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UGRADUS EDUCATION NIGERIA

(Radical improvement in your academic performance)

CHM 102 APPETIZER

(COVERS MODULE 1-5)

Read this page carefully before proceeding

______________________________________

Date & time of release: 3:04Am Saturday 4th September,

2024

Important information

From the Director: *Philips Olamide Oladele (Philosopher)*

All right reserved this document is a product of Ugradus education released for the

academic welfarism of undergraduate student hitherto;

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All questions set are subjected to confirmation and personal verification, this resource is

prepared to highlight key fact that possibly might have been neglected during the course of

study. [PHILIPS OLADELE OLAMIDE (Philosopher)]-08158934521.

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TABLE OF CONTENT:

ALERT & PRODUCER DESK Pg 1

Content Analysis: Pg 2

BONU: Brief Explanation of the Periodic table with 2024 test questions Pg 3-6

1. HISTORY AND IMPORTANCE OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Pg 7-9

1.1 Vital Force theory and laboratory synthesis of Urea

1.2 Fullerene (The fourth allotrope of Carbon) and Its allotropes (F60, F70, Nanotubes)

1.3 Uses of Nanotubes and Nanostructures

2. CHARACTERIZATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUND Pg 10-15

2.1 Isolation and purification of Organic Compound

2.2 Classification of Organic Compound.

2.3 Structural formulae and Nomenclature of Organic Compound

3. ELECTRONIC THEORY IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

3.1 Bonding in Organic compound

3.2 Hybridization

4. FUNCTIONAL GROUP CHEMISTRY (HYDROCARBONS)

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4.1 Alkane

4.2 Alkene

4.3 Alkyne

4.4 Aromatic hydrocarbons

5. FUNCTIONAL GROUP CHEMISTRY (NON-HYDROCARBONS)

5.1 Alkylhalide

5.2 Alkanol

5.3 Carbonyl (Alkanal, alkanone, alkanoate , amide, acyl chloride)

5.4 Alkanoic

6. INTRO TO REACTION MECHANISM, KINETICS AND STEREOCHEMISTRY

6.1 Reaction mechanism

6.2 Reaction Kinetics

6.3 Reaction stereochemistry

7. CHEMISTRY OF SELECTED METALS AND NON-METALS

2024 E-TEST QUESTIONS

1. Which of the following is Friedel-craft Ans: Benzene +CH3Cl +AlCl3

[NB: AlCl3/ FeCl3 is an acid catalyst and it is always associated with Friedel-craft; the

reaction above is called Friedel craft alkylation]

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2. Which of the following is the product of the Friedel-craft alkylation of benzene as given by

the following equation. “Benzene +CH3Cl +AlCl3 “. Ans: 1-Methyl benzene

(NB: It is not chlorobenzene, it’s the methyl that will join the benzene please take note.

3. The product of the combustion reaction of alkane is _____? Ans: CO2 and H2O

(NB: All hydrocarbons (Alkane-Alkene-Alkyne) will give carbon (IV) oxide and water upon

combustion)

4. The Iupac name of CH3CH2CHCH3CH2CH(CH3)2 is ________?

Ans: 2,4-dimethylhexane

(NB: The CH3 highlighted in blue are the attachment; whenever you have two CH3 at the

edge of a condensed formular as seen above you must know that one of them is part of

the straight chain the other is an attachment on the carbon before that carbon).

5. Chemical or molecular formular for urea is _____? Ans: CH4N2O Or H2N-CO-NH2

6. ____________ are the least dense of all group of organic compounds. Ans: Alkanes (Check

page 74 of 160 of your course material).

7. Which of the following is the least dense Ans:

8. Which of the following is orthonitrobenzene? Ans: 1,2-dinitrobenzene

9. Which of the following is Metanitrobenzene? Ans: 1,3-dinitrobenzene

10. Which of the following is Paranitrobenzene? Ans: 1,4-dinitrobenzene

11. The Iupac name of the compound (CH3)2CBrCH2CH3 is ______? Ans: 2-bromobutane

(The branch specie are highlighted in blue; only one of the CH3 is a branch)
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12. What aspect of chemistry is particularly relevant to environmental contaminant analysis?

Ans: Analytical

13. Urea was synthesized by who? Ans: Fredrich wohler

14. When ethyne react with excess bromine the product form is _____?

Ans: 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane

(NB: 2 molecules of bromine (2Br2= 4Br) will enter the chain break the triple bonds and

align themselves accordingly, -two on each carbon. If the precursor is ethene instead of

ethyne each carbon would have received one bromine each instead of two. It is correct to

say if you add two specie to alkenes to break a bond then you must add four to alkyne

two break two bond out of three then leave one, that is the implication of the statement”

excess bromine”]

15. Which of the following has the characteristics of a homologous series Ans: Every

successful member differs by CH2.

16. One of this is not a primary application of organic chemistry? Ans: Structural engineering

(this is a more complex approach so it can be the primary application of our highly esteemed

organic chemistry)

17. Example of internal alkyne is _____? Ans: But-2-yne, Pent-3-yne, Pent-2-yne (the -yne

can be at any position for internal alkyne except at carbon 1 both from the left or right)

18. Example of internal alkyne is _____? Ans: But-1-yne, Pent-1-yne, Hex-1-yne (the -yne

cannot just be at any position but at carbon1 for terminal alkyne either from left or right

19. What is the primary use of nickel in hydrogenation reactions? Ans: To lower the activation

energy, hence lower the reaction rate.

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20. Aromatic hydrocarbons contain what kind of ring structure? Ans: Planar ring structure

(not all aromatic compound contain cyclohexane ring, benzene is not the only aromatic

compound others include: cyclopropene cation, naphthalene e.t.c )

21. The Iupac nomenclature of C2H5C(CH3)2C2H5 or CH3CH2C(CH3)2CH2CH3 is ______?

Ans: 3,3-dimethylpentane

22. Which alcohol has the lowest boiling point? Ans: Methanol (the lower the carbon content

the lower the boiling point;ethanol is greater than methanol and propanol is greater than both)

23. The halogenation of but—1-yne with a Br2 is ______? Ans: 1,2-dibromobutene (Since it’s

not with excess bromine; two atom can only break a bond not two)

24. The reaction CH3CH3 +Cl2--------- CH3CH2Cl +HCl can be limited in the presence of

Ans: Dark (the reaction represented above is the chlorination of alkane and it must happened

in the presence of sunlight as alkane are unreactive and they need some kind of ignition

before they can react so darkness can hinder the reaction)

25. Propene on hydration in the presence of conc H2SO4 gives _____ as major product?

Ans: Propan-2-ol or 2-propanol (It obeys Markonikov where OH goes to the inner carbon

i.e.., the most substituted carbon)

26. The Iupac nomenclature of CH3CH2CHCC2H5CH2CH2CH3 ____ is Ans: 4-ethyl-3-

heptene or 4-ethylhept-3-ene

27. The nomenclature of CH3C(CH3)2CHCH3CH(CH3)2 is _____? Ans: 2,2,3,4-

tetramethylpentane

28. Aliphatic hydrocarbon have straight chain with open ends while aromatic compound has

cyclic structure with close ends. True/False Ans: True

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29. Which of the following organic compound has a lower boiling or melting point. Ans: Alkyne

(ane>ene>yne)

30. Heating of alkanes give____ as a product? Ans: Carbon and steam

31. Ortho, meta, para are ___ in a benzene ring? Ans: Arrangement of substituent functional

group

32. Bromination of alkane is much slower than chlorination. Ans: True

33. Alkane are gotten from ____? Ans: Crude oil and natural gas

34. 2KNCO + (NH4)2SO4------- 2NH4NCO +K2SO4 represent _______? Ans: Synthesis of

urea

35. Another name for fullerene is ______? Ans: Buckminster ball

36._______propounded vital force theory. Ans: J.J Berzelius

37. ______ is the fourth allotrope of carbon. Ans: Fullerene

38. The only allotrope of carbon known to be soluble is _____? Ans: Fullerene

39. Which compound was found (produce) alongside urea. Ans: K2SO4 (potassium sulphate)

40. The Iupac nomenclature of CH3CCH3ClCH2CH3 is_____? Ans: 2-chloro-2-methylbutane

41. Can 4-ethyl-3-heptene (4-ethylhept-3-ene) undergo geometric Isomerism. Ans: True

42. Which group of scientists discover fullerene? Ans: Robert F.Curl, Harold W. Kroto,

Richard E.Smalley

43. The first four member of alkane are ___? Ans: Gaseous

44. Why did J.J berzelius concluded that organic compound cannot be made in the laboratory.

Ans: He believes that organic compound required a vital force which can only be seen

in living organism.
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45. Which of the following is the role of Vital force? Ans: Was believe to be required in the

synthesisof organic compound.

