propagation,[8]
perfect imaging,[9,10] optical illusion,[11–13]
tunable building blocks such as diodes, varactors, and biased lines must be
and invisibility cloaking.[14–19] Though met-
individually controlled by a computer-assisted field programmable gate array amaterial has already demonstrated many
and physically connected by electrical wires to the power suppliers. This novel physical properties and potential
issue becomes more formidable when more elements are needed for more applications, the un-negligible material loss,
advanced and multitasked metadevices and metasystems. Here, a remote- fabrication, and assembly challenges still
mode metasurface is proposed and realized that is addressed and tuned exist for practical applications, especially at
millimeter-wave, terahertz, and even higher
by illuminating light. By tuning the intensity of light-emitting diode light, a
frequencies. Recently, a new class of two-
digital coding metasurface composed of such light-addressable elements dimensional (2D) ultrathin metamaterials,
enables dynamically reconfigurable radiation beams in a control-circuitry-free termed as metasurfaces, has been devel-
way. Experimental demonstration is validated at microwave frequencies. The oped with the flexible function of manipu-
proposed dynamical remote-tuning metasurface paves a way for constructing lating the wavefronts of EM waves.[20–24]
Especially, active metasurfaces allow a
unprecedented digital metasurfaces in a noncontact remote fashion.
dynamical tuning of EM response.[25–29]
Metasurfaces can greatly reduce the mate-
rial loss and overcome the fabrication issue,
All the time, human beings explore to manipulate electromagnetic due to the fact that the thickness of a metasurface is usually only a
(EM) waves in a way they want. However, it is scarcely possible fraction of the working wavelength. Despite being at the infancy,
to achieve this goal by only using natural materials composed metasurfaces have shown many practical applications.[30]
of atoms. Encouragingly, the emergence of metamaterial, an Based on the effective medium theory, the medium para­
artificial material composed of periodically or nonperiodically meters (e.g., permittivity and permeability) of existing metama-
arranged subwavelength elements, offers significant conveni- terials are continuous. By contrast, digital metamaterials which
ence for tailoring EM waves due to their unique EM properties are described by digital “bits” and “bytes” have been proposed
that cannot be found in nature.[1–6] In the past decades, metama- in 2014.[31] In the meantime, the concept of using binary codes
terials described by macroscopic effective medium theory have to quantify phase responses of metamaterial unit cells from 0
to 2π has been proposed and experimentally verified to con-
struct coding metamaterial, digital metamaterial, and program-
Dr. X. G. Zhang, Dr. W. X. Tang, Prof. W. X. Jiang, Dr. G. D. Bai, J. Tang, mable metamaterial.[32] To be noted, N-bit metamaterials or
L. Bai, Prof. T. J. Cui metasurfaces need 2N discrete phases to characterize the prop-
State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves erties of digital units. For example, the unit cells of the simplest
School of Information Science and Engineering
Southeast University
1-bit coding metasurfaces have two discrete phase states corre-
Nanjing 210096, China sponding to two digits of “0” and “1,” which have 180° (or π)
E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] phase difference. By adopting appropriate coding mechanisms,
Prof. C.-W. Qiu namely, arranging the digital unit cells on 2D surface with dif-
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering ferent spatial or frequency coding sequences, different features
National University of Singapore of EM waves such as far-field radiation, scattering, polarization
Singapore 119620, Singapore
E-mail: [email protected] state, and wave-vector mode can be easily controlled.[33–42]
The ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article
To achieve digital unit particles with state-switchable prop-
can be found under https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201801028. erties, tunable active devices have been embedded in the dig-
ital coding units, such as diodes,[25,43] electromagnets,[44] and
© 2018 The Authors. Published by WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, microelectromechanical system.[45,46] We remark that most
Weinheim. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative of reported controlling mechanisms for tunable digital units
Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and
reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. need an external direct current (DC) supply device and a series
of connecting wires, which may increase the complexity of
DOI: 10.1002/advs.201801028 the whole system and bring in problems to the control and

