module IIT agation RNIN Its stated as: “ the multiplication of t source having same the addition of phase «The total fiekd pattera of an array non-isotropic but similar sources individval source patterns and the pattern of an array of isotropic Poin Jocation, relative amplitude and phase, whereas the total phase pattern pattern of individual sources and that of array of isotropic point sources’ Let, E= total field E, (8.p) = field pattern of individual source E,(0,9) = field pattern of array of isotropic point sources Ep (Q,9) = phase pattern of individual source Ex: (8.9) = phase pattern of array of isotropic point sources ‘Then the total field patter of an array of non-isotropic but similar sources may be written a5, & {Ei (0,9) E.(8,9)) » {Epi (8,9) + Es (8.9) (Multiplication of field pattern) (Addition of phase pattern)GRATING LOBES \When the spacing between the elements is equal to or greater tl itude are formed. The principle maximum is referred (0 q lobe other than major lobe, sufficiently large to permit the in-| than 2, multiple maxima of ‘as the major lobe and the produced phase equal magni remaining as grating lobes. A grating lobe is defined as by an array antenna when the inter element spacing is addition of radiated fields in more than one direction” ‘To avoid any grating lobe the largest spacing between the elements should be less than ‘one wavelength (dmax <2).Gitabing woes ° dre Yq ? havin consideda unifoam Uneas araay of ele meets paring @ Spacing of da between the, .adjascent, elements - Patetn vades coh pe distance oF Sepesation be Cuween elements + if ibe ast ane: oF &pedation. aa exceeds unity, then ~e Magnitude OF +the Sidelobes incbeases 18 that OF +bhe Mmajodlobes’. These Side tobes AE, Called, AS. 9BAtng Wobes: if das, Gating lobes , o¢cuds.Magnetic Bld © Fig. 233, Faraday’s experimental effec. * A ferrite is a non-metallic material which has magnetic properties similar to ferrous metals but resistivity high enough to make it an insulator. * Commonly used ferrites include manganese ferrites (MnFe203) and Zinc ferrites (Z2nFe203). DOWNLOADED FROM KTUNOTES IN * Since these materials are insulators, electromagnetic wave can propagate in them *Due to their strong magnetic properties, when subjected to strong external electromagnetic field, they exhibit Faraday’s rotation. * Thus making them useful for isolators ‘Isolators can be used to improve the frequency stability of microwave generator, such as klystrons and magnetrons, where the reflection from the load affects the frequency. * Isolator consists of a piece of circular waveguide having dominant mode TE,, with transmission to a standard rectangular waveguide having dominant mode TE,, at both ends. DOWNLOADED FROM KTUNOTES.IN¢ Athin circular ferrite rod tapered at both ends is located inside the circular waveguide and the waveguide is surrounded by a permanent magnet which generates DC magnetic field for proper operation of ferrite. * There is a 45° twist in rectangular waveguide at the input side * Isolator consist of a permanent magnet which generates DC magnetic field for proper operation of ferrite. DOWNLOADED FROM KTUNOTES.IN * Resistive cards are placed along the larger dimension