ENGR301 Terms

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A unique, transient endeavour undertak-

What is a project?
en to achieve a desired outcome
Has a unique, temporary purpose. Is de-
veloped in an iterative fashion. Requires
resources, often from various areas. Typ-
What are the characteristics of a project?
ically has a primary customer or sponsor
who provides direction and funding. In-
volves uncertainty.
Financial, organisational, human re-
What are some types of project con-
sources, natural resources, time, quality,
straints?
risk, resources
What is the typical triple constraint on
Scope, time and cost
projects?
Initiating, planning, executing, monitor-
What are the 5 PMBOK process groups?
ing and controlling, closing
Integration, scope, time, cost, quality, hu-
What are the 10 PMBOK knowledge ar-
man resources, communications, risk,
eas?
procurement, stakeholder management
It informs what needs to be done at
What is a framework? a high-level. Bodies of Knowledge are
frameworks
What is a methodology? It describes how things should be done
What are project phases? Steps toward project goals
What is a methodology implemented as? Processes, tasks and activities
What are process groups a part of? The project life cycle
Include actions to begin projects and pro-
What are initiating processes?
ject phases.
These include devising and maintaining
a workable scheme to ensure that the
What are planning processes?
project meets its scope, time, and cost
goals as well as organisational needs.

The coordination of people and re-

What are executing processes?
sources to carry out the project plans and
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produce the deliverables of the project or
phase
A product or service produced or provid-
What is a deliverable?
ed as part of a project
These measure progress toward achiev-
ing project goals, monitor deviation from
What do monitoring and controlling
plans, and take corrective action to
processes do?
match progress with plans and stake-
holder expectations.
Include formalising acceptance of the
What are closing processes? project or phase and bringing it to an
orderly end.
Initiating and closing tasks are usually
What are the shortest process groups? the shortest and they require the least
amount of resources and time
Normally, executing tasks require the
What process groups take the most
most resources and time, followed by
time?
planning.
Which process groups are done through-
Monitoring and controlling processes
out the project's life span?
How much time should be spent on the
2%
initiating process group?
How much time should be spent on the
21%
planning process group?
How much time should be spent on the
69%
executing process group?
How much time should be spent on
the monitoring and controlling process 5%
group?
How much time should be spent on the
3%
closing process group?
Areas which lead to specific project ob-
What are the core knowledge areas?
jectives: scope, time, cost and quality.

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Areas through which objectives are
achieved: Human Resources, Commu-
What are facilitating knowledge areas?
nication, Risk, Procurement and Stake-
holder management.
An overarching function that coordinates
the work of all other knowledge areas.
What is project integration manage-
It affects and is affected by all of the
ment?
other knowledge areas. It anticipates and
deals with issues.
Defines, and gains agreement and com-
mon understanding with stakeholders,
What is scope management?
on the work required to complete the pro-
ject successfully.
Estimates how long it will take to com-
plete the work, and develops an accept-
What is time management?
able project schedule. Aims for timely
completion of project.
Preparing and managing the budget (ex-
What is cost management?
penditure plan) for the project.
Ensures the project satisfies the stated
What is quality management?
and implied needs of the stakeholders.
What is human resource management? Making effective use of your team
Manages generation, collection, dissem-
What is communications management? ination and storage of project informa-
tion.
Identifying, analyzing and repsonding to
What is risk management?
risk related to the project.
Making sure you have what you need,
What is procurement management?
when you need it.
The process of establishing what the
clients want and need and the con-
What is requirements engineering?
straints under which it operates and is
developed

