FLARE, EXPLOSION, FIRE AND

FIRE PROTECTION
DEFINITION OF FIRE

Combustion is an exothermic chemical chain reaction which occurs at

the ignition temperature with combustible material.

A combustible chemical reaction between oxygen and any other

substance accompanied by the evolution of heat, light and flame is
called fire. It is a non-controlled combustion and causes damages to
the matter and mania unless it can be extinguished.
COMBUSTION CHEMISTRY

CxHY + (X+Y/4) O2 + HEAT → X CO2 + Y/2 H2O + HEAT

Up to the ignition temperature reaction is endothermic, but,

after this temperature, even if the heat source is drawn, the
reaction feeds itself.

The oxidation in the combustion process is rapid oxidation.

FIRE TRIANGLE

OXYGEN SOURCES HEAT SOURCES

MIN 16% REQUIRED REACHES THE IGNITION TEMPERATURE

3% O2 ENUOGH FOR SLOW COMBUSTION OPEN FLAME - HOT SURFACES - SPARES
IN AIR 21% O2 AND ARC - FRICTION - ELECTRIC -
It is found in the structure of some of CHEMICAL REACTION
the fuels to keep combustion.

GASES LIQUIDS SOLIDS

METHANE, ETHANE, PROPANE, WOOD, COAL, PAPER, FABRIC,
BUTHANE, HYDROGEN, GASOLINE, THINNER, KEROSENE, PLASTIC, LEATHER,SUGAR, GRAIN,
ACETYLENE, ARSENIC, AMMONIA, DIESEL OIL, BUTANOL, PAINTS, CANDLE, GREASE, LITHIUM,
CARBON MONOXIDE. COAL TAR, NAPHTHA, ENGINE CALCIUM, POTASSIUM
OIL, VEGETABLE AND ANIMAL MAGNESIUM
OIL, ALCOHOL
TYPES OF FIRE

Fire Class Fire Type Materials involved

A General Wood, paper, cloth, trash etc…

Flammable Flammable solvents, liquids, Oils,

B
Liquids Greases, Paints etc…

1. Electrical
Energized electrical equipment
C 2. Flammable
and All flammable gases
Gases

Water reactive Chemicals,

D D Metals
Combustible metals etc…
 TYPE A FIRE

Fire on solid fuels e.g. wood, paper,

plastic etc.

It is quenched and controlled by cooling

and removal of flammable material. For
quenching dry chemical powder and
water are used.
 Most suitable extinguishers
• Water
• Foam

Fire extinguishers
• Dry chemical powder
• Carbon dioxide (CO2)
• Portable aqueous extinguisher
 TYPE B FIRE

Flammable solvents, liquids, Oils, Greases, Paints etc…

It is quenched with dry chemical powder, carbondioxide

and foam.

Caution: Do not throw water onto Type B fire. It causes

to flow flammable materials into the environment and
to spread.
 Most suitable extinguishers
• Foam
• Pulvarized water (spray jet)
• Dry chemical powder
• CO2
• Halon (fixed system)
TYPE C FIRE

Energized electrical equipment (cables, switches,

transformers, electric motors) and all flammable gases
(methane, propane, LPG, acetylene gas etc.)

Caution: Do not interfere with water.

 Most suitable extinguishers
• CO2
• Dry chemical powder
• Halon (fixed system)
TYPE D FIRE

Water reactive Chemicals, Combustible metals etc…

Combustible metals; Sodium, Potassium, Titanium,

Aluminum, Magnesium etc.

The most effective extinguisher is “Trimotoksinboraksin”

 Most suitable extunguishers
• Dry chemical powder (metal powders)
• Trimotoksinboraksin
• High-speed pulverized water
• Dry sand and soil
• Graphite Powder
 APPLICATIONS OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

Suitability of Extinguishers
Fire Class
Water M/F ABC DCP CO2 Sand

Class A    - - -

Class B      -

Class C      -

Class D    (Spl.  
Grade)

Note: X- means can be used on Small surface fires.

FIRE EXTINGUISHER SUMMARY

EXTINGUISHER WORKS AS EFFECTIVE AGAINST

PRESSURIZED WATER COOLING

MECHANICAL FOAM BLANKETING

DRY CHEMICAL
SMOTHERING
POWDER

CARBON DIOXIDE SMOTHERING

DRY SAND BLANKETING D

 HAZARDS ON FIRE PLACE

1. GROWTH RATE OF FIRE,

2. HIGH TEMPERATURE,
3. EFFECT OF FIRE COMPONENTS ON SPREAD OF FIRE,
1. FLAMMABLE SUBSTANCE (TYPE, QUANTITY AND DISTRIBUTION)
2. OXYGEN OR AIR
4. HAZARDS AT FIRE PHASES,
1. BEGINNING PHASE FLAME LANGUAGE
2. BALANCE PHASE INSTANTANEOUS FULL IGNITION
3. HOT SMOKING FIRE EXPLOSION
5. HAZARD OF RESPIRATORY DIFFICULTY BY TOXIC GASES,
1. SULTRY, IRRITATING, TOXIC GASES
6. EXPLOSION HAZARD,
7. CRASH HAZARD,
8. ELECTRICAL HAZARD,
9. CHEMICAL HAZARD,
1. IRRITATING, POISONING, COMBUSTIBLE GAS PRODUCING CHEMICALS AND
RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCE.
RATE OF FIRE

The rate of the fire is doubled with the temperature increase of 10°C .
SIZE OF FIRE

• The size of the fire depends on the size of the

contact area with oxygen.

