ET2050

Circuit theory
ET2050: CIRCUIT THEORY
Lecturer: Dao Le Thu Thao

At the Faculty of Electronic Engineering

Email: [email protected]

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 Chapter 1: Basic components
For simplicity, we consider circuits with idealized components represented by a simple
model. Components
(considering the energy delivered to or by them)

Passive component
Active component == Source, battery, generator
(can not deliver energy and
Be able to supply energy to the rest circuit, and generate signals
can not generate signals)
Can supply an unchanged quantity of Voltage or Current,
regardless the rest circuit.

The power absorption:

Independent Source
R resistance
Supplying a specified and unchanged voltage,
Regardless current through it The energy storage:
Dependent Source
C Capacitance = capacitor
L Inductance = coil
Supplying a quantity that is controlled
by other quantity inside circuit or
outsize circuit

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Chapter 1: Basic componnets

1.1 Passive component: i(t) R

◼ Resistance R: u(t)

◼ The equation describing: u(t)=R.i(t)

i(t)=G.u(t)
(u is directly proportional to i)

◼ Resistance measurement unit (R): Ohm [] and conductance (G):

Siemen [S]
(R and G are linear elements when R and G are constant values)
◼ Power absorbed: p(t) = u(t).i(t)=U2/R=R.I2
◼ Not element of inertia (not dependent time)
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 Chapter 1: Basic components
1.1 Passive component (cont..) i(t) C

◼ Capacitance C: u(t)

◼ i(t)=dq/dt = C.du/dt. Current through terminals is proportional to the derivative of voltage (

to the time rate of change of voltage across it). In particular, there are no current passed 2 plates of C
when 2 terminals are supplied a constant voltage. In such cases, C= “open circuit to DC”, still
voltage.

◼ Unit of measure: Farad (F, μF, nF, pF).

◼ Energy accumulation: w = C.u(t)2/2
◼ Inertial element (dependence time)

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 Chapter 1: Basic components
1.1 Passive component (cont..) L
i(t)
◼ Inductance L: u(t)
◼ flux
◼ u(t)=L.di/dt. The voltage across an inductor is proportional to the derivative of current (or
proportional to the time rate of change of current through it). In particular, there is no voltage across
an inductor, carrying a constant current. In such cases, view L = “short circuit to DC”

◼ Unit of measure: Henry (H)

◼ Energy accumulation: w = L.i(t)2/2
◼ Inertial element (dependence time)
Thank the slow reaction of C and L, we can design many oscillating applications, pulse
circuits, and digital circuits for further.
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 Chapter 1: Basic components

1.1 Passive component (cont..)

◼ Mutual inductance: The phenomenon appears when two electrical coils are set nearby
each other. Two coils can belong to a specified circuit or not. The extremely important application: is
the linear transformer.

◼ Equation relations: M is the coefficient of mutual inductance

 di1 di2 i1 M i2
 u1 = L1 M
 dt dt * *
 , u1 L1 L2 u2
u2 = L2 di2  M di1

 dt dt
◼ “Dot convention”: M is positive when both currents enter or leave the dotted terminal.
And the minus one when the opposite case, one enters and the other leaves.

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 Chapter 1: Basic components
1.2 Active component:
a/ Independent Source – source quantity is not affected in any way by activities in the rest of the circuit.
+ A
UAB= Es regardless R or I
+
Es _
R Current flow in a circle. In
the load circuit, it flows
I
from higher potential A to
lower potential B.
- B

The arrow inside the source stands for

electromotive force. The force (be The voltage across the
transformed from other energy) pull load equals to its
conventional charge from lower potential specified source function
to higher potential (direction and magnitude)

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 Chapter 1: Basic components

1.2 Independent Source (cont..)

+ i A
Current flowing is closed
loop – the closed circuit
Is R

- i B
The voltage across the
load can be computed R.i
IAB= Is regardless R or UAB

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Chapter 1: Basic components

1.2 Independent Source (cont..) In term of power processes,

+ I A Closed circuit

- I B
The source part: The load part:
U,I opposite directions U,I same directions
P=u.i < 0 P=u.i > 0
Delivering power Absorbing power

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 Chapter 1: Basic components
1.2 Practical Independent Source
The load part: 𝑅𝐿
A
UAB= ES- IL.Ri 𝑈𝐴𝐵 = . 𝐸𝑠
Ri 𝑅𝐿 + 𝑅𝑖

ES + RL If RL >> Ri : ideal source

IL
_ Ideal source
ES/Ri
Linear relationship
B In Practical source

The practical source is presented as an Short-

circuit
ideal source in series with an ideal
UAB
resistor (featured a loss component, ES
known as an internal resistance) Open-
circuit

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 Chapter 1: Basic components

1.2 Practical Independent Source (cont..)

+ I A
The load part:
Ri
IAB= IS- UL/Ri
IS RL
IL
If RL<< Ri : ideal source
IS Ideal source
- I B
Short-
circuit
The practical source is presented as an Linear relationship
ideal source in parallel with an ideal In Practical source

resistor (featured a loss component, UAB

IS.Ri
known as an internal resistance) Open-
circuit
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 Chapter 1: Basic components

1.3 Dependent Source

The magnitude of quantities depends on some other quantities u, i inside or outside
circuit. Appear in the equivalent model of almost electronic devices.

g[S]
+ +
g.Ux α.Ix _ β.Ux _ r.Ix

r[Ω]
UL= R. gUx
IL= g.Ux [A]
UL= β.Ux V UL= r.Ix V
IL= βUx/R IL= r.Ix / RL
α, β are dimensionless scaling constant
g: a scaling factor with unit A/V, S Ux, Ix are controlling quantities, that
R: a scaling factor with unit V/A, Ω must be defined in the circuit.