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Project charter, project management
What are the inputs for requirements en-
plan, scope management plan, stake-
gineering?
holder analysis
What are the outputs of requirements Requirements documentation, scope
engineering? management plan
Elicitation, analysis and collation, specifi-
What is the typical process of require-
cations generation, validation of require-
ments engineering?
ments
Discovering the client, or other stake-
What is elicitation?
holders', requirements
Understanding what can often be un-
clear or uncertain requirements given
What is analysis and collation?
by the client. Often involves requirement
conflict resolution.
Documents the requirements which will
What is specifications generation? fulfil the scope (also, often informs
scope).
Verification with the client and stake-
holders that the specifications and re-
What is the validation of requirements?
quirements fulfil the client's needs and/or
wants
What are some tools and techniques for Interviews, focus groups, facilitated
requirements engineering? workshops
An interview is a formal or informal
approach to discover information from
What are interviews?
stakeholders by
talking to them directly.
Bring together stakeholders and subject
matter experts to learn about their expec-
What are focus groups? tations and attitudes about a proposed
product, service, or result. Typically, a
trained moderator guides the group.
Focused sessions that bring key cross-
functional stakeholders together to de-
fine product requirements. Workshops
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are considered a primary technique for
quickly defining cross-functional require-
What are facilitated workshops?
ments and reconciling stakeholder differ-
ences.
What are some team creativity tech-
Brainstorming, mind mapping, affinity di-
niques used for requirements engineer-
agrams
ing?
Superlatives, subjective language,
vague pronouns, ambiguous adverbs
What are some undesirable characteris- and adjectives, open-ended, non-veri-
tics of project requirements? fiable terms, comparatives, loopholes,
incomplete references, negative state-
ments
A method of obtaining early feedback
on requirements by providing a working
What are prototypes?
model of the expected product before
actually building it.
Correct, consistent, unambiguous, com-
What are desirable characteristics of
plete, feasible, relevant, testable, trace-
project requirements?
able
We systematically store previous ver-
sions of files. Each file has specific ver-
What is source control management?
sion or revision identifier. It allows exam-
ination and retrieval of earlier versions.
What is centralised source control man- Repository files served from a server,
agement? local copies of files only.
A copy of the entire repository is held
What is decentralised source control locally as well as local copies of the files.
management? There may be many remote copies of the
repository.
ISO/IEC/IEEE 29148 Systems and soft-
What is the prominent standard for soft- ware engineering — Life cycle processes
ware and systems requirements? — Requirements
engineering
SMART - specific, measurable, achiev-
able, relevant, time-bound. They should
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be action or goal-oriented. Issue titles for
What criteria should issues follow? tasks should be written in the imperative
mood.
Complex information model. Crazy com-
mand line syntax. Crappy documenta-
tion. Information model sprawl. Leaky ab-
straction. Power for the maintainer, at
What are the 10 things I hate about Git? the expense of the contributor. Unsafe
version control. Burden of VCS mainte-
nance pushed to contributors. Git history
is a bunch of lies. Simple tasks need so
many commands.
A local version of the project with files
What is the working copy?
that you can see and edit
The staging area between the work-
ing copy and the repository. Untracked
What is the index?
chances can be moved to the staging
area using git add
A local clone of the remote repository
What is the local repository? which you can commit changes to prior
to pushing them to the remote repository
A typically centrally served version of the
project that are hosted on the internet
or network somewhere. Treated as the
What is the remote repository?
Single Source of Truth as it contains the
most accurate, complete, and up-to-date
data in a centralised location.
Greatest freedom at the start, least free-
dom at the end. Use staging to collect
changes for a commit while working. Lo-
What are some guidelines for using git's
cal commits are easy to change, both in
workflow effectively?
terms of content and order. The remote is
shared and commits should be changed
with caution.
What is the stash? Locally stored set of changes in a queue.
What is pre-commit?
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A framework for managing and maintain-
ing multi-language pre-commit hooks
Branches are created from an Issue via
a Merge Request, directed toward a sin-
What is the branching strategy used for gle purpose, and typically short-lived on
the GitLab Workflow? the time scale of the projects. Schemat-
ics and PCB layout branches will be
longer-lived.
How should a branch be merged into
Using a merge request
main?
How do we add commits from main to a
git rebase main
branch?
Rebasing commits which have not been
What is the fundamental rule of rebas- pushed to remote is safe, but rebasing
ing? commits pushed to remote can disrupt
others.
Moving a commit, or a series of commits,
What is cherry-picking?
from one branch to another.
On the target branch use git cherry-pick
What is the command to perform cherry <sha>. Use git cherry-pick --no-commit
picking? <sha> if you just want
the files without the commit
git remote prune origin, git branch
--all, git branch --delete <branch>. This
How would we prune a branch?
will help remove merged and deleted
branches from your local copy.
Why do we prune branches? To keep our local copy tidy
To manage git branching and review
What are merge requests used for?
work
They provide a central place of record,
allow team members to make suggestion
Why do we use merge requests? on code, and allow us to merge in brows-
er which provides multiple safeguards
compared to command line merging