10 L
10 L
HIGH TEMPERATURE

• The temperature in the fire place increases very quickly. The

temperature rises to 555°C after 5 minutes, 660°C after 10 minutes,
720°C after 15 minutes, 820°C after half an hour, and 927°C after one
hour. As can be seen, the maximum temperature increase is in the
first five minutes.
• The human body and respiratory system can withstand temperature
of 65°C for a while, 120°C for 15 minutes, 143°C for 5 minutes and
177°C for 1 minute.
• Because the temperature is too high at the fire place, the responders
must have the necessary equipment to keep them from burning.
SPREAD OF FIRE
Conduction

HEAT TRANSFER BY CONDUCTION: Heat-conducting metal pipes transfer the heat

over long distances and raise the temperature of the surrounding flammable
materials to the ignition point and cause them to burn.
Convection

Hot gases carry heat as

they rise up from an
open stairwell.

HEAT TRANSFER BY CONVECTION: It is heat transfer through the movement of hot gases. The
gases may be the direct products of the fire, the results of chemical reactions, or additional
gases brought to the fire by the movement of air and heated at the fire surfaces by
conduction.
For example, superheated smoke, which is a fire product, increases with the effect of the
chimney and transfers heat to the upper floors and carries the fire. Fluid evacuation is
required.
Radiation

HEAT TRANSFER BY RADIATION: The rays spread in all directions and linearly. In the absence of
conductive or fluid intermittent heat as the sun is emitted as a beam and raises the substance
to the ignition temperature. Heat currents spread in the direction and linearly.
HOT SMOKING

-Oxygen is below 15%.

-Temperature is high everywhere.
-It can be backdraft with sufficient oxygen gas
intake.

This phase is the last phase of a fire called the coring phase.
BACKDRAFT

The signs of backdraft: -There has low

oxygen
-There has high
-Darkened windows, temperature
-Smoky
-The lack of flame, combustion is
available.
-The abundance of smoke,
-The door is too hot,
-Smoke and grunts from
ranges
There is insufficient oxygen environment for the continuation
of the fire before Backdraft.
Backdraft occurs when oxygen enters

Backdraft is the most dangerous event in a fire.

ELECTRICAL HAZARD
Electrical energy-carrying cable, switch, transformer, electrical motors,
electrical/electronic devices contact, etc. situations.

We can explain the causes of electric fires in general by collecting them in

two main groups.
-Fires caused by the negligence and carelessness of those who use
electrical energy,
-Fires caused by electrical installations
 FIRE EXTINGUISHING TECHNIQUES

• The methods and principles of extinguishing are the

same regardless of the type of flammable substance and
class of fire.
• This principle is to isolate at least one of the elements
that make up the combustion.

• All three conditions are together and sufficient quantity.

Then there's a burning event.
REMOVING FLAMMABLE SUBSTANCE

This method is not possible for solid combustible

materials, but small solid flammable materials
can be taken to a safe site.

In liquid and gas flammable materials, the fire can

be controlled or extinguished by closing the valve
on the leaking fuel or gas circuit.

In electric fires, the power cut off stops the

combustion.
ELIMINATING HEAT (COOLING)

• The temperature of the combustive

material is reduced to below the
ignition temperature. This process is
called cooling.
CUTTING OF CONTACT WITH OXYGEN
(SUFFOCATION)

It is to reduce the oxygen

concentration below the required
rate for combustion. Oxygen does
not need to be reset. When the
oxygen ratio decreases below 16%,
the fire will go off.
HOW TO USE A FIRE EXTINGUISHER

Remember this easy acronym when using an extinguisher -

P.A.S.S.

Pull the pin.

Aim the nozzle.
Squeeze the handle.
Sweep side to side at the base of the fire.
PAY ATTENTION TO THE WIND
TAKE THE WIND BEHIND YOU

FALSE

TRUE
FLAME SHOULD BE INTERFERED FROM GROUND LEVEL.
FIRST PUT OUT THE FRONT AND THEN THE FORWARD.

FALSE

TRUE
TIGHTEN THE EXTINGUISHER IN FUEL FIRES TO
THE POINT WHERE THE LEAK OCCURRED

FALSE

TRUE
USE AS MUCH FIRE EXTINGUISHER AS POSSIBLE
TO INTERVENE IN THE FIRE

FALSE

TRUE
DO NOT LEAVE THE FIRE PLACE BEFORE THE FIRE
IS COMPLETELY EXTINGUISHED.