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 Chapter 1: Basic components
1.3 Dependent Source (cont’)
Example: useful everday electrical device called operational amplifier –
OpAm for a short
UP
UP
∆U
UN +
UN _ β.∆U

Commonly symbol
“+” noninverting input Using a dependent source for
“-” inverting input modeling OpAm
Ideal OpAm: the output is
amplified by some gain of
difference input

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 Chapter 1: Basic components

1.3 Dependent Source (cont’)

Example: typical electrical device called Bipolar Junction Transistor, BJT for short

IC RC
C

.IB
IB
B
IE
rE
E E

Using a dependent source for modeling the

current in Base drive the current in
Collector by Beta gain
Emitter Common model of BJT
(considering a small amplitude and low-
frequency input scenario)

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 Chapter 1: Basic components
1.4 Linear vs Non-linear component
A
Ri The load part:
+ RL UL= ES- IL.Ri
ES _

IL
B
ES/Ri
Linear load: is drawn by a straight line → Stable load line working-
point
relation of U and I is a constant. R=constant.
Non-linear load: the relation of U and I is an Iworking
arbitrary function. Drawn by the blue curve.
So, Working with a specific source, we can compute a UL
ES
specific R. calling: Dynamic resistance. Uworking
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 Chapter 1: Basic components
1.5 Geometry factors.
- Branch is a movement created by a set of 2 nodes, contains elements in series and
one current flows.
- A point of junction of more than 2 branches, at which there is one voltage - Node
(for purpose of construction of simultaneous independent equations)
Two separate junctions connected by a zero-resistance conductor = still one node. (only one voltage)

R2
R1
IS C

B I

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Chapter 1: Basic components

1.5 Geometry factors (cont’).

- Graph is a set of nodes (N ) and all branches (N ), which are composed the circuit.
n b
- Tree: all nodes and some branches, but not set any loop. Tree-branches are the
branches that belongs to encountered tree. Co-trees or links are the remain branches of circuit
which do not belong to the tree.
- Basic loop is composed of some tree-branches and only one co-tree, which makes a loop.
(NL= Nb-Nn+1 = the quantity is a minimum number, enough to build up the geometry structure
of circuit)

A A

P2 P2
P1 P3 P1

B B

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Chapter 1: Basic components
One-node circuits

Collect to
one node

CSCV

Nn=2 Nb=5 Ncotree= 5-2+1=4

= Nbassicloop
Mesh = basic loop but not contains any loop

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Chapter 1: Basic components

One-loop circuits

VSCV

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Chapter 1: Basic components

The more complicated circuits

How many branches, nodes, basic loops, meshes
6 3 4 4

A B

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 Chapter 1: Basic components

1.6 Kirchhoff’s current Law: KCL is based on the principle of conservation of charge
◼ States: The algebraic sum of the currents entering any node
is zero ( this law represents a mathematical statement of the fact that
charge cannot accumulate at a node)
𝑵

෍ 𝒂𝒌 . 𝒊𝒌 = 𝟎
𝒌=𝟏

i1
In conventionally,
i2
ak=+1 when ik leaving the node
ak= -1 when ik entering the node
i3
i4 -i1+i3+i2+i4=0

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 Chapter 1: Basic components
1.7 Kirchhoff’s voltage Law: KVL based on the principle of conservation of energy

◼ States: The algebraic sum of the voltages around any closed path is
zero ( this law represents the energy required to move a unit charge from A to B in a
circuit must have a value independent of the path chosen to get A to B)
σ𝑵
𝒌=𝟏 𝒃𝒌 . 𝒖𝒌 = 𝟎

U2 Choose arbitrarily a reference direction of closed path,

bk=+1 when uk the same direction of
reference direction
bk= -1 when uk in the opposite direction
U1 U3
Follow the clockwise direction:
-U1-U2+U3=0

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Chapter 1: Basic components

R1 B
i1 i3
i2
C R2
ES P1 P2 P3
L

KCL: -i1+i2+i3=0 (1) C

KVL: +u1+u2-Es=0 (2)
-u2+u3=0 (3)
more equations:
u1=i1.R1+L.di1/dt (4)
1 𝑡
𝑢2 = . ‫׬‬0 𝑖2. 𝑑𝜏 (5)
𝐶
u3= i3.R2 (6)
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THANK YOU !

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