of the rectangular waveguides on both side, so as to absorb any wave, those plane of polarization is parallel to the plane of resistive cord. * The resistive card does not absorb any wave whose plane of polarization is perpendicular to its own plane¢ If an input signal is given to port (1) then wave passing from input port (1) through the resistive card and is not attenuated because plane of polarization of wave is perpendicular to the resistive card. ¢ After that, the wave gets shifted by 45° in anti- clockwise direction because of twist in waveguide and then wave gets another 45° in clockwise direction shift because of the ferrite. * Thus plane of polarization of wave is again perpendicular to the resistive card of output port (2), hence wave comes out of output port with same polarization as at input port without any attenuation DOWNLOADED FROM KTUNOTES.IN * If input is given to port (2) then wave passing from port (2) through the resistive card and is not attenuated. * Then the wave gets rotated by 45° clockwise direction because of ferrite and further gets rotated by 45° in clockwise direction due to twist in the waveguide. * Now the plane of polarization is parallel to the resistive card and wave will be completely absorbed by resistive card and output at the input port will be zero. * Thus in isolator signal flows only in one direction, i.e., from port (1) to port (2).Podse ohittes 4 devieg designed to alteo the Phase o& €M OStuitations ac outpug Pease op OF. micsocoave t¥angmission Une with saspect to the Oscdilahons at the input’ the Une the$< $$$ the etecta Toe ‘phase ‘shift 'is achieved’ by Chongina 7 length “oF Yeahs adtels Gok The phase shike 19 basi cally depersts on length oF Mey Une ang opeaking wavelength. Miedo wave phase chiftes may be- od{uetebie 07 ‘non adjustabe atypes 4+ ubdjustable & Non~ adjustable.-* ola Gee djustable phase ‘ohiFress chat iniaoduces the wonsist OF a Feeded Section Phase chife OE a, cest as .Feqny The Magnitude OF the Shifts Can be Adjusted’ as bequised- The a pwndpal classes OF, adjustable Phase shifters ar those With mechanical Shift and op eM contzol oF “he Phase those colty tle tical conten. : The Bast, YPE Includes +elescoping. sections oF waxial Unes, adiustabu by Changing +e length ¥y and »dielesti waveguide phase shiftess | which consist.of eway equ sechon wnotaining a MOV abie dielectric plat. But () that desiian, Phase velocity ang opesatin coavelengih, 5 efertesanoines type (h be Adst categody uses comptessib section OF teclangulas Wave guides, with elastic suspension members mounted on tne namoe tall 5 sath a day thal he widipn OF the Wave gui de can be changed. bridge type phase Shifted: age, coaxial Og wavegula mulbb4 anch miceo wave devices. They ade equipped. colt 400 enclosed Stabs with lengths mat are boat chingly adjustable. the device ts fundamental, disectonal couples . flectaicalty cpesated adjustable phase shiflow 6 ioclute thse wlth semicon ducios @raponents, diodes colts pint Stauchisge Feast. devices; devices Such as Sermconcan o4 Vat actos » those dh ab cese Those that ‘Use a Femoeiestnc and plasma Te most promising types ase those that wee. Pla diodes aS Stai'tching elements. Such