46. Which of the following is the least dense? a) Ethene b) Butene c) But-2-ene d) Pentene

Ans: Ethene (it has the lowest number of carbon)

47. Geometric Isomers does not exist when the substituent on a carbon atom of the double bond.

True/False. Ans: True

48. When an hydrogen is removed from a carbon atom it produce ___? Ans: Alkyl
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THE PERIODIC TABLE:

Having a good understanding of the Periodic table is the beginning of wisdom as far as learning

organic chemistry is concerned. Element are not just placed in group for viewing sake they were

place in group because that group shows their chemical as well as physical as behaviour, not

only that the group numbers show their number of valence electrons, bond electrons and pairs of

electrons that usually exist on the atom of some specific group (5-8) Known as lone pairs.

The illustration below shows the outermost shell electronic arrangement of

the first 20 element occupying 8 different groups in the periodic table, Using

period 2 element.

I II III IV V VI VII VIII

Li Be B C N O F Ne

H He

Li Be B C N O F Ne

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

K Ca

Statistics:
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o The groups in blues (Grp1-4) are group without lone pairs (i.e. no electrons exist in

two’s in their configuration.

o All single electrons are called ‘Bond electrons’ (i.e. electrons that are one and are

capable of bonding to form duplet) and it is obvious that group 1-4 has 1, 2, 3, 4 bond

electron respectively.

o All double electrons are called “Lone pairs” (i.e. electrons that exist in two’s are not

readily use in bonding) and it is obvious such occurrence only started from Group 5 and

end in group 8. We are not wrong when we say from group 5 to 8 there is one or more

lone pairs

o All electrons present in the outermost shell of an element be it bond electrons or lone

pairs (as highlighted in point two and three above) are called “Valence electrons” which

is used to place them in groups. Therefore, we are not wrong when we say the group

number of an element is its number of valence electron, hence, group 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 has

1,2,4,5,6,7,8 number of valence electron respectively.

o You will notice from the illustration above. Starting from group 1, bond electron is

progressively increasing while lone pair is totally absent until after group (IV) when lone

pair begin to surface. (NB: one lone pair represent two electrons). Therefore, as the

number of lone pair increase bond electrons begin to decrease, we are not wrong to say

group 4 where carbon belong has the highest bond electrons (bonding capacity) another

reason why it is used in organic chemistry.

GROUP NO/NO OF VALENCE ELECTRON: I II III IV V VI VII VIII

BOND ELECTRONS: 1 2 3 4 3 2 1 0

LONE PAIRS: 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4
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Based on presence or absence of lone pairs element in the periodic table exist in two forms. We

can say

o Metals (Group 1-4) and Non-metals (5-8). But later on, group 4 was named “metalloid”

while group 8 was named “unreactive or noble gas” due to having the highest bond

electrons and lone pair respectively.

IV VIII

Ne
C

Highest Bond electrons Highest Lone pairs

o Electrophiles (electron-loving, electron poor, non-lone pair -Grp 1-4) and Nucleophiles

(Nucleus/proton-loving [since proton is found inside the nucleus], electron rich, lone

pair-Grp 5-8)

BONUS QUESTION:

1. From group I to IV there is one or more lone pair. True/False. Ans: False

2. From group I to IV there is no lone pair. True/False. Ans: True

3. From group V-VIII there is one or more lone pair. True/False. Ans: True
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4. From group I to VIII there is one or more bond electron. True/False. Ans: True

5. From group I to VIII there is no bond electron. True/False. Ans: False

6. From group I to VIII there is no lone pair. True/False. Ans: False

7. Group 1-4 consist of solely ______in their outermost shell. Ans: Bond electrons

8. Group 5-8 consist of both _____ and _____in their outermost shell. Ans: Bond electrons and

lone pairs.

9. The group with the highest bond electron/bonding capacity is _____? Ans: Grp IV

10. The group with the least bond electrons/bonding capacity is____? Ans: Grp VIII

11. It has been proven beyond reasonable doubt that the reason group 8 are noble and unreactive

is that____? Ans: They have too much valence electrons, have the highest lone pairs and

hence the least bond electrons

12. Which of the following statement is not correct

a) *Element that has lone pairs lack bond electrons

b) The higher the bond electrons, the lower the lone pairs

c) The lower the bond electrons, the higher the lone pairs

d) Only specific group in the periodic table has lone pair.

13. one of this is a unique characteristic of element in group V-VIII.

a) Bond electrons b) Lone pairs c) Bond pairs d) free electrons

14. Is water a nucleophile? Ans: Yes (Because it contains oxygen a lone pair element)

15. The total number of electrons present in the outermost shell of an element are called_____?

Ans: Valence electron

16. The single electrons that exist on the outermost shell of an element are called_____? Ans:

Bond electrons
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17. When electron exist in two’s in the outermost shell of an element we called them _____?

Ans: Lone pairs

18. Can CH4 serve as a nucleophile? Ans: No (the element present lack lone pair)

19. Electrophiles are electron-loving because they are _____in electron and ____in proton. Ans:

Poor in electron and rich in proton

20. Nucleophiles are nucleus(proton)-loving because they are____ in electron and ____in proton.

Ans: Rich in electron but poor in proton.

21. Nucleophiles love the nucleus solely because it_____? Ans: Houses the proton.

22. A bond contains ____electrons. Ans: 2

23. Lone pair does not exist on an element while it undergoes bonding it must have already exist.

True/false. Ans: True.

24. Oxygen will readily bond two bonds because____? Ans: It’s an element group VI (6

valence electrons, 2 bond electrons, 2 lone pairs). It will use its two bond electrons e.g..,

(H2O)

25. Carbon like to bond four bonds because____? Ans: Its in group 4 and it has four valence

electron which are also the bond electrons e.g.., (CH4)

26. Group 1 and 7 has ____and _____ number of bond electrons respectively. Ans: 1, 1

27. Group 1 and 7 has ____and _____ number of lone pair respectively. Ans: 0, 3

28. Group 2 and 6 has ____ and _____ number of bond electrons respectively. Ans: 2, 2

29. Group 2 and 6 has ____ and _____ number of lone pairs respectively. Ans: 0, 2

30. Group 3 and 5 has ____ and _____ number of bond electrons respectively. Ans: 3, 3

31. Group 3 and 5 has ____ and _____ number of lone pairs respectively. Ans: 0, 1

32. Group 4 and 8 has ____and ____number of bond electrons respectively. Ans: 4, 0
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33. Group 4 and 8 has ____ and ____number of lone pair respectively respectively. Ans: 0,4

34. ______ compounds are compound that comprises of element with large lone pair intervals or

electronegativity. Ans: Polar compounds e.g HCl, H20, CH3OH, CH3OCH3

35. ______ compounds are compound that comprises of element with little, similar or no lone

pair intervals or electronegativity. Ans: Non-Polar compounds e.g CH4, H2, C2, N2, O2, Cl2

36. Alkane is a non-polar compound because_____? Ans: It consist of purely carbon and

hydrogen

37. Alkene is non-polar because _____? Ans: It consist of purely carbon and hydrogen, the

double bond is just to show that it lack enough hydrogen.

38. Alkyne is non-polar because _____? Ans: It consist of purely carbon and hydrogen; the

triple bond is just to show that it lacks enough hydrogen.