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Top-down decomposition of the project
What are the 2 ways to manage the
into work packages. Bottom-up composi-
scope of a project?
tion of tasks into work packages
They poorly separate scope from time.
What are the flaws with GitLab's time There's no clear way of composing a
tracking mechanisms? work package independent of time con-
siderations.
What are GitLab's time tracking mecha-
Issues, iterations, milestones, epics
nisms?
Issues have due dates, time estimates
What are the differences between is- and time expenditure. Iterations have
sues, iterations, milestones and epics? a cadence. Both milestones and epics
have start and end dates.
A collection of issues to be completed in
the cadence period. Issues roll-over from
What is an iteration?
one iteration to the next. Issues can be
related to only one iteration at a time.
Business as usual. They are not as useful
What are iterations useful for?
for meeting project goals.
A collection of issues to be completed
within a fixed period. A burn-down chart
What is a milestone? is displayed showing progress against
time. Issues can be related to only on
milestone at a time.
A collection of issues and other epics to
be completed within a fixed period. They
What is an epic?
can be displayed in a roadmap. Issues
can be included in more than one epic.
They have some potential for construct-
Are epics useful for managing project ing a work breakdown structure but their
execution? intrinsic properties related to time are
frequently impediments.
To direct and manage stakeholders to
What is the role of the project manager?
complete the project

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Coordinate planning and execution. De-

velop and use soft skills. Provide a
supportive organisational culture. Break
What tasks does a project manag-
the rules when needed. Capitalise on
er/team conduct?
product, business and application area
knowledge. Use project execution tools
and techniques.
Strong leadership, effective team build-
What are some essential soft skills for ing, strong communication, motivation,
the management of a project? negotiation, conflict management, and
problem solving.
Using or creating templates or guide-
What are some methods to create a sup- lines. Use project plans to monitor
portive organisational culture? progress during execution. Create a sup-
portive culture within the team.
Stakeholders will need to be convinced
Why is breaking the rules risky in terms
that the breakage is necessary. Politics
of project integration management?
will play a role in the results
Lack of support for the project from 'high-
er-ups'. Project stakeholders insufficient-
ly involved in decision making. The pro-
ject manager/team is inexperienced. The
project objectives/scope are unclear. Es-
timates for time and cost goals are unreli-
What are 10 common problems during
able or unrealistic. Business needs/tech-
project execution?
nology changes have impacted the pro-
ject. People working on the project are
incompetent or unmotivated. There are
poor conflict-management procedures.
Communications are poor. Suppliers are
not delivering as promised.
What is a common solution to lack of 'Managing up'
support for the project from 'higher-ups'? and leadership from the bottom
What is a common solution to pro-
ject stakeholders being insufficiently in- Involving the stakeholders (duh)
volved in decision making?