odes pedmit thea by changing Stubs to the Une eae ation OF Fest. phase shifters, whith arte atén el * ian “Sed 78 based on He intedaction OF ihe EM = € With the non- compensatea Merit Subla tie eg PRASC ShFon Oh ch Case Pm di decho, Pocat the phase shift to be aiteved ih steps, / digectty 03 by” wonneching aise HOF Ihaough ine ciodes- Magnetic moments ray be OF the cecipaval bype Whey pacduce the ane phose Swift 1 OF eoaVe PAP ABAb'»n OF Of the * Fi fype ydator 18 a special example F telatestype Non -Adjustdbue: ~ 't consist ofa phase cali bdated, teedes section The Phase BhSFE 5 the Becton & parvided'by Stlechng the desised Gngth » cross Sectional Sincenslans: Ow | effective cuelectaic constant * : “UBed th ‘Micsowave devices ‘ i a sate haut > x nine Feedes of audio agStim - Pek Rtgb Dolpb- Tebebyshe _aosay °” Jn this anknna assay, didection OF the beam of eadiation 13 Swep~E 0% Scanned by chomging te Frequeny - consides a Une fed addag OF uniferdly spaced elenren& with a deceived conoected 40 the sight end of he line as Shown ih figude. = i ae ar rt ipo j l¢——____._ dis-ethondl couples to matched oy “‘tesminatos + Hese, posibon of antenna and couples is fix and discen, oF Aadiation can be Changed by Chénging Paequenyy - Angle of dadiation ty? cosge FO ey ge >t aa a) © = velouty q@ Ughe- v= Phase velodty - mode num ber. 8padng - Wavelength - 9 exuptessed as- it coh, nea, me-t GC) wsge + CO 7 se fel 069 « Poip, C#¥, Ae O-9d, MeGn Q)> sds 14 Gn: (a) 7 eth og ign Bs will)» 84-2 Advantages It has no moving patiss NO pbase shiftes 8 dequited NO switches ave sequicted. '€ 13 ginoplest type of scanned asaay. Tchebyshev potynomfal ‘T’ 13 used as a Sy mbo} Tro(4) = wos’ Ur cos! xy 4 fod‘ Txl'e ty To OI stash (mo cos 2), fos Ixl >t1 consider; 8: wos 9 wos 6)" Try XI= wos (ms) fot ms oO; To) = 502) for m= T@J=.wWSt = x: foe Ms 23 ta Ge cos lag) = 9cos?8-! 2 antralfod M: 3; Tg xd =) S638) = 4 ws9s— 30086 15 ax gx? fwom above equation; * Te 41 OD = AX Tey (OD) — Try GQ FO9 Ms 4} Ty [email protected] &x T3Q@2- 1202 #2 C4x8, x2) 227-1 axe gx3L, Similondy'; 15 (2d)= 1G S- 9022 46x. Teta) = gan’ 4ex%4 19271 Ta¢x2 = 6429- 2054 5629-4 x. Te (a) = 109x*- g6exts wort gare! Tata) 2 a66~ 696274 45249-12942 49%. 10 i Nola) iz. 519. 1-180 w- Coast + yor tax. (2 m is even. AF 2% anws[la-1u] every” nat pasving BUGK “fe Odigea q Na. om even Ae MY an cos Cain-? J ne Ne QMttNormalised Aero Factos (AE) Oe OD BS an Cosln- Dda corh n=Design OF baoadside Asra, 3 a0 aasoy sysam 1 which 2 NuMmbes of Identca Pagallel antnoas ase Setiip ‘diong a Une pepenciculas to tre assay oxis . FE eo nA A eh dL ts nenay ont hf) ty | YLt | uu I LY ingividual antenots are equaty spoad along atine. | Each element & fed Grd 1 phase. cunsent oF eqikal magnitude TS adaangement sadiates 1b dsoadside’ 'disecnds « Peapendiculas 0 the Une ‘oF anaay axis Radiation patesn- Dizecton oF mbar saciobon 18 toe bidiacétonal saciatienpate in chagactesisites Of bsoade! ony Jo bacadside asday ; the maximum daciabon 13 > assay Peapendialas 0 avday axis 1% 0° ann ox F sources ave wa phase Cre) a and_yso Y-total phase defoseno. 