QUESTION FROM MODULE 1

(FROM…..PAGE 20 OF COURSR MATERIAL)

HISTORY AND IMPORTANT OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

S/N SCIENTIST YEAR CONTRIBUTION

1 J.J. BERZELIUS 1815 Discovered the Idea of Vitalism

2. Fredrick Wohler 1828 Synthesized for the very first time

Organic compound (Urea) from the

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heating Inorganic compound

(Potassium Cyanate-KNCO and

Ammonium sulphate-(NH4)2SO4)

VITAL FORCE THEORY AND LABORATORY SYNTHESIS OF UREA

39. In 1815 ________ raised the idea of Vitalism. Ans: J.J. Berzelius

40. The Idea of vitalism was introduced in ______? Ans: 1815

41. “All organic compound is produced from living organism from a special force called Vital”.

This idea is popularly known as ______? Ans: Idea of Vitalism or Vital force theory

42. _______scientist synthesis Urea (an organic compound) in the laboratory from inorganic

compound contrary to Berzelius idea. Ans: Fredrick Wohler

43. Fredrick wohler synthesis urea in ____year. Ans: 1828

44. What is the relationship between Berzelius and Fredrick Wohler. Ans: Teacher to student

45. The two inorganic compounds that Wohler use in the synthesis of urea are ______? Ans:

Potassium isocyanate (KNCO) and Ammonium sulphate [(NH4)2SO4]

46. What make a compound organi, if CO2 is not an organic compound ____? Ans: Organic

compounds are made up of chiefly Carbon and hydrogen covalently bounded together,

and in the case of CO2 hydrogen is completely absent. Conclusively, if at all an organic

compound will contain other element it must possess also carbon and hydrogen atoms

and must bond covalently.

47. All carbon containing compound are organic. True/False. Ans: False (CO2 for instance is

carbon containing but not organic because it lacks hydrogen and covalent bonding).
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48. Almost all organic compound are carbon and hydrogen containing. True/False. Ans: True

49. Urea can be found naturally in _____? Ans: Urine

50. The molecular formular for Urea is ______? Ans: CON2H4 or NH4NCO

51. The condense formular for urea is _____? Ans: CO(NH2)2

52. 2KNCO + (NH4)2SO4 = 2NH4NCO + Y. What is Y? Ans: K2SO4

53. X+ (NH4)2SO4 = 2NH4NCO + K2SO4. What is X? Ans 2KNCO

54. 2KNCO + W = 2NH4NCO + K2SO4. What is W? Ans: (NH4)2SO4

55. 2KNCO +NH4)2SO4 = Z+ K2SO4. What is Z? Ans: 2NH4NCO

56. If reaction X +W = Z + Y is the synthetic reaction that produces urea in 1828 by Fredrich Wohler

FULLERENE (THE FOURTH ALLOTROPE OF CARBON) AND ITS

ALLOTROPES (F60, F70, NANOTUBES):

57. The existence of an element in various form is known as _______? Ans: Allotropy

58. The crystalline form of carbon is ______? Ans: Diamond

59. How many Scientists discovered fullerene? Ans: 3 (R.F. Curl, H.W. Kroto and Smalley)\

60. Fullerene was discovered in ___year? Ans: 1985

61. Fullerene was discovered in _____? Ans: Rice university

62. Fullerene was named after a/an ____scientist. Ans: American

63. Richard Buckminster Fuller is popularly known for the discovery of _____? Ans: Geodesic

dome

64. Fullerene is also known as _______? Ans: Bucky ball and Buckminster ball

65. _________ fullerene Contain pentagonal ring and hexagonal ring with 60 carbon atoms held

together by covalent bond. Ans: Fullerene (C60)

66. Fullerene (C60) has ____hexagons and ___pentagons. Ans: 20, 12

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67. No _____ pentagons share a net in fullerene. Ans: Two

68. Each carbon atom in a fullerene molecule is connected to exactly _______neighboring

atoms. Ans: Three (3)

69. Fullerene with 70 number of carbons is known as _____? Ans: Elipsoid

70. Fullerene in tube form is called_____? Ans: Nanotubes

71. Which type of hybridization is observed in fullerene. Ans: Sp2

72. Fullerene exist in how many form___? Ans: Two (2) [Bucky ball and open-ended

cylindrical carbon nanotubes].

73. Fullerene is synthesized when? Ans: A large current is passed between two graphite

electrodes in an inert atmosphere such as helium

74. Passing a large current between two graphite electrodes in an inert atmosphere gives rise to

________ reaching the anode and cathode, which then cooled instantaneously leaving behind

a sooty residue (from which fullerene can be extracted)/ Ans: Carbon plasma

75. High tensile strength, good thermal and electrical conductivity is an example of

____properties of fullerene. Ans: Physical

76. Ferromagnetism and ability to act as an electrophile are some of the ______properties of

fullerene. Ans: Chemical

77. Because of ______fullerene is a great ingredient used in sunscreen, skin whitening and

antiaging products. Ans: Because it possesses exceptional anti-oxidant ability

78. All of these are uses of fullerene except?

a) It is used as lubricant

b) It is also used as catalyst by attaching it to metals and it’s also used in the purification of

contaminated water from free radicals

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c) It is also used as ball bearing as well as composite to weakened material.

d) Composite for material strengthening

d) *As an organic photovoltaic (p-type material

Ans: D [Correction: N-type not P-type)

79. One of the following is not correct about the physical properties of fullerene

a) The behaviour and structure of fullerenes is temperature dependent, as the temperature is

increased fullerene gets converted into the C70.

b) They are soluble in soluble in many solvents like CS2, it is the only allotrope known to be

soluble

c) In chemical reactions fullerene act as an electrophile

*d) Fullerenes are stable, but not totally unreactive and acts as an electron-donating

group characterized as an oxidizing agent.

Ans: D [Correction: (fullerene is an electron acceptor not a donor).

80. A fullerene when doped or crystallized with alkali or alkaline earth metals, it showcases

_______? Ans: Superconductivity properties.

81. The only allotropes of carbon soluble in CS2 is ____? Ans: Fullerene
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QUESTION FROM MODULE 2

(FROM…..PAGE 30 of course material)

ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUND

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82. Whatever is the source of organic compound they are usually found in the _____ state. Ans:

Impure

83. Why do we have to separate a compound of interest or isolate from its reaction system. Ans:

It usually occur together with contaminant.

84. ______ precedes purification of organic compound. Ans: Isolation

85. Various techniques used in Isolation of organic compound includes? Ans; Filtration,

concentration, crystallization, solvent extraction, distillation, fractional distillation.

86. The following are factors usually considered when selecting an Isolation technique.

Ans: Environmental factor, chemical reactivity and physical properties of element

involved.

87. Once the isolation or extraction and purification steps are completed, the isolate is tested

for_____? Ans: its purity.

88. All the following criteria can be used to check purity except.

a) Melting point (for solids)

b) Boiling point for liquid

c) Angle of rotation

d) Odour, solubility and colour

e) *Angle of revolution

89. A compound is adjusted pure when the numeric values of its physical properties remain

____on further purification. Ans: Constant.

90. For proper identification how many methods can be employed? Ans: Three (3)

Quantitative, Qualitative and functional group reactivity

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91. Which type of identification process help to determine constituent element of an organic

compound. Ans: Qualitative

92. Which type of identification process help to determine amount of different element identified

as present in an organic compound. Ans: Quantitative

93. Which type of identification process uses reactions that are characteristics of functional

group of an organic compound and by spectroscopy. Ans: Functional group method

94. A compound X was found to have the following by mass of constituent element C= 85.7%,

H = 14.3%. if Compound X has a molar mass of 42g. Identify the method of analysis employ

and reveal the identity of compound X. Ans: [ i) Quantitative ii) Propane]

QUESTION FROM MODULE 3

(From…Pg 36 of course material)

BONDING IN ORGANIC COMPOUND

95. The ability of carbon to bond with itself via covalent bonding is known as? Ans: Catenation

96. The bonding type predominant in organic chemistry is _____and the valency involves the

electrons present in the_____ which make it close to the heart of organic chemistry Ans:

Covalent; Outer shells

97. Covalent bond is formed when_____? Ans: The atomic orbitals overlap with each other.

98. Covalent bonds are most frequently formed between ______atom. Ans: Atom with close or

similar electronegative value. E.g. (C and H)

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99. In the electronic configuration of carbon (both ground and excited state) there how many

electrons. Ans: Six (6)

100. In the electronic configuration of carbon (both ground and excited state) there how many

orbitals. Ans: Three [ 1s, 2s, 2p,]

101. In the electronic configuration of carbon (both ground and excited state) how many

orbitals is not involve in hybridization Ans: One orbital (1s)-“with two electrons”

102. In the ground state electronic configuration of carbon out of the two active orbital which

orbital has a sub-orbital that is without electron and identify the sub-orbital Ans: [ 2p, 2pz]

103. In the excited state electronic configuration of carbon out of the two active orbital which

orbital has a sub-orbital that is without electron hence does not involve in bonding or

hybridization Ans: None

104. In covalent bonding there is mutual sharing of electron between atom, each atom

contributes ___ electron each. Ans; One

105. ______ determine the bond strength and by extension the bond length. Ans: Degree of

Overlapping

106. High degree of overlapping of atomic orbital depicts ______? Ans: Shorter bond length

and great bond strength

107. _________ is the distance between two bonding nuclei. Ans: Bond Length

108. When atomic orbitals overlap, they form ____? Ans: Molecular orbitals (Molecular

bond)

109. Molecular bond can either be____ or _____? Ans: Sigma or Pi

110. Sigma bond is formed when_____? Ans: The atomic orbitals overlap along the

internuclear axis.
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111. Sigma bond could be formed in how many ways? Ans: Three ways (S-S, S-P, P-P)

112. Pi bond is formed when___? Ans: Atomic orbitals overlap in perpendicular

orientation to the inter-nuclear axis.

113. Sigma bond is stronger than Pi bond. True/False Ans: True

114. Sigma bond is stronger than Pi bond because? Ans: The degree of overlapping in Sigma

bond is more than Pi bond.

115. Bond breakage in organic chemistry is also known as ______? Ans: Bond Cleavage

116. Bond cleavage in organic chemistry is easier in ____Ans: Pi bonds

117. A Covalent bond can either be____ or ____? Ans: Polar or non-polar

118. Bond polarity is caused by ____? Ans: Interaction of bonds between atom of different

element.

119. In which type of covalent bond is there little or no electronegative difference between the

two atoms involve Ans: Non-polar (Hydrocarbons, H2).

120. In which type of covalent bond is there significant electronegative difference between the

two atoms involve Ans: Polar (Alkyl halide, Alkanol, Carbonyl, Alkanoic, Alkanoate).

121. _____ are formed when there is an unequal sharing of bond electrons between bonded

atoms. Ans: Dipoles

122. When a compound has unequal sharing of bond electrons between its constituent atom,

the compound is said to be ____? Ans: Polarized.

123. Dipole is a phenomenon found only in _____ compound. Ans: Polarized

124. All Polarized compound contain polar bond but not all compound that contain polar bond

are polarized. True/False Ans: True

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125. The measure of the tendency of a molecule with unequal distribution of electrons to line

up along the direction of an electric field is known as_____? Ans: Dipole moment (µ)

126. Non-polar covalent compound lacks dipole character True/False. Ans; True

127. The formular for calculating dipole moment is ____? Ans: µ = QD (Where Q is the size

of charge and D is the distance of separation)

128. All molecules with polar bond are polarized. True/False. Ans: False

129. One important criteria for polarizability is _____? Ans: Uneven distribution of bond

electron (charges)

130. _______ type of interaction exists only between polar molecules. Ans: Dipole-Dipole

131. ____ type of interaction exists only between non- polar molecules. Ans: Induced Dipole

132. Hydrogen bond is an example of strong _______ between hydrogen atom and a small

strong electronegative atom. Ans: Dipole-Dipole interaction

133. Hydrogen bond is stronger than Dipole-Dipole interaction but weaker compare to ____?

Ans: Ordinary Covalent bond

HYBRIDIZATION IN ORGANIC COMPOUND

134. The mixing or blending together of atomic orbitals of the same atom but different

character to give equivalent character is known as_______. Ans: Hybridization.

135. According to ground state configuration of carbon there are how many unpaired

electrons_____? Ans: Two (2)

136. What configuration is best to explain the tetravalency of Carbon. Ans: Excited state

137. Alkane has ____ hybridization with _____% P- character and _____% S-character Ans:

SP3, 75%P, 25%S

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138. Alkene has ____ hybridization with _____% P- character and _____% S-character Ans:

SP2, 66.67%P, 33.33%S

139. Alkyne has ____ hybridization with _____% P- character and _____% S-character Ans:

SP, 50%P, 50%S

140. Molecules with Sp3 hybridization are _____? Ans: Saturated, possess bond angle of

109.5o, Tetrahedral in shape, has high rotation rate and are less reactive.

141. Will ethane be reactive than ethene? Ans: No (See question 140 above)

142. Molecules with Sp2 hybridization are _____? Ans: Unsaturated, possess bond angle of

120o, Triagonal in shape, has less rotation rate and are more reactive.

143. Molecules with “Sp” hybridization are _____? Ans: Highly unsaturated, possess bond

angle of 180o, Linear/planar in shape, has extremely less rotation rate and are more reaction

CLASSIFCATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUND

144. The general classification of organic compound into Hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon

combined ____and ____. Ans: Functional group and chemical composition

145. Organic compound consisting of solely carbon and hydrogen is known as ______? Ans:

Hydrocarbon

146. Organic compound consisting of other element alongside carbon hydrogen is known as

____? Ans: Non-hydrocarbon

147. Hydrocarbon are further sub-divided into ____? Ans; Two (Aliphatic and Aromatic)

148. Aliphatic hydrocarbons are majorly unsaturated/saturated___ ended straight chain

organic compound. Ans: Open

149. Aromatic hydrocarbon are majorly unsaturated____ ended cyclic chain organic

compound. Ans: Close

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150. _______is the family of organic compound with the same functional group which follows

regular patterns in which each successful members differs by a constant unit.

Ans: Homologous series

151. Each member of a homologous series is known as a/an_______. Ans: Homologous

152. Example of aliphatic homologous series are______? Ans: Alkane, alkene and Alkyne

153. Alkane has more hydrogen than _____which have more hydrogen than Alkyne. Ans:

Alkene

154. Alkane is saturated while alkene and alkyne are Ans: Unsaturated.

155. Aromatic compound are unsaturated because they have at least____? Ans: A double

bond.

156. Aromatic compound differs from alkene because_____? Ans: Their doble bond is

delocalized.

157. All but one of the following is not a non-hydrocarbon?

a) Alkane

b) Alkene

c) Alkyne

d) Alkylhalide

158. All but one of the following is a non-hydrocarbon?

a) Alkane

b) Alkylhalide

c) Alkanol

d) Carbonyl
 27

159. Carbon atom present in an organic compound are classified into _____? Ans: Primary,

Secondary, Tertiary and Quatenary.