FALSE

TRUE
DO NOT REPLACE THE FIRE EXTINGUISHER
BEFORE REFILLING IT.

FALSE

TRUE
FORMATION STAGES IN THE REALIZATION OF FIRE

First Stage, SMELL,

Second Stage, SMOKE,

Third Stage, THE FLAME IS SEEN.

 WHAT TO DO DURING THE FIRE

• Do not worry
• If there is a fire alarm button
in your area, press it.
• Call the fire department.
• Report the address of the fire
place as soon as possible.
• Report the type of fire if
possible. (building, gasoline,
motor vehicle, etc.)
• Announce the fire around you.
• Try to use the available means and
facilities to extinguish the fire until
the fire department arrives.
• Close doors and windows to
prevent the spread of fire.
• Do not endanger yourself or
others when you do so.
• Do not allow anyone else to enter
the fire area except officers.
 FIRE TEAMS
• Extinguishing Team
Mission; to prevent the expansion of the fire by immediately
interfering with the fire in the building and to extinguish.
• Rescue Team
Mission; to do life and property recovery in fire and other emergencies
• Protection Team
Mission; protect the documents and goods recovered by the rescue
team, to prevent the panic and confusion that may occur due to the fire,
to inform the rescue team for the rescue of the personnel who do not
carry out the emergency meeting by counting the personnel
• First Aid Team
Mission; first aid to people injured or sick due to fire
 FIRE CAUSES
CAUSES FOR FIRE
%
(6 month fire statistics)
CIGARETTE 2006 28
CHIMNEY 808 11
ELECTRICAL CONTACT 935 13
SPARK SPREADING 342 5
ELECTRICAL DEVICE 331 5
LPG FLARE 38 1
FUEL OIL, GASOLINE FLARE 48 1
NATURAL GAS 20 0
CHILDREN'S PLAYS 266 4
UNKNOWN REASON 142 2
CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE CATCH 8 0
EXPLOSION 11 0
OTHER 2147 30
TOTAL 7102 100
FAILURE TO TAKE PROTECTIVE MEASURES

Not taking precautions is the most important cause of the fire.

Fire arises from insufficient protection of electrical contact, heating

systems, LPG tubes, flammable explosive substances.

In accordance with the technical conditions, the proper use of lpg tubes,
cleaning of the chimneys, and the necessary measures for flammable
explosive materials will significantly reduce the fire disaster.
IGNORANCE

• It is necessary to know how to take measures against fire.

• Not knowing the correct use of electrical appliances, placing the
stove and heater systems incorrectly, not taking preventive
measures for inflammable items invites the fire.
• In order to prevent the formation of fire and extinguish the fire, we
need to learn the mechanism of fire.
NEGLIGENCE
It is not enough to be knowledgeable about the fire.

Due to a non-deflated match or cigarette butt, any electrical equipment

you forget to turn off, any electrical equipment forgotten at the plug;
large fires may occur.

Therefore, we need to be more careful and careful about the fire.

ACCIDENTS

Some of the involuntary events (such as the heating boiler

explosion, electrical contact) cause fire.

However, we can see that ignorance plays a role in all spontaneous

events, as well as the fact that adequate measures were taken at
the beginning.
SPLASH

It is always possible for a fire under control to spread or explode as

a result of neglect or ignorance.

For example; during welding

SABOTAGE

Some people deliberately fire for the sake of various purposes and
gains.

Necessary measures should be taken against such incidents.

NATURAL EVENTS
In windy weather, the
result of interconnected
dry branches, lightning
strikes, earthquakes and
other natural events may
result in fires.
FIRE PREVENTION MEASURES
Fire Extinguishers

A fire extinguisher must be installed at every 250 m2.

Fire Cabinets

Fire cabinets are installed as the distance

between them is not more than 30 M and 1
unit per 1000 m2 on each floor of the building
or in each section divided by fire walls.
Hydrant System

In the hydrant system to be constructed in

factories and public buildings, there should be
water reserves of 2000 lt/min in 60 Minutes.
The floor area should be 5000 m2 of hydrant
system.
Aqueous Sprinkler System

In warehouses and workplaces if there is an

independent area of ​more than 1000 m2 and
fire load and risk is high, there is a necessity
to establish the aqueous sprinkler systems for
the workplaces in public places and high
buildings.
Control Panel
Emergency Ways
AT WORKPLACE

Be very careful with welding and

cutting process.
AT WORKPLACE

There is less risk of fire in

clean and regular
workplaces.
AT WORKPLACE

It is suicide to do otherwise in
places where smoking should not
be.
AT WORKPLACE

Keep fire fighting vehicles

clean and well maintained.
AT WORKPLACE

Electrical equipment should not

be used by unqualified people.
AT WORKPLACE

Heating boilers with defective and

combustible materials can be
dangerous.
AT WORKPLACE

Do not keep combustible

material near workplace
containing sparks