17 Md pase aigutou Huo A0]eunr poirt of sources ’ Peery istane pent a ey mais $9 weal phase rdifexeoa OF the elds at spoint 'e* <> Phase, difetencs tb adiaunt point cooncegsPs Bdwse+e- pdwsoro [v= 420] Maxirouro Radiation Bd Wm 9x = oO COS Omax E Oma x a Prax And 2#0? ‘> Disecsoo J maaieum Radiah'on oF , 7 yy og 2 = “Wey Whe. Didechons of patean MAxind OF minor Whe s Fos adtay oF n~ tsotaopic point soures of equa/ amplitude and spacing, rine total electric fleld at distane point is, Ce =. €0 '8t0(N'Py) fe ma Kimum When the Qumesator & maximum. é, SEH sin DO «| 2% = sila OW = + CONa) Hy rN eu a,a--- Yet CONIDIA Y 2 , a A Yet CONHIT. ¥ ~Gd.> PdeosOmax Jminos tas ed ConeBd coslOmaxdmin= +t Cant) A-a- OSC Omax) mi + pa [fut -e] (Ome Woe * od! § 3 [t cansiaa — a} f fos a bsoadside Qeday, Keo, Be aK a, ws # Fal 2 cans] (Omaxdmin = tos ‘fs Sapte : D C&max) min 7 Fos 4° ‘tsoteopic * Dewey Saeces, #2), COmax) min rE Naty COmacdnnin =>, ws §2.(-2)} . ot aa? Os £130. Thus + 44 and 2188.6" age the 4 minos lobe maxind. OF the’ aatay oF 4 Isotaople sousce > ND othen maxima exist,~ NSaz oS (Srax) mip = ty Pl. % this value does not exist: cosine funchon 13 always 4) Di section OF minima of mines Whes- oo pee ee ee ' the total elecaic Field fo% the minimum of Minos lobes, Eee Eo SIND % sin(wyy SiNn@Y) =o. Bdcos (OmIND Minogd 4a © Bd eos (Omin) mings = (0s (Omin) méinos = ; , Be fF Ade oe) ~ fot a bdoadside agg ay, OS (Omn mine, =. sl Cemin)minos = tos aT a WP nea; de %_ and Net 4*% (Ems Iminos = ea'ft na ] i peeiee Oma) mingo = 2 6c, “it if Nee; (mis) minoa * cos! Bax t cA (Omic) minos © d° ang’ 180 fan ates + (Emax)my'os =. 90° and ato - COmax) mines «© £414° and 118 a-¢2- lOmin) minos’ £60 (2180, 0°, 1g0" ne o'Beam widin of major lobet- COWFN), gear The angle between fidst nulls: BWEN= ax angle between fidst nul and poaxioum OF majfos lobe. = avy Pi= 4 “nd 12) BWEN = axa nd Total length OF tne adtay » hwnd. - BWEN = 8 gagan. b toad = 673°" BWEN. = 14-6? .degaee': Ya HalF powes beam width :- HPBW HPew « WEA > = bre iy deg ee. 4 ==:eth eanal ah ——— : bf hse pout sous, dectaic prilole “" duct lat Saas eg See +, 0 Yo. YDMagic Tees [E-W Phane tee ] Ap B-H plane Tee Junction i$ foamed by ataching a Simple wave guides One padaiel and he oter Sesies, toa ®ecbangulay Waveguide whSch alteady has @ posts: oo , Th 8 also cated as Magic tee, or Hybrid 0s 348 couples: he atms of sectangular waveguides make two Posts called tpllineaa_posis u, port! and ports, Post 3 8 called as, H-Agm 7 Sum port or Pagalel post: Post 4 8 called as Exagm, or Ufesene Post oF setes port PootaWarm Magic tee Jurchon ‘i a signal of equal phase and magnitude is Bent to powe! and posta then the oufpuc Pore 4 18 BEV aNd the OUpUt at pore a wy be addichve OF bom the ports 4 anda. if a signal 8 sent to pore 4 ce. anm) , theo * Powes 8 divided between post | and a equaly but ub ppposit ‘phase, cor8le “nese ewould be po output ab pore g. us Hence S84 2/0. tf a signal is fed at one of the Cottin eos pr then these appeats no oufput ac the bt” js ast Collineas port, as the E-aem produces ph delay and he H asm produces a phosé Advance $0 Se SQ, 20 ‘fa signal w& Fed at povts, then “he pow? 6 divided bet ween wet dete Port and port a equally, 0 would be no output at aE y. Hene SHThe gtredal matrix Of -he magic tee is given by, su Sia Sig Sta Saa Sag Sax Sst $32 83a 834] — C+ Sy Sea S49 Shy Ss Faorg the Property Of symmeby Sty= Sy, SIB= S31, $ag= 639 ~ (a. Sina post 3 acts as the E plane Tee Sig = ~Saa — (a) Sinw post 4 act as plane Tee. Sms saq -O) considesing he phase delay she network. $342 Sag 29 } (5) Sig = Sgro if pose @ and 4 are mdt ched. Sa3= 94420 applying equation Ca to (6) th equation C1 su ° S13 Stag Se ° Sig -S!3° Sta ~ cd: sig -513, 0 0 Sig Sl4 oD ° | py unitery propery [s][e*] +. 