160. Carbon atom with 3 or four hydrogen and with zero or 1 carbon is known as______?

Ans: Primary

161. Carbon atom with 2 hydrogen and with 2 carbon is known as______? Ans: Secondary

162. Carbon atom with 1 hydrogen and with 3 carbon is known as______? Ans: Tertiary

163. Carbon atom with 0 hydrogen and with 3 carbon is known as______? Ans: Quaternary

164. How many primary and secondary carbon is in butane? Ans: 2 primary, 2 secondary

165. How many primary and secondary carbon is in 2-methylbutane? Ans: 3 primary,1

secondary (there is also 1 tertiary where there is attachment)

166. How many primary and secondary carbon is in 2,2-dimethylbutane? Ans: 4 primary,1

secondary (there is also 1 quatenary where there is double attachment)

167. In every single bond there is always a ____bond. Ans: Sigma

168. In every double there is always ______bond. Ans: 1 sigma bond and 1 pi bond

169. In every triple bond there is always _____bond. Ans:1 sigma and 2 pi bond

170. How many sigma and pi bond is in butane. Ans: 13sigma, 0 pi bond

171. How many sigma and pi bond is between C to C atom of butane. Ans: 3sigma, 1pi

172. How many sigma and pi bond is in butene. Ans: 11 sigma, 1pi bond

173. How many sigma and pi bond is in but-2-ene. Ans: 11 sigma,1 pi bond

174. How many sigma and pi bond is in butyne: Ans: 9 sigma, 1 pi bond.

175. How many sigma and pi bond is in pent-1-ene-4-yne. Ans: 10 sigma, 3 pi

176. The part of a molecule where most of its chemical reactions occur is known as___?

Ans: Functional group

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177. A functional group can either be a ____as in alkenes or alkynes, or a ____ as in alkanols

(-OH ) or alkanoic acid (-COOH). Ans: Bond, group of atoms

178. The same functional group will undergo the same or similar chemical reaction(s)

regardless of the size of the molecule it is part of. However, its relative reactivity can be

modified by_____? Ans: The size of the molecules or nearby functional group present.

179. The use of functional group makes the study of organic chemistry____? Ans:

Systematic.

180. By grouping similar compounds together in a class or family, it is easier to____? Ans:

Identify and understand the chemical properties and reactions they undergo.

181. A group of organic compounds with the same functional group is referred to as____?

Ans: Homologous series

182. The functional group present in CH3CHO is ______? Ans: Carbonyl

183. The functional group present in CH3CHO is ______? Ans: Carbonyl (Alkanal)

184. The functional group present in CH2CHCH2OH is_____? Ans: Alkene and Alkanol

185. The functional group present in CHCH is_____? Ans: Alkyne

186. The functional group present in CH3CH2COOH is ______? Ans: Alkanoic/Carboxylic

187. The functional group present in CH3COCH3 is ______? Ans: Carbonyl (Alkanone)

188. The functional group present in CH3CH2OCH3 is ______? Ans: Alkoxyl (ether)

STRUCTURAL FORMULAE AND NOMENCLATURE

189. ________, _________and___________laid the basis for the structural theory. Ans:

August Kekule Archibald Scott Couper and Alexander Buttlerov

 29

190. The measure of the ability of an organic compound to form a fixed number of bond is

known as _______? Ans: Valency.

191. The difference between valence electron and valency is that____? Ans: Valency is the

number single electrons (bond electrons) while valence electron is all the electron

present in the outermost shell of an element be it lone pair or bond electrons

192. Carbon is ____valent. Ans: Tetra

193. Oxygen is ____valent. Ans: Di

194. Hydrogen is ______ Ans: Mono

195. In a __________hybridized carbon atom, all four valences are used in bonding to four

different atoms. Ans: sp3

196. In a ___________hybridized carbon atom, two of the bonds are used in forming the C =

C double bond, which make the molecule unsaturated, Leaving the remaining two for other

atom(s). Ans: sp2

197. In a ________ hybridized carbon atom, three of the bonds are used in forming the C ≡ C

(triple bond), leaving just one bond for another atom. Ans: Sp

198. In drawing the structure of an organic compound, all ______ must be accounted for. Ans:

Valences of any atom involved

199. The formulae that show how the atoms within organic molecule are joined together by

various chemical bond (Single, double, triple) and in some cases how they are arranged in

three-dimensional shape is called__? Ans: Structural formular

200. There are 3 ways of writing structural formulae which are_________? Ans: Dash

formulae, Condense formulae and Bold line/skeletal formulae.

 30

201. _______structural formulae is like the Lewis structure of a given molecular formula

expressed in a two dimensional form that shows how the atoms are connected to each other.

Ans: Dash line

202. To save space and time in the representation of organic structures_____ is usually

employed. Ans: Condense formulae

203. In Condensed Formulae bonds are not shown _____? Ans: Explicitly

204. In condensed formulas, all the hydrogen atom or other atoms that are attached to a

particular carbon are usually written immediately after the carbon but when listing we must

list the _____atom(s) first. Ans: Hydrogen

205. ______type of structural formulae that dispenses the symbols for carbon and hydrogen

atoms and leaves only the lines in the structural formula, it’s usually employed mostly for

cyclic (ring) structures but can also be used for open chains structure. Ans: Bold line

formulae

206. ______ formulae is the quickest of all structural formulae. Ans: Bold line

207. Each intersection of two or more lines and the end of a bold line formulae represent a

______? Ans: Carbon atom

208. In a bold line formulae other element apart from carbon and hydrogen are usually ___?

Ans: Shown

209. ________is a phenomenon in which different compounds have the same molecular

formulas but different structural formulas. Ans: Isomerism

210. Molecules that exhibit this Isomerism are called ____? Ans: Isomers

211. As number of carbon atom increase, number of possible isomers also _____? Ans:

Increase
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212. As number of carbon atom decrease, number of possible isomers also _____? Ans:

Decrease

213. Isomerism starts from carbon _____? Ans: Four

214. How many Isomers has butane_____? Ans: 2 (n-butane and 2-methyl propane)

215. How many Isomers has Pentane_____? Ans: 3 (n-pentane, 2-methyl butane, 2,2-

dimethylpopane

216. How many Isomers has Hexane_____? Ans: 5 (n-hexane, 2-methylpentane, 3-

methylpentane, 2,2-dmimethylbutane, 2,3-dimethylbutane)

217. The two major type of Isomerism are ______? Ans: Structural (positional) and

Stereoisomerism (Optical and geometric)

IUPAC NOMENCLATURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

218. The naming of organic compound is very _____? Ans: Systematic

219. Because of numerous numbers of organic compounds, the naming of each must be ____?

Ans: Very explicit (unique) and very identifiable

220. The three important part of IUPAC system of naming includes? ______? Ans: Prefix

(Other name), Main name (First name) and Suffix (Surname)

221. Identify the Prefix, Main name and Suffix in “2-methylpentane” Ans: [Prefix= Methyl,

Main name= Pent, Suffix = ane].

222. In naming organic compound the numbering of the identified branches must_____? Ans:

Give the lowest possible combination.

223. Which of this is most correct “2,4,5-trimethy”l and “2,3,- trimethyl” ? Ans: 2,3,5-tri

(lowest number combination).

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224. Whenever you can name a methyl branch avoid ____? Ans: Ethyl or higher alkyl

branch

QUESTION FROM MODULE 4

(From…Pg 66 of course material)

INTRODCUTION TOTHE HYDROCARBONS

225. The principal source of alkane is natural gas and ____? Ans: Petroleum

226. The act of separating petroleum into component is known as _____? Ans: Refining

Features Alkane Alkene Alkyne

General CnH2n+2 CnH2n CnH2n-2

formular

Bond type A Single bond Double bond Triple bond

Bond type B Sigma bond only Sigma and Pi Sigma and pi

o In every double bond, there o In every Triple bond,

is 1 sigma, 1 pi there is 1 sigma, 2 pi

 33

Shape Tetrahedral Triagonal Linear/Planar

Hybridization Sp3 Sp2 SP

Bond angle 109.5o 120o 180o

Bond length Longest Longer Long

Bond strength Strong Stronger Strongest

Preparation Hydrogenation Dehalogenation (Debromination) -Continuous Debromination of

Reduction Dehydration (Conc acid) vicinal dibromide

Alkylation Dehydrohalogenation - Ketones pre-treated with

penta-chloride follow by

dehydrohalogenation

-Alkylation (Replacement of

acetylenic hydrogen)

Reactions Chlorination Hydrogenation Hydrogenation

Combustion Halogenation Halogenation

Halic/halo acid Halic/halo acid

Acidic Reaction (H2SO4) Acidic Reaction (H2SO4)

KMNO4 KMNO4

Combustion Combustion

Ozonolysis Ozonolysis
 34

227. When an hydrogen atom is removed from an alkyne it gives ____? Ans: An Alkyl group

228. CH4 is to CH3, while C2H6 is to ______? Ans: C2H5

229. Structure can sometimes be deceiving “2-ethylbutane” should be____? Ans: 3-

methylpentane (refer to question 224 module 3)

HYDROCARBON’S PROPERTIES, PREPARATION AND REACTION

1. ALKANE

230. Alkane is known in old times as______? Ans: Paraffin

231. Alkane has the general formular of ______for open chain. Ans: CnH2n+2

232. Alkane has the general formular of ______for close chain. Ans CnH2n

233. “CnH2n” is the general molecular formular for_____________ and ____________?