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What is a common solution to the project
Training, mentorship and reflection
manager/team being inexperienced?
What is a common solution to the project Clarifying the requirements and objec-
objectives/scope being unclear? tives
What is a common solution to the time
Reviewing previous estimates to refine
and cost goals being unreliable or unre-
future estimates
alistic?
What is a common solution to busi-
Anticipate and avoid the risk. Adapt to
ness needs/technology changes impact-
external changes.
ing the project?
What is a common solution to people
working on the project being incompe- Training, accomodation and reflection
tent or unmotivated?
What is a common solution to there
Practice good conflict-management.
being poor conflict-management proce-
Have a team contract.
dure?
Document expected communication
What is a common solution to communi-
methods. Identify team members' modes
cation being poor?
and styles.
What is a common solution to suppliers
Anticipate and avoid this risk. Adapt
not delivering as promised?
What should a team contract address? Conduct and conflict management
Rate the 6 conflict management meth- Withdrawal = Forcing, Compromise,
ods from least to most considerate of the Smoothing = Problem-solving = Collab-
relationship's importance. orating
Rate the 6 conflict management meth- Smoothing = Withdrawal, Compromise,
ods from least to most considerate of the Problem-solving = Collaborating = Forc-
task's importance. ing
What is the confrontation/problem-solv-
Directly facing a conflict
ing conflict management method?
What is the compromise conflict man-
Use a give-and-take approach
agement method?
What is the smoothing conflict manage- De-emphasise areas of difference and
ment method? emphasise areas of agreement
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What is the forcing conflict management
The win-lose approach
method?
What is the withdrawal conflict manage- Retreat or withdraw from an actual or
ment method? potential disagreement
Decision maker incorporate different
What is the collaborating conflict man-
viewpoints and insights to develop con-
agement method?
sensus and commitment
Factors concerning the motivation, influ-
What are the human factors of a project? ence and effectiveness experienced by
your team and its members
What phase of the project exposes you
to the greatest number of human fac- Project execution
tors?
Causes people of their own volition to
What is intrinsic motivation?
behave in a particular manner
Causes people to do something for re-
What is extrinsic motivation? ward/benefit or to avoid penalty/detri-
ment
What are the two types of motivation? Intrinsic and extrinsic
Herzberg identified two separate and dis-
tinct types of needs which contribute to
What is Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene workplace motivation: motivators and hy-
Theory? giene factors. The central idea is that job
satisfaction and job dissatisfaction act in-
dependently of each other.
What are motivators? Cause job satisfaction when present
What are hygiene factors Cause job dissatisfaction when absent
Assumes the average worker: dislikes
working, avoids work wherever possi-
ble, wants to be directed, and wants to
What is McGregor's Theory X?
avoid responsibility. Therefore, coercion,
threats and control structures are re-
quired to make workers meet objectives.

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Assumes that individuals: do not in-

herently dislike work, find work natur-
al, and want satisfaction of esteem and
What is McGregor's Theory Y?
self-actualisation needs. Therefore work-
ers should be motivated per Maslow's
hierarchy
Does research support Theory X or The-
Theory Y
ory Y?
Use job design to improve motivation.
There are 5 key job characteristics: skill
variety, task identity, task significance,
What is the Job Characteristics Model?
autonomy, and task feedback. These
characteristics can be used to calculate
a 'Motivating Potential Score' for the job.
The job requirements for use of different
What is skill variety?
skills and talents.
How much the job is a clearly identifiable
What is task identity?
part of a larger project
The influence of the job on the work of
What is task significance?
others
The independence, freedom and discre-
What is autonomy?
tion in performing the job
The amount of clear, specific, detailed,
What is task feedback? actionable information about the effec-
tiveness of job performance
Authority, assignment, budget, promo-
What are the Nine Influence Bases? tion, money, penalty, work challenge, ex-
pertise and friendship
What is the authority influence base? Legitimate hierarchical right to command
Perceived ability to influence future pro-
What is the assignment influence base?
ject assignments
Perceived ability to authorise use of dis-
What is the budget influence base?
cretionary funds
What is the promotion influence base?
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The ability to improve a member's posi-
tion
What is the money influence base? The ability to improve pay and/or benefits
The perceived ability to dispense or
What is the penalty influence base?
cause punishment
What is the work challenge influence
The ability to assign enjoyable work
base?
Perceived specialised knowledge others
What is the expertise influence base?
deem important
The ability to establish friendly personal
What is the friendship influence base?
relationships
What influence bases make projects
Authority, money, penalty
more likely to fail?
What influences bases make projects
Work challenge, expertise
more likely to succeed?
What is essential to communicating with A rapport - a relation of harmony, confor-
others? mity, accord or affinity
Matching of certain behaviours of the
What is mirroring?
other person to help establish a rapport
Teams with homogeneous personality
type composition often function ade-
How can personality types affect the ef- quately. Teams with heterogeneous per-
fectiveness of a team? sonality type compositions can function
extremely effectively or be extremely
dysfunctional.
Resource investigator, teamwork, coor-
dinator, plant, monitor evaluator, special-
What are Belbin's Team Roles?
ist, shaper, implemented, completed fin-
isher
The discipline that is applied to ensure
that both the outputs of the project and
What is project quality management? the processes by which the outputs are
delivered meet the required needs of the
stakeholders

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Fitness for purpose or more narrowly as