2.* x su Sig Sta |[ Su* SID" Sha ’ * ' Oo aq -Si9 Sa o so -38s Sg x * 313-819 oo 8a - SIS ° ° a 8iq Sia oO ag Sy 2 2 Riere [sul?e Jsrol2* sal? et - (8 Raca= leas|2s lsial? + foal? = 1 -@ worepasng @) and @, Racg = alsial? +! Sn = 328. (a) USING Inese Values From theeanly) dig = Ys — Cre). and(n) we get, \sil?4 [iel?4 Voto <1 Racy = 2 dal? =1 [sui + [sia]? = © t Si = Szaco — (it) S14 = Na — 4 | teen ean @? we getcitelatos [4 post] Sioadore ave e n wrth. wave can x wave guide juncdien iD Mulbpodt fom nh post wv nt™ post 1 ene aidechon only Potts Jn : Pose 4: aa Poses Wo . Couplen 4. Tae Primaday Guide |" "7 ; our Se conddag guide“ « s|£ach 03 the two one type OF faud- post micvorouve citculctor is & cambiraw * of 2,349 Side hole didectional Couples ang Aectangutos wavegcel cde wit two non aeciprocal phase shifters. 3.48. coUpleds tm UtUNlaLor inboduces apbase Shift oF I. Eath oF ihe too phase Shiftess produces a cestain amount oF phage Changed td ‘a cestain didethon, When a wave % Incident to posts, the Wave iS split Into +4000 componenis by couples 4- the wave to the pabmday guide aavives arporta i with a aelabve ‘phase change’ of 18d- | bre the 6econd wave prpagat. through ine pose tO toupless and ihe secondasy guide and ili das . ° Pott a wba velabve phase Shift of (80- Sine the two Waves Beachting POIEA ABe IH Phase the Power tdansmission ts Obtainea Taom poot | aH poots. the wave pacpagak through ne primadty guide, phase shifte, nd coupler g and anaives at postr 4 with a Phase change OF aad’ ave ttavels +haough couples 4 and he 6econdaty ae, and it aevives at post 4 with a phageshin Q 40. Slow the oy) a i : 188, tne ton aves ®eaching port 4 ave out OF phase by + the pocorn A7ansmission Foom port! to ows ren.tants tn “h, ‘ agahon eons. es Wy genedsal, the difesental Propag' ‘4 ° : 4 mW a Wayegutde contain, didechons of propagation . Femi phase Ghifters Should be O03 CamtH)dN wad/s Wa-Wy = ann rad fs- A “fous, Powt diaatlaios onéstructed of 2 magic fees ang @ phase: shifter ° The Phase ‘ShiFtes Produces a phase hit oF 0, Considea a Move Indaent en post 4, it Splits: into a doavess oF equal amptttude and same, phinse (edocs Out Abrough b onda). es oul lt @eachés at a and ¢ hag Bare Phase, and emede thaough the’ add'ea aem ok Fast magic te, a, potea. it The Incident Wave pode g coil §PUt Into &@ Which aoalus @ band c with 180° phage Shift, that gets adder upid ae Subtdatlod aor Of the Second magic tee . on vl@ posts aod 60the gene sal § matdix oF Gtelatos is; Sy S19 819 ola Sar Sao 623 Sax 631 Sa2 533 S34 Sr San Sag S44 - 0 gine all posts ma ddculatos ate matched, $y *Saa= Sag- 844-0 —C)° Sq = 81970 Sgas Saqe ~ 0) 531 = 53420 84, = Spy 20 Siq = Sat= Sgg- Sag=! — G) oo FO gree poo 0 eooF