Ans: Open chain alkene and close chain alkane

234. At room temperature the first four members of the alkane are _____? Ans: Gases

235. Which of the following is/are gases at room temperature

a) Methane

b) Pentane

c) Hexane

d) 2-methylbutane

e) a and d only

236. Branching of alkanes ____their boiling and melting point. Ans: Lowers

237. Which of the following has the highest boiling point

a) Butane

b) 2-methylpropane
 35

c) Propane

d) 2,2-dimethylpropane

238. Ways in which alkane can be prepared in the laboratory include? Ans: Hydrogenation of

alkene-alkyne, Reduction of alkyl halide, Alkylation of terminal alkynes

239. What product will be obtained when ethene react with hydrogen in the presence of a

nickel or platinum catalyst________? Ans: Ethane

240. Which product will be obtain when ethyne react with hydrogen in the presence of a

nickel or platinum catalyst____?

Ans: Ethane (the hydrogen will be 2 moles) [Hydrogenation of alkyne]

241. 2-chloropropane react with Zn and aqueous acid to produce compound “X”. What is

compound X? Ans: Propane [Reduction reaction of alkyl halide]

242. 2-chloro-2-methylbutane react with Zn and aqueous acid to produce compound “X”.

What is compound X? Ans: 2-methylbutane (Reduction reaction of alkyl halide)

243. The product formed when 3-methylbutyne react with ethyl bromide in the presence of

sodium amide (NaNH2) is ______and what is the name of the reaction.

Ans: 2-methylpentane; Alkylation reaction

244. Alkanes are soluble in ____and Insoluble in ______? Ans: Organic solvent, Water

245. The chlorination reaction of methane is given by: aCH4 +bCl2 = cCCl4 +dHCl.

Give the value of a, b, c, d. Ans: (a=1, b=4 c=1, d=4)

246. Alkane undergo combustion reaction to give ____and____? Ans: CO2 and H2O

247. Propane undergoes combustion reaction to give how many moles of CO2: Ans: 3

248. The breaking down of higher alkanes into simpler ones is known as _____? Ans:

Cracking
 36

249. Find the unknown coefficient in the combustion reaction of ethane.

C2H6 + XO2 ------- 2CO2 + 3H20 Ans: 7/2

250. Find the unknown coefficient in the combustion reaction of ethane.

C3H8 + 5O2 ------- 3CO2 + YH20 Ans: 4

Alkane Oxygen CO2 H20

(3x+1/2) (number of carbon) (Number of carbon +1)

Methane 1 2

Ethane 2 3

Propane 5 3 4

ALKENE

251. Alkenes are known with the old name______? Ans: Olefin

252. Alkene has the general formular of ______for open chain. Ans: CnH2n

253. Alkene has the general formular of ______for close chain. Ans CnH2n-2

254. “When an unsymmetrical molecule (reagent) reacts with an unsymmetrical alkene

compound the most electronegative atom or group from the molecule after dissociation goes

to the most substituted (with few hydrogen) carbon”. The rule stated above is known as

__________? Ans: Markonikov Rule

255. If Hcl is used as a reagent; [Question: is it unsymmetrical and will it follow Markonikov?

Ans: It’s unsymmetrical and will follow Markonikov (Hydrohalogenation)

 37

256. The most electronegative specie in HCl is? Ans: Chlorine (Halide/halogen)

257. The Major product of the Hydrohalogenation reaction of propene is _____? Ans: 2-

chloropropane

258. The Minor product of the Hydrohalogenation reaction of propene is _____? Ans: 1-

chloropropane

259. The Major product of the Hydrohalogenation reaction of 1-methylcyclopropene is _____?

Ans: 1-chloro-1-methylcyclopropane

260. The Minor product of the Hydrohalogenation reaction of 1-methylcyclopropene is

_____? Ans: 1-chloro-2-methylcyclopropane

261. If H2 is used as a reagent; [Question: is it unsymmetrical and will it follow Markonikov?

Ans: It’s not unsymmetrical rather it’s symmetrical and will not follow Markonikov

(Hydrogenation)

262. The most electronegative specie in H2 is? Ans: None (because both hydrogen has equal

electronegativity)

263. The product of the hydrogenation reaction of propene in the presence of a nickel catalyst

is _____? Ans: Propane (no major or minor product as it does not follow Markonikov)

264. The product of the Hydrogenation reaction of 1-methylcyclopropene is _____? Ans: 1-

methylcyclopropane

265. If Water (H2O) is used as a reagent; [Question: is it unsymmetrical and will it follow

Markonikov? Ans: It’s unsymmetrical and will follow Markonikov (Hydration)

266. The most electronegative specie in H2O is? Ans: Hydroxyl group (OH-)

267. The Major product of the Hydration reaction of propene is _____? Ans: 2-propanol

268. The Minor product of the Hydration reaction of propene is _____? Ans: 1-propanol
 38

269. The Major product of the Hydration reaction of 1-methylcyclopropene is _____? Ans: 1-

methylcyclopropan-1-ol

270. The Minor product of the Hydration reaction of 1-methylcyclopropene is _____? Ans: 2-

methylcyclopropan-1-ol

271. If Acid (H2SO4) is used as a reagent; [Question: is it unsymmetrical and will it follow

Markonikov? Ans: It’s unsymmetrical and will follow Markonikov (acidic hydrolysis)
272.
The most electronegative specie in H2SO4 is? Ans: OHSO3-

273. The Major product of the reaction of H2SO4 with propene is _____? Ans: 2-propanol

274. The Minor product of the reaction of H2SO4 with propene is _____? Ans: 1-propanol

275. The Major product of the reaction of H2SO4 with 1-methylcyclopropene is _____? Ans:

1-methylcyclopropan-1-ol

276. The Minor product of the reaction of H2SO4 with 1-methylcyclopropene is _____? Ans:

2-methylcyclopropan-1-ol

277. If Cl2 is used as a reagent; [Question: is it unsymmetrical and will it follow Markonikov?

Ans: It’s not unsymmetrical rather it’s symmetrical and will not follow Markonikov

(Halogenation)

278. The most electronegative specie in Cl2 is? Ans: None (because both halogen (Cl) has

equal electronegativity)

279. The product of the reaction of Cl2 with propene is _____? Ans: 1,2-dichloropropane

(NB: Just like hydrogenation no major /Minor product as it does not follows

Markonikov)

280. The product of the reaction of Cl2 with 1-methylcyclopropene is _____? Ans: 1,2-

dichloro-1-methylcyclopropane
 39

281. Ozonolysis of alkenes gives _____________? Ans: Carbonyl compounds (Alkanal also

known as aldehydes and Alkanone also known as ketones)

282. The uses of ozonolysis in alkene is to ____? Ans: To locate the position of double bond

283. During ozonolysis ____ is the intermediate compound. Ans: Ozonide’s

284. The ozonolysis reaction of propene in the presence of Zn/H2O will give two products

namely? Ans: Ethanal and methanal (Both products are aldehyde)

285. The ozonolysis reaction of 2-methylbut-2-ene in the presence of Zn/H2O will give two

products namely? Ans: Propanone and ethanal (the product is one aldehyde and one ketone

and this is because the compound given as precursor is branch on one of the carbon with

double bond)

286. The ozonolysis reaction of pent-2-ene in the presence of Zn/H2O will give two products

namely? Ans: Propanal and ethanal

287. The ozonolysis reaction of 3-methylpent-2-ene in the presence of Zn/H2O will give two

products namely? Ans: Butanone and ethanal (the product is one aldehyde and one ketone

and this is because the compound given as precursor is branch on one of the carbon with

double bond)

288. The ozonolysis reaction of 4-methylpent-2-ene in the presence of Zn/H2O will give two

products namely? Ans: 2-methylpropanal and ethanal (the product is one aldehyde and one

ketone and this is because the compound given as the precursor has a methyl branch on one

of the carbons with double bond)

289. The major difference between ozonolysis in alkene and alkyne is that alkene produce

either alkanal(aldehydes) or Alkanone(ketones) while alkyne undergo tautomerism (bond

rearrangement) to produce ______? Answer: Alkanoic (Carboxylic) acid

 40

290. Ozonolysis of pent-2-yne will give ______? Ans: Propanoic acid and ethanoic acid

291. Ozonolysis of pent-2-ene will give ______? Ans: Propanal and ethanal

292. Ozonolysis of benzene will give how many products? Ans: Three molecule of glyoxal

i.e. ethane-1,2-dial [C2H2O2] (because benzene three double bond the ring will split into

three product).

