Practice test for Exam 5 Chem121: For timed practice, do ONLY the multiple choice questions.

If you can complete all 21 questions in 45 minutes, you will be in good shape.

1) Which of the following represent the Lewis structure for N? A) B) C) D) E) Make sure you can write the Lewis structures for Li, Mg and Ga and predict the formula of the compound formed between nitrogen and each of these species. NOTE THE LEWIS STRUCTURE INCLUDES ONLY VALENCE ELECTRONS. 2) Place the following in order of increasing magnitude of lattice energy. (smallest first) MgO LiI CaS

A) CaS < MgO < LiI B) LiI < CaS < MgO C) MgO < CaS < LiI D) LiI < MgO < CaS E) MgO < LiI < CaS Lattice energy depends directly on CHARGES of ions involved and inversely on their separation (which can be estimated by the ionic radii of the species involved). CHARGE is most important the larger charges will give you the larger lattice energies. For species with the same charge, the larger lattice energy will come from the ones with the smallest radii they can approach closest For one of these species, write the chemical equation that represents the lattice energy. As review for the cumulative section, make sure you can write the chemical equation that represents the 1st ionization energy of each of the cations in this question. Order the cations in the question according to increasing ionization energy and increasing IONIC radius. Write the chemical equation that represents the first electron affinity of each of the anions in this question. Order the anions in terms of increasing ionic radius and increasing electronegativity.

3) Place the following elements in order of increasing electronegativity (smallest first).

Cs

A) P < K < Cs B) K < P < Cs C) Cs < P < K D) Cs < K < P E) P < Cs < K Increases across a period, decreases down a group. How does electronegativity vary across a period? Down a group? 4) Choose the bond below that is least polar. A) P-F B) C-Br C) C-F D) C-I E) C-Cl Polarity determined by electronegativity DIFFERENCE F has a larger electronegativity than carbon. As you go DOWN a group, electronegativity decreases, so Cl will have a smaller electronegativity, and hence C-Cl will be less polar. Likewise C-Br and C-I so C-I will be the least polar. P-F will have a similar electronegativity difference than C-F (electronegativity decreases down a group and across a period). What determines how polar a bond is? What is the MOST polar bond in the series given? Rank the bonds from MOST to least polar if you dont have enough information to determine the relative polarity of two bonds, look up the Pauling electronegativity values to help you. 5) Identify a metallic bond. A) Electrons are pooled. B) Electrons are shared. C) Electrons are transferred. D) Electrons are gained. E) Electrons are lost. What type of bond or species do each of the other alternatives refer to? Electrons are shared between ALL the atoms in the metal not just between two bonds in a bond. Pooled is used to explain shared between ALL atoms.

6) Using Lewis structures and formal charge, which of the following ions is most stable? (In each case, the atoms are ordered as shown in the formula so for OCN-, the C is central. For ONC-, the N is central. The best Lewis structure for OCN- and ONCcontains a triple bond between the nitrogen and the carbon. The best Lewis structure for NOC- has double bonds between the N and O and the O and C). OCN ONC NOC

A) OCN B) ONC C) NOC D) None of these ions are stable according to Lewis theory. E) All of these compounds are equally stable according to Lewis theory. TIP: when counting valence electrons of ions, dont forget about the charge! (In each case, the atoms are ordered as shown in the formula so for OCN-, the C is central. For ONC-, the N is central. The best Lewis structure for OCN- and ONCcontains a triple bond between the nitrogen and the carbon. The best Lewis structure for NOC- has double bonds between the N and O and the O and C). What are the rules regarding formal charges and the best or most stable Lewis structure.

7) Choose the best Lewis structure for SF4. A)

B)

C)

D)

E)

For each Lewis structure you didnt choose, explain why you didnt choose it. HINT: for this type of question, write your own Lewis structure before you look at the choices. Common mistakes when writing Lewis structures include using an incorrect number of valence electrons, exceeding octets for atoms that may NOT exceed the octet rule (2nd period C, N, O and F), and forgetting about formal charges in assessing Lewis structures.

8) Draw the Lewis structure for CO32- including any valid resonance structures. Which of the following statements is TRUE? A) The CO32- ion contains one C-O single bond and two C=O double bonds. B) The CO32- ion contains two C-O single bonds and one C=O double bond. C) The CO32- ion contains three C-O double bonds. D) The CO32- ion contains two C-O single bonds and one CO triple bond. E) The CO32- ion contains three equivalent bonds somewhere between a C-O single bonds and a C=O double bond in length. Although you can represent CO3^2- with a single Lewis structure with 1 C=O and 2 C-O single bonds, because you can draw 3 equivalent structures differing only in the placement of the double bond, you must consider the TRUE structure as an average of your three structures. What is resonance? How would you expect the bond lengths and strengths of the C-O bonds in the carbonate ion to compare with an average C-O single bond or an average C=O double bond?