Adv. Sci. 2018, 1801028 1801028 (1 of 7) © 2018 The Authors. Published by WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
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movement of the digital coding metamaterials or metasurfaces. design a light-tunable digital unit particle. By controlling the
In addition, it is very challenging to realize remote controls of intensity of the illumination light, the reflection phase of the
multifunctional digital metamaterials or metasurfaces, due to proposed digital particle can be dynamically tuned as desired. As
the fact that there are many wires connected between the DC a proof of the concept, a light-dependent reflective digital meta-
supply and the interfaces embedded in the digital metamate- surface is fabricated and measured. The proposed light-control-
rials or metasurfaces. In view of this, to realize reconfigurable lable digital metasurface serves as an alternative approach to
digital metamaterials or metasurfaces which can be controlled control the EM waves in real time, and opens novel possibilities
remotely, an optical-control method is highly desirable. Actu- to realize remotely tunable digital coding metasurfaces.
ally, some attempts have been made to remotely manipulate the The proposed light-controlled metasurface is composed of
functionalities of metamaterials and devices in microwave fre- an array of tunable digital unit particles that are arranged in
quency and direct current through illuminating light.[47–49] the x and y directions, together with an array of photodiodes
Here, we propose and design a kind of light-controllable which provides light-controllable DC bias for the varactor
digital coding metasurfaces. First, we present and numerically diodes embedded in the digital particles, as shown in Figure 1a.

Figure 1. a) Illustration of the proposed light-controlled digital coding metasurface. By remotely changing the intensity of the illumination light, the
voltage generated by the photodiodes can be dynamically controlled. Upper-right inset: when the light intensity EV = 0 lx, the reflected beams of the
light-controlled digital metasurface with coding sequence of “000000.” Middle-right inset: when the light intensity EV = 100 lx, the reflected beams of the
light-controlled digital metasurface with coding sequence of “010101.” Lower-right inset: a super unit cell which is composed of 6 × 6 digital particles.
b) Unit cell of the light-controllable digital metasurface. The DC bias of the varactor is provided by the photodiodes which are controlled by LED array.
The inset shows equivalent lumped elements model of the varactor. c) The measured relationship between the bias voltage generated by photodiode
array and the intensity EV of illumination light.

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We first predesign the coding sequence and send the signal by 0 225
light source array, then the photodiode array receive the coding -2 180

Reflection amplitude (dB)

sequence and transmit it to the metasurface, and finally the

Reflection phase (deg)

-4 135
incident waves will be dynamically controlled by the digital
-6 90
coding metasurface in the microwave region. Hence, the scat-
tered or radiated waves are controlled by the “coded” light -8 45

phase difference
of 180 degree
emitted by the source array. -10 "0" element 0
(CT = 2.67 pF)
The idea of using the “coding” unit cell to control EM waves -12 -45
was proposed in ref. [32]. Assuming that the digital metasur- "1" element
-14 (CT = 0.95 pF) -90
face is composed of N × N super units, when the plane wave
is incident normally on the metasurface, the expression of far- -16 -135
field radiation pattern F(θ, φ) is written as -18 -180
-20 -225
N N  2π
− i 
2π 
L (m − 1/2) sin θ cos φ + L ( n − 1/2) sin θ sin φ  +ϕ (m , n ) 
2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
F (θ ,φ ) = ∑ ∑ Ae  λ 
λ 
(1) Frequency (GHz)
m =1 n =1 
Figure 2. Simulated reflection amplitudes and phases of the designed
in which A is the reflection amplitude of the super unit and “0” and “1” element from 2.0 to 6.0 GHz, respectively. The yellow area
its value is 1; ϕ(m, n) is the reflection phase of the super presents the phase differences of the designed “0” and “1” element,
unit. For the “0” element, ϕ(m, n) = 0; for the “1” element, ranging from 160° to 196°, when the frequency changes from 3.69 to
4.10 GHz. The two violet double arrow lines indicate the phase difference
ϕ(m, n) = π. L is the side length of the super unit, and λ is the
of the designed “0” element and “1” element. Obviously, the phase differ-
working wavelength. ence is ≈180° at 3.75 and 4.02 GHz.
If the number of the units is finite, we can simplify the
far-field radiation pattern |F(θ, φ)|. The function |F(θ, φ)| will
achieve the maximum value, when and only when the elevation variable capacitance CT is dependent on the bias voltage.
angle θ and azimuth angle φ satisfy the following equations, To realize the desired binary elements, we make a good deal
of numerical simulations based on different value of L1, L2,
Γx Γx CT, and choose L1 = 5.1 mm, L2 = 10.0 mm, and two optimal
φ = ± arctan , φ = π ± arctan (2)
Γy Γy values of CT, 2.67 and 0.95 pF, by observing the reflection phase