293. Ozonolysis of cyclobutadiene will give ______? Ans: 2 Molecule of ethane-1,2-dial

294. Ozonolysis of 1-methylcyclopentene will give___? Ans: Hex-5-al-2-one

ALKYNE

295. Alkyne are hydrocarbons with characteristics of ______? Ans: Triple bond

296. One can prepare alkyne by _____? Ans: Elimination reaction (Dehydro, Dehalo,

dehydrohalo, dehydration reactions), Reaction with Phosphorous pentachloride (PCl5)

with ketones follow by dehydrohalogenation, Alkylation reaction of terminal alkynes.

297. Reaction of Phosphorous pentachloride (PCl5) with ketones will produce a gem

dichlorocompound which after dehydrohalogenation produce _____? Ans: Alkyne

298. When Propanone react with PCl5 follow by the hydrohalogenation, the product gotten

is _____? Ans: Propyne

299. When cyclohexylethanone react with PCl5 follow by the hydrohalogenation, the product

gotten is _____? Ans: cyclohexylethyne

300. Alkylation is an elongation reaction use to extend the length of alkynes; the condition

usually associated with this reaction is _____? Ans: NaNH2 (sodium amide) / RX

(alkylhalide)
 41

301. The product of the alkylation rection of ethyne with ethylchloride in the presence of

sodium amide (NaNH2) will give ____? Ans: But-2-yne

NEW QUESTION FROM MODULE 5

Alkylhalide (Halohydrocarbons)

302. ______ are the halogen derivatives of the hydrocarbon. Ans: Alkyl halide

303. Alkylhalide can also be addressed as _____? Ans: Halohydrocarbons

304. When the halogen derivatives is bonded to an aliphatic hydrocarbon, it is called_____?

Ans: Alkylhalide

305. When the halogen derivatives is bonded to an aromatic hydrocarbon, it is called_____?

Ans: Arylhalide

306. Alkylhalide is represented by ____? Ans: RX

307. Arylhalide is represented by _____? Ans: ArX

308. When the carbon bonded to the halide is bonded to only one carbon and as much

hydrogen as needed to make its four bond it is known as ____? Ans: Primary or 1 degree

alkylhalide (the halogen always occur at the end of the chain

309. Propylchloride is a primary alkylhalide ? Ans: Yes

310. When the carbon bonded to the halide is bonded to two carbon and as much hydrogen

as needed to make its four bond it is known as ____? Ans: Secondary or 2nd degree alkyl

halide

311. 2-chloropropane is a primary alkyl halide? True/False Ans: False (It’s secondary)
 42

312. When the carbon bonded to the halide is bonded to two carbon and make its four

bonds without any hydrogen it is known as ____? Ans: Tertiary or 3rd degree alkyl halide

313. An example of a tertiary alkyl halide is _____? Ans: 2-chloro-2-methylpropane

314. Which of the following is a secondary alkyl halide a) CH3CH2Cl-ethylchloride b)

(CH3)2CClCH2CH3-2-chloro-2-methylbutane c) CH3CHClCH3-2-chloropropane d)

CH3CH2CH2Cl-Propylchloride Ans: B (2)-chloropropane

LEARN THIS!

Primary Alkylhalide Secondary Alkylhalide Tertiary Alkylhalide

Functional group Carbon Only one carbon atom Two carbon atom Three carbon atom

Is Bonded to------

Functional group Carbon Two hydrogen atom One hydrogen atom No hydrogen atom

is Bonded to------

315. Who has the highest boiling and melting point

Alkane b) Alkene c) Alkyl halide d) Alkyne

316. Alkylhalide are prepare by substitution reaction of alkane which include?

Ans: Substitution (with halide, with Hydrogen halide, phosphorous pentachloride)

317. Alkylide (halohydrocarbons) are polar. True/False. Ans: True

318. The polarity of halohydrocarbons can be attributed to ____? Ans: The presence of the

carbon-halogen bond
 43

319. Alkyl was a non- polar compound but when alkyl meet halide it became ____? Ans:

Polar

320. It is a popular understanding in organic chemistry that polar compounds dissolves in

polar solvent like water; since alklyhalide are polar compounds they should dissolve in

water but anomalously they are not water soluble. State the reason behind this anomalous

behaviour? Ans: Because the Intramolecular bond (between carbon-halogen) is stronger

than intermolecular bond upon reaction with water; alkyl halide refuse to let go of the

bond between them to form hydrogen bond in with water, hence the reason for their lack

of solubility in water.

321. Which of the following has the highest boiling point; a) CH3I, b) CH3Br, CH3Cl CH3F

Ans: CH3I (because Iodine has the highest molecular weight)

322. Which of the following has the highest boiling point;

a) CH3Cl, b) CH3CH2Cl, c) CH3CH2CH2Cl d) CH3CH2CH2CH2Cl S

Ans: D (CH3CH2CH2CH2Cl- because it has the largest carbon content)

323. Which of the following has the highest boiling point; a) CH3Cl, b) CH2Cl2, CHCl3,

CCl4 Ans: CCl4 (it has the highest number of halogen)

324. Hydrocarbons undergoes which kind of substitution reaction. Ans: Nucleophilic

325. Water is a nucleophile. True/False. Ans: True

326. When alkyl halide react with water or base/alkali (NaOH,KOH) the substitute their halide

for OH to give_____? Ans: Alcohol

327. When alkylhalide react with alkoxide ion they produce ____? Ans: Ether

328. Who perform the synthesis of ether from alkylhalide via reaction with alkoxide ion. Ans;

Willaimson
 44

329. The reaction where alkylhalide react with alkoxide ion to produce ether is known as ___?

Ans: Willamson ether synthesis

330. Alkylhalide react with ammonia to produce ____? Ans: Amines (NH2 functional grp)

331. Alkylhalide react with Cyanide ion to produce ____? Ans: Nitrite or alkylcyanide

332. Alkylhalide react with metal derivatives of alkyne to produce ____? Ans: Elongated

alkyne

333. Alkyl halide produces alkene only when _____? Ans: When they undergo elimination

reaction

334. Elimination reactions usually accompany substitution reaction. True/False. Ans: True

335. In general, elimination of alkyhalide is favoured by using_____? Ans: A hot and

concentrated reagent (i.e it requires high heat/temperature as well as concentration)

336. Elimination reaction of alkyl halide prefers _____ as precursor. Ans: Tertiary alkyl halide

337. Elimination is favoured by heat. True/False. Ans: True

338. In contrast to elimination substitution of alkyl halide is favored by_____? Ans: Low

temperature and diluted reagent and a primary alkyl halide.

339. When alkyl halide (RX) reacts with magnesium in the presence of dry heater, conc base

and temperature they form ____? Ans: RmgX (known as Grignard reagent)

IMPORTANT: Please learn how to name alkylhalide make reference to your material ;it is

located in page 104-109

Alkanol (Alcohol)

340. Alkanol can also be called _____? Ans: Alcohol or Hydroxyl compounds
 45

341. Hydroxyl compounds are compound which contain _____ bonded to a carbon atom

which determines their reactivity. Ans: -OH group

342. Compounds containing -OH are called _____? Ans: alkanols (old name alcohol).

343. Alcohols are viewed in how many ways: Ans: Two (i) as hydroxyl derivatives of

alkanes and (ii) as alkyl derivatives of water.