9)

How many of the following elements can form compounds with an expanded octet? I O Cl Xe

A) 2 B) 0 C) 3 D) 1 E) 4 Which elements can form compounds that are electron deficient? What is the third class of exceptions to the octet rule? All 3rd period and below elements can exceed the octet rule. C, N, O F can NEVER exceed the octet rule. Use the bond energies provided to estimate Hrxn for the reaction below. 2 Br2(l) + C2H2(g) C2H2Br4(l) Hrxn = ? Bond Energy (kJ/mol) 193 837 347 276 414

10.

Bond Br-Br CC C-C C-Br C-H A) +407 kJ B) -324 kJ C) -228 kJ D) +573 kJ E) -648 kJ

TIP to avoid errors, write out the full LEWIS STRUCTURES of each of the reactants and products to help you identify all the bonds broken and formed. Make a table of bonds broken and bonds formed, including the symbols in the bond X-Y, the number of bonds of that type and the bond energy. Remember that bond breaking is endothermic and bond forming is exothermic. 11) Choose the bond below that is the strongest. A) N=O B) N-I C) N-O D) N-S E) N=N How do atomic size (estimated by atomic radius) and number of shared electrons

influence bond strength? The smaller the atomic radii, the closer the atoms can approach. The closer the atoms can approach, the lower the energy of the electrons and the stronger the bond. Between a given pair of atoms, more shared electrons = stronger bond. Atomic radius trends tell you that O is smaller than N due to the higher Zeff of O. Hence a N=O will be shorter and stronger than an N=N 12) Determine the electron group geometry (eg) and molecular geometry (mg) of ICl2 . A) eg=tetrahedral, mg=bent B) eg=tetrahedral, mg=trigonal pyramidal C) eg=trigonal bipyramidal, mg=linear D) eg=trigonal bipyramidal, mg=trigonal planar E) eg=octahedral, mg=linear Make sure you can identify the electron group and molecular geometries listed in Table 10.1 for any central atom in a molecule. Dont forget the negative charge means you should add 1 valence electron to the total. 5 electron groups, 3 lone pairs, 2 bonded pairs. In a trigonal bipyramidal arrangement of electrons groups, lone pairs are always equatorial. Hence mg = linear.

13) Place the following in order of increasing X-Se-X bond angle, where X represents the outer atoms in each molecule. For SeCl6, use the SMALLEST bond angle for comparison.

SeO2

SeCl6

SeF2

A) SeCl6 < SeF2 < SeO2 B) SeF2 < SeO2 < SeCl6 C) SeF2 < SeCl6 < SeO2 D) SeO2 < SeF2 < SeCl6 E) SeCl6 < SeO2 < SeF2 What are the approximate values of each of these bond angles? Use Lewis structures to get molecular geometries, and hence bond angles.

14) How many of the following molecules are polar? CO2 A) 1 B) 4 C) 2 D) 3 E) 0 Write the Lewis structure; decide on the electron group geometry and then the molecular geometry. Decide whether the bonds will be polar or not. Will the individual dipole moments add up to give a net dipole for each molecule, or will they cancel out? SiF2Br2 CF4 SeCl6

15. Complete the Lewis structure using lone pairs of electrons to fulfill octets. Then answer the question below H H H
H C H
O C-1

C
1

C
2

C
3

C
4

H
C-2/C-3 C-4

What is the hybridization of the atoms O, C-1, C-2/C-3, and C-4?

a) sp3 b) sp c) sp d) sp2 e) sp3 sp sp sp2 sp3 sp2 sp3 sp2 sp sp2 sp3 sp sp sp3 sp sp2

16) For the above molecule, how many sigma and how many pi bonds are present? A) 11 sigma 2 pi B) 11 sigma 3 pi C) 13 sigma 3 pi D) 13 sigma

17) How many of the following molecules have sp2 hybridization on the central atom? HCN A) 4 B) 3 C) 2 D) 1 E) 0 What is the hybridization on each of the central atoms that are not sp2? 18 and 19 are NOT required material for the Exam in context of the lost snow day. 18) Which of the following statements is TRUE? A) The total number of molecular orbitals formed doesn't always equal the total number of atomic orbitals in the set. B) A bond order of 0 represents a stable chemical bond. C) When two atomic orbitals come together to form two molecular orbitals, one molecular orbital will be lower in energy than the two separate atomic orbitals and one molecular orbital will be higher in energy than the separate atomic orbitals. D) Electrons placed in antibonding orbitals stabilize the ion/molecule. E) All of the above are true. Correct any of the statements that are wrong. (see next page for last question dont forget to study for the 3-4 questions mainly from the last test in the cumulative section! The worst answered problems included the question on the photoelectric effect, ordering species by IONIC radius, quantum number rules and how they apply to orbitals, also from test 3, the concept of how kinetic energy relates to temperature for gases in the Kinetic Molecular Theory.) SO2 OCl2 XeCl2

19) Use the molecular orbital diagram shown to determine which of the following is most stable.

A) F2 B) F22 C) Ne22 D) O22

E) F22 You should also be to determine the BOND ORDER for any of homonuclear diatomic atom or ion. You can practice ordering the species in this question according to increasing bond length or increasing bond strength.