of the designed digital particles. For CT = 2.67 pF and CT =
0.95 pF, the simulated amplitudes and phases of the reflection
 1 1  coefficient (S11) of the designed digital particles are shown in
θ = arcsin  λ 2 + 2  (3)
 Γ x Γ y  Figure 2. It is observed that the phase difference between the
 CT = 2.67 pF curve and the CT = 0.95 pF curve ranges from 160°
where Γx and Γy are physical periodic lengths of the phase gra- to 196° from 3.69 to 4.10 GHz (about 10.2% relative bandwidth)
dient coding sequence along the x and y directions, respectively. and approaches 180° at 3.75 and 4.02 GHz. In addition, at these
To realize the above-mentioned light-controlled digital meta- two frequency points, the reflection amplitudes are larger than
surface, we propose and design a digital particle which is illus- −1.22 dB and the largest reflection amplitude is −0.23 dB. We
trated in Figure 1b, composing of two symmetrical metallic encode the digital particle with CT = 2.67 pF as “0” unit and that
patches on the top and the metallic ground on the bottom. Each with CT = 0.95 pF as “1” unit.
metal patch has two stubs at its ends, serving as bias lines. For To satisfy the dynamic capacitance requested by the
realizing tunable characteristics, a varactor diode is loaded in the coding particle, we choose to use the varactor from Skyworks
gap to connect the two symmetrical patches. To tune the capaci- SMV1405-079LF, in which the capacitance can be tuned from
tance (CT) of the embedded varactor with light, we use an array 0.63 to 2.67 pF. The maximum reverse bias voltage of this
of silicon positive-intrinsic-negative (PIN) photodiodes oper- varactor diode is 30 V. The photodiode, BPW-34-S, is used to
ating in photovoltaic mode to provide DC reverse voltage (VR). provide the needed bias voltage. Each photodiode generates the
The designed light-tunable digital particle is simulated and voltage of 0.5 V, so we connect 50 photodiodes in series to provide
optimized in the software CST Microwave Studio. The substrate the requested voltage. To excite the photodiodes, we use an array
of the digital particle has the dielectric constant of 2.65 with the of low-power light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as the light source. By
loss tangent of 0.001, and the thickness h is chosen as 3.0 mm. changing the intensity of light emitted by LEDs, the voltage gen-
The side length of the digital particle is a = 12.0 mm and the erated by the photodiodes can be dynamically controlled.
thickness of symmetrical metallic patches and ground is To investigate the relationship between the voltage and
t = 0.018 mm. The width of the bias line is chosen as d = 0.2 mm, the light intensity, we test the generated voltage in experi-
and the gap between the patches is w = 1.2 mm. In the simula- ment when the intensity of the light changes, and the meas-
tions, because there is no existing model to mimic the varator ured results are shown in Figure 1c. It is observed that when
diode in commercial package, we use lumped element model: a the illumination intensity (EV) of LEDs increases gradually
resistor-inductor-capacitor (RLC) series circuit, as shown in the from 0 to 104 lx, the generated voltage changes accordingly
inset of Figure 1b, to simulate the varactor diode. Some para- from 0 to 23.0 V. In this range, from the handbook, we know
sitic parameters can be found from the handbook,[50] parasitic the capacitance of the selected varactor can be tuned from
resistance Rs = 0.8 Ω, parasitic inductance Ls = 0.7 nH. The 2.67 to 0.77 pF.