What is quality? the degree of conformance of the output
and processes
Rework destroys flow: work must move
backwards, work creates work because
work needs rework. The need for rework
Why is high quality important to software means stories and tasks can't truly be
development? considered 'done'. When stories aren't
truly 'done' then iterations are an illusion,
because hidden work is flowing between
the iterations.
Rework destroys flow: work must move
backwards, work creates work because
work needs rework. The need for re-
Why is high quality important to hard- work means tasks can't truly be con-
ware development? sidered 'done'. Iterations never progress
because electronics hardware typically
must be sequentially built and is strongly
coupled.
Metrics are destroyed because work that
looks 'done' isn't. Developers, testers,
managers and others spend inordinate
amounts of time prioritising, report-
ing, managing and even doing rework
Why is high quality important in general?
rather than delivering value. Organisa-
tions spend inordinate amounts of mon-
ey on testing resources and cycles: the
need for testing demonstrates that quali-
ty has been sacrificed.
What are the two universal quality attrib-
Defects and maintainability
utes?
Quality is inversely proportional to the
How do defects affect quality?
number of defects seen in a system
Successful software lives and needs to
change over time. If software is not
How does maintainability affect quality?
changeable, then it cannot change as it
needs to during its lifetime, and it will
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be hard to remove any defects that are
found.
What customers and users see. For ex-
ample: ease of use, intuitiveness, the de-
What does external quality include? gree to which the software helps them
do what they needs, and how often it
crashes or causes them problems.
What the technical team see. For exam-
ple: the code/circuit, the ease of chang-
What does internal quality include? ing the code/circuit, the ease of following
code/circuit, and the difficult of enhanc-
ing the system.
Encompasses all of the activities relat-
ed to fulfilling the quality requirements
or standards of the project. Strives to
What is quality assurance? achieve continual (or incremental) quality
improvement. Often has dedicated QA
teams or departments. Often have spec-
ified processes to ensure quality.
This process verifies that the deliver-
ables conform to specification, are fit for
What is quality control? purpose and meet stakeholder expecta-
tions. Includes activities like inspection,
testing and quality measurement.
Compares current product character-
istics with client requirements and/or
What is benchmarking? industry standards. Compares project
practices with organisational and/or in-
dustry best practice.

A structured review of QA activities. Of-

ten conducted by independent parties,
often with audit expertise. Often audit
What is a a quality audit? standards exist or are developed inde-
pendently from project specifics. May
be regularly scheduled (often annual) or
random. Identifies QA holes of deficien-
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cies and 'lessons learned' both good and
bad.
Corrective actions which are a primary
output of quality management execution.
How do we resolve problems identified They should be directed at resolving the
with quality? root cause of problems. These actions
are then fed back into the Project Man-
agement Plan.
What are some quality improvement
Benchmarking, quality audit
techniques?
A software development practice where
members of a team integrate their work
frequently, usually each person inte-
grates at least daily — leading to multiple
integrations per day. Each integration is
verified by an automated build (including
What is continuous integration?
test) to detect integration errors as quick-
ly as possible. Many teams find that this
approach leads to significantly reduced
integration problems and allows a team
to develop cohesive software more rapid-
ly.
Branching strategy, Bill of Materials
What practices are included in continu- management. automatic generation of
ous integration for electronics? schematic and layout PDFs, automatic
generation of files for manufacture
Concerns management of the process-
What is build management? es for producing final artefacts from
sources.
What are the disadvantages of manual They are error-prone, repetitive and
build processes? time-consuming. They create toil.
What are the advantages of automated They are consistent, reproducible and
build processes? faster.
Make, SCons, MSBuild, Ant, Maven or
What are some automated build pack-
Gradle. They are very often targeted at
ages?
specific contexts
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When was automated software build
In the C era by Make
management codified?
The ubiquity of make means that a make-
Why is the advantage of using make? file is almost the only viable way to dis-
tribute automatic build rules for software
Its lack of support for automatic depen-
dency tracking, recursive builds in sub-
directories, reliable timestamps (e.g., for
network file systems) mean that develop-
ers must painfully (and often incorrect-
What are the limitations of make? ly) reinvent the wheel for each project.
Portability is non-trivial, due to the quirks
of make on many systems. On top of all
this is the manual labor required to im-
plement the many standard targets that
users have come to expect.
A rule-base system. It is internally rep-
What is make? resented as a directed acyclic graph.
Seeks to fulfil rules by following the graph
Usually the name of a file that is gener-
ated by a program. A target can also be
What is a target in a makefile?
the name of an action to carry out, such
as clean (a Phony Target)
A file that is used as input to create the
What is a prerequisite in a makefile? target. A target often depends on several
files
What is a recipe in a makefile? An action that make carries out
Explicit rules, implicit rules, variable def-
What do makefiles contain?
initions, directives, comments
Mixes declarative and imperative lan-
What are the potential pitfalls when of guage. Tab character indentation by de-
make? fault. Implicit rules. Different 'styles' of de-
clarative rules. Cryptic syntax.
Uncertainty combined with the gain or
What is risk?
loss of something of value