344. Alcohols are classified as ______? Ans: Monohydric, dihydric or polyhydric alcohols

345. If an alcohol compound contains one-OH group it is a ___alcohol Ans: Monohydric

346. If alcohol compounds contain two and three-OH group, they will be called ___ and ____

respectively. Ans: Dihydric and polyhydric alcohol

347. Example of a monohydric alcohol include? Ans: Propanol, ethanol, butanol, butan-2-

ol, propan-2-ol, pentan-2-ol,hexan-3-ol

348. Example of a dihydric alcohol include? Ans: Propan-1,1-diol (Gem diol because OH is

on the same carbon), propan-1,2-diol (Vicinal diol because OH is on different adjacent

carbon)

349. Example of a polyhydric alcohol include? Ans: Propan-1,2-3-triol (trihydric)

350. Monohydric alcohol like alkyl halide is further divided into ____? Ans: Primary,

secondary and tertiary.

351. Classify the following alcohol given below:

[A] CH3CHOHCH2CH3; [B] CH3C(CH3) OH) CH2CH3 [C] C(CH3)3(OH);

D.CH3CH2CH2OH E. CH2CHCHCH2OH

Ans: A is primary,

E-is a primary enol because it has double bond,

D-is secondary

B and C are tertiary alcohol

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352. Benzene ring with an OH is known as ____? Ans: Phenol

353. Who has the highest boiling and melting point

a) Alkane b) Alkene c) Alkyl halide d) Alkyne e) Alkanol

354. Who has the highest boiling point? a) Monohydric alcohol b) Dihydric alcohol c) Polyhydric

alcohol Ans: Polyhydric (as the number of -OH group increase, the boding point also increase.

355. For the same reason of hydrogen bonding, alcohols are generally____ in water. Ans: soluble

356. In alcohol However, solubility in water decreases with ____? Ans: increasing length of

chain.

357. Which of the following is the most water soluble? a) Methanol b) Ethanol c) Propanol d)

Butanol Ans: Methanol (because solubility in water decreases with increase in length of chain.

358. Which of the following statement is/are not correct?

a) Alkanols are soluble in water

b) Alkanols form hydrogen bond with water

c) Alkanols are very strong acid (alkanols are weak acids)

d) Alkanols are polar compound

359. In accordance to acidic strength arrange the following: [Water, Phenol (Aromatic alcohol),

Methanol (aliphatic alcohol)]. Ans: Phenol>Water>Methanol

360. When alkanols react with metals they liberate_____? Ans: Hydrogen gas

361. Primary alkanol undergoes partial oxidation to give _____? Ans: Aldehyde (Alkanal)

362. Primary alkanol undergoes complete oxidation to give ____?

Ans: Alkanoic acid /carboxylic acid/ organic acid.

363. Secondary alkanols undergo oxidation to give _____? Ans: Alkanone or ketones

364. ______alcohols are resistance to oxidation. Ans: Tertiary alcohol

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365. Oxidizing agents usually used for oxidizing primary and secondary alcohols includes?

Ans Acidified KMnO4 and acidified K2Cr2O7,

366. Acidified KMnO4 usually change from ____ to _____colour. Ans: Purple to colorless,

367. acidified K2Cr2O7, usually change from ____ to _____colour. Ans: Orange to green colours.

368. Phenol do not undergo ___and ______reaction. Ans: Substitution and elimination

369. PCl5, PCl3, HBr, HCl, SOCl2 are all reagent that can substitute the OH on alkanols to give

______? Ans: Alkyl halide

370. Alkanols undergo elimination reaction to remove one molecule of water when concentrated

H2SO4 at about 170 °C is used as reagent to from alkene. But ___ do not undergo the reaction.

Ans\: Phenol

371. The reaction between an organic acid (alkanoic acid) and an alkanol to produce ester and

water is called _____? Ans: Esterification

372. Esterification is a reversible reaction and it is catalyzed by ____? Ans: Mineral acid e.g

H2SO4

373. Which test is used to distinguish between primary-10, secondary-20 and Tertiary-30 alcohols.

Ans: Lucas test

374. The reagent use in Lucas test is _______? Ans: A mixture of HCl/ZnCl2 solution.

375. ________alcohols undergo Lucas test most readily and very fast. Ans: Tertiary

376. ________alcohols have a moderate response to Lucas test. Ans: Secondary

377. _________alcohols are very resistant and sluggish to Lucas test and always requires heating

Ans: Primary alcohol

378. Which test is used in elucidating the structure of an alkanol involved. Ans: Iodoform test

379. The reagent used in Iodoform test is ______? Ans: a solution of iodine in sodium hydroxide

solution. (I2/NaOH).
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380. A positive iodine test for alcohols gives ____ which confirm the presence of hydroxyl group

Ans: A yellow precipitate

CARBONYL COMPOUNDS

[Aldehydes (al),Ketones (ones), Carboxylic (oic), Esters (oate),

Alkanal Vs Alkanone

381. _____are those organic compounds that contains a carbon atom with a double bond to

oxygen. Ans: Carbonyl compound

382. In the Alkanals, the carbonyl group is at and is bonded to a hydrogen atom. Ans: The

terminal (edge)

383. In Alkanones, the carbonyl group is bonded between ____ Ans: Two alkyl groups (i.e

between two carbon atoms.)

384. The first three member of alkanals are ___? Ans: Methanal, ethanal, propanal

385. The first three member of alkanone are_____?? Ans: Propanone, butanone and pentanone

(they lack carbon 1-2)

386. Alkanal and Alkanone has ____ shape? Ans: Triagonal planar

387. What is the hybridization of carbonyl atom. Ans: Sp2

388. Arrange all the treated homologous series in order of decreasing boiling point.

Ans: Alkanol>Alkanone>Alkanal>Alkylhalide>Alkyne>Alkene>Alkane

389. Which of the following has the highest boiling point. a) Propane b) Propanal c) Propanone d)

Propanol

390. Aldehydes give positive test to ______while ketones do not ______? Ans: Fehling’s (Red

precipitate, oxidation (purple to colourless) and Tollen’s test (deposit of silver that shines like a

mirror)
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391. Ways of distinguishing between alkanal and alkanone include? Ans: Fehlings, tollens,

oxidation and Iodoform test

392. When aldehydes (alkanals) are reduces they give _____? Ans: Primary alcohol

393. When aldehydes (alkanals) react with Grignard reagent they give _____? Ans: Secondary

alcohol

394. Methanal react with grignard reagent (MgX) to give _____? Ans: Primary alcohol

395. Formular for hydroxylamine is _____? Ans: HO-NH2

396. Formular for hydrazine is _____? Ans: H2N-NH2

Alkanoic acid

397. Alkanoic or carboxylic acid are also called _____? Ans: Organic acid

398. Alkanoic acid salts are called ______? Ans: oates

399. CH3COONa is ______? Ans: Sodium ethanoate

400. Methanoic acid is sometimes refer to as ___? Ans: formic acid

401. Carboxylic acid have high boiling point and melting point than alkanols. True/False. Ans:

True

402. Carboxylic acid are weak acid but they are stronger than Phenol and alkanol. True or false.

Ans: True

403. Carboxylic acid are polar and are readily soluble in water. True or False Ans: True

404. Another name for ethanoic acid is _____? Ans: Acetic acid

405. Another name for propanoic acid is _____? Ans: Propionic acid

406. Another name for Butaanoic acid is _____? Ans: Butyric acid

407. Another name for Pentanoic acid is _____? Ans: Valeric acid

408. Another name for hexanoic acid is _____? Ans: Caproic acid
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END

IMPORTANT :
Kindly go through the material on Ethers, esters and amines, learn the nomenclature of alkanol,
alkanoic, esters, amines and ethers. I wish to finish up but time is not on my side. I love you and
I wish the best in your exam today. ( ; 13th/ September, 2024.
For CHM 102 Ugradians and others