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Next, we make numerical simulations to verify the beam- in a frequency band instead of only one frequency point. Our
modulating performance of the designed light-dependent dig- propsed light-controlled digital metasurface can also realize
ital metasurface, which can be divided into 6 × 6 super unit other functions, and more complicated radiation patterns of the
cells. Each super unit cell is composed of 6 × 6 subparticles, as digital coding metasurface are shown in Figure S1 of the Sup-
shown in the inset of Figure 1a. Each subparticle has two states porting Information. More recently, the digital coding metasur-
“0” and “1.” In one super unit cell, the states of the subparticles faces were used to realize real-time holographic imaging.[41] In
are the same. Hence, the states of the super unit cell can be our work, the light-controlled digital metasurfaces can also be
described by “0” and “1.” In our simulations, the subparticle used to generate the holographic images. In ideal case, the phase
with a capacitor CT = 2.67 pF denotes “0” unit, and the sub- response of each super unit cell in the digital coding metasur-
particle with a capacitor CT = 0.95 pF denotes “1” unit. face can be controlled independently, and hence different binary
According to Equation (1), for the coding sequence “000000,” phase distribution patterns are generated for different codings.
the digital metasurface has no phase changes along the x and y Therefore, combining with the corresponding phase recovery
directions, i.e., Γx → ∞ and Γy → ∞, and we can get θ = 0°. algorithm (such as GS algorithm), the light-controlled coding
Hence, a main reflection beam will be generated by the dig- metasurfaces can produce some corresponding hologram.
ital metasurface. For 1D coding sequence “010101” along Under far-field radiation of the horn antenna, a holographic
the y direction, i.e. Γx → ∞ and Γy = 2L, we obtain φ = 90° and image can be reproduced corresponding to the original image.
φ = 270°. In our design, the side length is L = 72 mm, about To experimentally verify the proposed digital coding meta-
one wavelength at 3.75 and 4.02 GHz, and hence we obtain surface controlled by remote illuminating light, we have fab-
θ = 30°. In this case, two main reflection beams will be gener- ricated the LED-based light source, the photodiode array, and
ated at (30°, 90°) and (30°, 270°), respectively. the metasurface. As mentioned previously, we need 50 photo-
The simulation results of the digital coding metasurfaces diodes connected in series to provide enough bias voltage to
defined by the coding sequences “000000” and “010101” are one variode. We assume that the subparticles in each super
shown in Figure 3. At the working frequency 3.75 GHz, for unit cell have the same state. Then each super unit cell can
the coding sequence “000000,” we observe that the main share the bias voltage. To control the 6 × 6 super unit cells
beam is directed to the z-axis, as shown in Figure 3a; for the independently, we need 36 × 50 photodiodes to provide the
coding sequence of “010101,” two main beams on the yoz-plane bias voltage, which is too complicated. Details of scheme for
are observed in Figure 3b. The full-wave simulation results controlling 6 × 6 super unit cells of the digital coding metas-
are the same as those predicted by the above theory. We also urface individually by remotely illuminating light are shown
observe the numerical results at 4.02 GHz for the coding in Figure S2 of the Supporting Information. To provide bias to
sequences “000000” and “010101,” as shown in Figure 3c,d. the varactor diode, there are reserved stubs at the upper and
Hence, the presented digital coding metasurface can work lower edges of each patch, respectively. Hence, the upper and

Figure 3. Simulated reflection beams of the light-controlled digital coding metasurface at 3.75 GHz with a) coding sequence of “000000,” b) coding
sequence of “010101,” and 4.02 GHz with c) coding sequence of “000000,” d) coding sequence of “010101.”

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lower patches are connected by the stub. In such a case, each digital metasurface can be regarded as a quasi-plane wave.
row of digital particles can be controlled by two feeding lines First, when the light intensity is 0 lx, the bias voltage is 0 V,
and these feeding lines for every row are connected together. and the measurement result of the coding metasurface with
To simplify the fabrication, as a proof of concept, we use only sequence “000000” is shown in Figure 5b. In such a case, the
one string of photodiodes as the voltage source. There are normally incident plane waves is directly reflected back, and the
six columns in the fabricated digital metasurface along the y half power (3 dB) beam width (HPBW) of the reflected beam is
direction, and each column contains six super unit cells along ≈10.2° at 3.75 GHz. Then, we turn the light intensity to 100 lx,
the x direction, which share the same bias voltage. To realize and the bias voltage is 10 V. In such a case, the metasurface
the coding sequences “000000” and “010101,” we connect the is coded with sequence “010101,” and it is observed that there
2nd, 4th, and 6th columns to the string of photodiodes. Hence, are two main reflected beams (around ±30°) with HPBW being
when the intensity of the light is 0 lx, the bias voltage is 0 V, approximately 8.4° in the measured far-field radiation pattern at
and the metasurface will act as sequence “000000”; when the 3.75 GHz, as shown in Figure 5d.
intensity of the light is 100 lx, the bias voltage is 10 V, and We also measure the far-field radiation patterns of the light-
the metasurface will act as sequence “010101.” The fabricated controlled digital metasurface at other frequencies. The meas-
sample totally covers an area of 452 × 452 mm2 (6.06 × 6.06 λ2 ured results at 4.02 GHz for the coding sequences “000000”
at the operating frequency of 4.02 GHz). and “010101” are shown in Figure 5c,e. It is verified again that
We fabricate the digital metasurface, and there are two the digital metasurface can realize different reflection beams by
2.0 mm wide bias lines connected to the positive and negative controlling the light source.
electrodes of the photodiode array, which is located by the side Furthermore, we also fabricate two other low-power LED
of metasurface, as shown in Figure 4a. To illuminate the photo­ sources to emit red and yellow lights (monochrome light at dif-
diode array, we also fabricate an array of 50 low-power white ferent optical frequencies). We measure the far-field radiation
LEDs as a tunable handcrafted light source, which is shown in patterns of the light-controlled digital metasurface when the
Figure 4b. red light and yellow light are illuminating on the photodiodes,
We measure the far-field radiation beams of the fabri- respectively. The results are shown in Figure 5f–i, from which
cated digital coding metasurface in the microwave chamber, we observe that all measured far-field radiation patterns of the
and the photograph of the experimental setup is shown in digital coding metasurface have two main reflected beams. All
Figure 5a. A horn antenna with gain of 15 dBi, working from these measured reflection beams of the light-dependent digital
3.22 to 4.90 GHz, is used as the exciting source, which is coding metasurface are in good agreements with the simulation
placed 2.4 m (about 32 wavelengths) away from the metasur- results, which validates the feasibility of the light-controlled
face. In this case, the incident wave on the light-controlled digital coding metasurface.
In summary, we proposed and verified the
concept of optically remote control of far-field
radiations. A designed digital particle struc-
ture was proposed, which has ≈180° reflec-
tion phase difference when the intensity of
illumination light is changed. Adopting such
digital particles as composing units, a light-
dependent reflection-type digital metasurface
has been fabricated and measured. Good
agreement between measurement and simu-
lation results demonstrates that the scattered
or radiated property of the digital metasur-
face can be remotely reconfigured as the state
of light source is switched between different
states. It should be noted that, in the cur-
rent experiment, the maximum reverse bias
voltage of the chosen varactor diode is 30 V
and each photodiode generates the voltage
of 0.5 V. Hence we connect 50 photodiodes
in series to provide the requested voltage.
For convenience and low cost, we choose
the varactor diode with model “Skyworks
SMV1405-079LF” and photodiode “BPW-
34-S.” If we choose other diodes that request
low bias voltage and advanced photodiodes
Figure 4. Photographs of the fabricated sample and the handcrafted light source. a) Fabricated
that can generate higher voltage, it is possible
sample consists of the light-controlled digital metasurface, photodiodes, and two bias lines,
which covers an area of 452 × 452 mm . The upper right and lower left insets show some details to simplify the complicated biasing wire net-
2