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What are the classical outputs of risk Risk management plan, risk matrix, risk
management? register
It documents procedures for manag-
ing risk. It might contain: statement of
methodology/process, statement of pro-
What is a risk management plan? ject risk tolerance, roles and responsi-
bilities, budget/schedule estimates, stan-
dard categories, protocols and policies,
a risk matrix, and response plans.
Risk management commences when the
What part of the project does risk man-
project begins and continues throughout
agement occur in?
the duration of the project
Any uncertainty than can have a nega-
What is a project risk? tive or positive effect on meeting project
objectives.
Due to constraints, complexity, assump-
Why are projects inherently risky?
tions, people, acts of god
No it also involves the management of
Is risk management only to mitigate
opportunities and is a toll for maximising
threats?
the good stuff too
Meeting project scope, cost and time
constraints and often also meeting quali-
What is project success?
ty requirements and primary stakeholder
satisfaction.
Identification of risks, evaluation of each
What are the 4 steps of the risk manage-
risk, planning of responses, and imple-
ment process?
mentation of responses
What is the key result of the risk manage-
Risk should decrease with time
ment process?
Technical, operational and infrastructure
risks. Organisational, management and
What are the categories for identifying
human. Strategic and commercial. Eco-
potential risks?
nomic, financial and market. Legal and
regulatory. Environmental

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Stakeholders may identify risks other-
Why should we communicate with stake-
wise overlooked or have a risk tolerance
holders when identifying risks?
which affects risk identification.
Estimate the probability of the event. Es-
timate the impact or effect on: scope,
What are the steps of risk evaluation? cost, time, quality, and people and re-
sources. Document in the risk manage-
ment plan and/or risk matrix.
A graphical method for evaluating risk.
On the x axis is the risk's impact on the
What is the risk matrix? project and on the y axis is the risk's
probability of occurrence. Both axes are
split into low, medium and high.
Elimination, reduction, transference, ac-
What are the 5 responses to threats?
ceptance, contingency
What are the 5 response to opportuni- Exploitation, enhancement, sharing, ac-
ties? ceptance, contingency
Balance the response cost against risk
and consider the project's risk tolerance.
How do we determine the most appropri-
There is often one clear best response.
ate response?
Sometimes we may need more respons-
es and/or fallback responses.
Any member of the team who is the
Who should a significant risk be owned person best situated to monitor the risk.
by? Rarely, owned by people external to the
project team.
Planning, resourcing, contingency plan-
ning and resourcing, monitoring and re-
How do we implement risk responses? porting, and corrective action. Monitor-
ing, reporting and corrective action are
ongoing activities.
It tabulates the risks and responses as
part of risk management. Can be as sim-
What is the risk register? ple as a spreadsheet or as complex as
a software package. More formal meth-
ods (e.g PRINCE2) seek to quantify es-
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timates of risk. This quantification is typ-
ically based on perception-based esti-
mates.
An activity centred on the Risk Register.
Risk is reevaluated each project period
What is monitoring and reporting?
and the Risk Register is updated as cir-
cumstances change.
Executing the risk management process-
What is monitoring and controlling?
es to respond to risk events.
Unplanned responses to risk events
What are workarounds? when teams do not have contingency
plans in place
Predefined actions that the project team
What are contingency plans?
will take if an identified risk occurs
Fallback plans are developed for risks
What are fallback plans? which have a high impact on meeting
project goals
What are the 4 steps of risk manage-
Avoidance, reduction, sharing, retention
ment?
Formal and informal communications.
Nonverbal communications, Using ap-
What does communications manage- propriate medium. Using appropriate
ment involve? register. Understanding individual and
group communication needs. The impact
of team size on project communications.
Communication. Updates to project doc-
What are the main outputs of communi-
uments, the project management plan,
cations management?
and organisational process assets.
Policies and procedures related to pro-
What are organisational process as- ject management, past project files and
sets? lessons-learned reports from previous,
similar projects.
Conversations are often preferred,
and preferable, to reports or emails.
Face-to-face conversations build trust
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and relationships. Frequently are more
Why informal communications also im-
revealing and productive than formal
portant?
written documentation.
What does non-verbal communication Tone of voice, body language, facial ex-
include? pression
Email, hard copy, phone call, voicemail,
What are some communication medi- email, face-to-face meeting. Each has
ums? strengths and weaknesses for different
purposes.
Altering the communication depending
on who you are communicating with e.g
What does it mean to use an appropriate
team, boss, CEO. Involves using an ap-
register?
propriate level of detail and inclusion of
content.
Communicating inside business hours.
What are some qualities of communicat- Following-up meetings immediately with
ing professionally? concise written minutes of agreements
and action points.
Keeps stakeholders informed about how
What does reporting performance
resources are being used to achieve pro-
achieve?
ject objectives.
Describe where the project stands at a
What are status reports?
specific point in time
Describe what the project team has ac-
What are progress reports?
complished during a certain period
Predict future project status and
What are forecasts? progress based on past information and
trends
What should status reports be con-
Scope, time, cost, and sometimes risk
strained to?
Identification of a problem, the impact of
What do status reports include? the problem on achieving project goals,
how the problem will be corrected
What are the ABCs of communication
Always be communicating
management?
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Gaining stakeholder and customer ac-

ceptance of the final products and ser-
What do closing activities involve?
vice. Bringing the phase or project to an
orderly end.
Why should we reflect on what can be
Those who cannot remember the past
learned to improve future projects when
are condemned to repeat it
closing a project?
What are the 4 common ways to Integration, addition, extinction, starva-
close/terminate a project? tion
The project is completed, and products
What is the integration method of closing and services created are integrated into
a project? operations. This is the most common ap-
proach.
The project creates a new product or
What is the addition method of closing a service that results in a new unit in the
project? organization, such as a department, di-
vision, or company.
The project ends because it was suc-
cessful and achieved its goals, or it was
What is the extinction method of closing
unsuccessful or superseded. Termina-
a project?
tion by murder is when there is a sudden
end to a project.
The project ends by decreasing its bud-
What is the starvation method of closing
get or suddenly ending funding, also
a project?
known as withdrawal of life support.
A final product, service, or result tran-
sition. Report (and documentation) to
What are the outputs of closing a project
the project sponsor. Presentation to the
or phase?
project sponsor. Updates to organisation
process assets.
Policies and procedures, guidelines, in-
What do organisational process assets formation systems, financial systems,
include? management systems, lessons learned,
and historical information.

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The process of communicating knowl-

edge hat was developed by one person
What is knowledge transfer? or in one part of an organisation to an-
other person or other parts of an organi-
sation
Often performed to identify lessons
What are procurement audits? learned in the entire procurement
process
Ideally, any disagreements during pro-
curement will be settled by negotiating
What are negotiated settlements? between the buyer and seller. Some-
times other methods are required such
as mediation, arbitration or litigation
Provides the ability to easily organise,
What is a records management system? find, and archive procurement-related
documents.
What are some to tools to assist in clos- Procurement audits, negotiated settle-
ing procurements? ments, a records management system
The scope, time, and cost goals and
outcomes. The success criteria and re-
sults in achieving them. Main changes
What should be reviewed in a project
that occurred during the project and how
close-out meeting?
they were addressed. The main lessons
learned on the project. A summary of the
transition plan.
Client acceptance or project completion
What documentation is typically pro- form. Final report/handover documenta-
duced as part of project closing? tion. Transition plan. Lessons-learned re-
port.

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