of digital particles and BPW-34-S photodiodes, respectively. b) Fabricated tunable handcrafted work or make the circuitry free. In an ideal
light source comprised of an array of 50 white LEDs. case, one photodiode can generate enough

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Figure 5. Experimental setup and measurement results of the light-controlled digital coding metasurface. a) The experimental setup. When light source
turns off, the measured reflection beams of the light-controlled digital metasurface. b) 3.75 GHz, c) 4.02 GHz. Measured reflection beams of the light-
controlled digital metasurface at 3.75 GHz as illuminating the metasurface with d) white light, f) red light, h) yellow light. Measured reflected beams
of the light-controlled digital metasurface at 4.02 GHz as illuminating the metasurface with e) white light, g) red light, and i) yellow light.

voltage requested by the diode, and we can integrate the photo­ Acknowledgements
diode and diode into the digital particle. Hence, the proposed
X.G.Z. and W.X.T. contributed equally to this work. This work was
scheme is possible to overcome the complicated biasing wire supported by the National Science Foundation of China (61522106,
network used to control each individual particle in the digital 61571117, 61501112, 61401089, 61501117, 61631007, and 61731010),
metasurface. the Foundation of National Excellent Doctoral Dissertation of China
(201444), and the 111 Project (111-2-05).

Experimental Section
In measurement, the transmitting horn antenna and fabricated digital Conflict of Interest
metasurface are fastened on a supporting board, which has similar The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EM property to the air. The supporting board is fixed on a mechanical
turntable, which is controlled by a computer and can be rotated by 360°
in the horizontal plane with high precision. When the supporting board
carrying the transmitting antenna and the sample rotates from −90° to Keywords
90°, the receiving antenna which is mounted on a tripod in the far-field
region receives the electric fields in the horizontal plane (yoz-plane) with far-field radiation pattern, light-controlled digital coding metasurfaces,
the angular resolution of 0.1°. In addition, when the handcrafted low- real-time control of electromagnetic waves
power LED arrays is used to illuminate the photodiode array, the LED
array is fixed 20 mm right above the plane of the photodiode array, and Received: July 3, 2018
the light intensity of the LED array is gradually increased until the DC Published online:
reverse voltage generated by the photodiodes goes up to 10 V. When
the voltage reaches 10 V, the total power of the 50 low-power LEDs
is ≈750 mW, which indicates that the light-controlled digital coding
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