Design and fabrication of a water distillation plant by

using solar tracked parabolic trough solar collector

Thesis by

Adeel Nawaz

2015-ME-303

Kashif Mehmood

2015-ME-341

Daniyal Kareem

2015-ME-352

Department of Mechanical Engineering,

University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore

A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of

BSc. Mechanical Engineering at City campus

University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore

October 2018

1
Abstract

The water plays an important role in any field of life. The decrease in the energy and

the drinking water in the modern era is because of advanced life style, overpopulation,

progress in the industries, the decrease in the harmful diseases, the advancement in the

agricultural sector. Distillation and the desalination of the brackish water to make it

drinkable has become an important and very impressive process to lessen the water

based problems in the present age due to its very less cost and the very low

maintenance. The traditional ways of the water desalination are based on the carbon

based fuels that produce carbon dioxide and other pollutants, the use of the solar energy

in water desalination processes have become an interesting technology because of its

low cost, less maintenance, available energy due to sun and zero carbon based

pollutants. The increased use of solar energy in water desalination processes has

become very used to in the whole world especially in the oil rich countries. This study

is basically about the water distillation technique using renewable solar energy,

accomplished with parabolic trough collector (PTC), coupled with solar tracking

mechanism to increase the efficiency. The project is actually based on the purification

of the dirty and salty water to make it drinkable. Our intentions in this project are to

propose an idea to the people to make water drinkable and to get rid of water based

problems in Pakistan.

2
 Contents
Chapter 1 ..........................................................................................................................6

1. Introduction ..............................................................................................................6

1.1 Motivation ..............................................................................................................8

1.2 Aims and objectives .........................................................................................10

Chapter 2 ........................................................................................................................12

2. Literature Review ...................................................................................................12

2.1 Solar water desalination technologies..............................................................12

2.1.1 Indirect solar desalination.........................................................................13

2.1.2 Direct solar desalination ...........................................................................18

2.2 Parabolic trough collector ................................................................................21

2.2.1 Selection of PTC: .....................................................................................21

2.2.2 Manufacture of fiberglass reinforced parabolic trough: ...........................24

2.2.3 Load testing of PTC: ................................................................................25

2.3 Flash-vessel design: .........................................................................................26

References ......................................................................................................................28

3
List of Figures

Figure 1: Schematic diagram of the project [35]. ...........................................................10

Figure 2: The network of the water desalination processes[16] .....................................13

Figure 3: schematic diagram of solar HDH desalination system[19] .............................14

Figure 4: The relation between the inlet hot water and the fresh water production (water

flow rate: 1350 lit/h)[20] ................................................................................................14

Figure 5: Shemaic diagram of MSF desalination system [22]. ......................................15

Figure 6: MED system with feed preheating[25] ...........................................................16

Figure 7: Air gap MD process[16]. ................................................................................17

Figure 8: Representation of simple solar still [16] .........................................................18

Figure 9: Schematic diagram of solar still with flat plate collector [31]. .......................19

Figure 10: Schematic diagram of ETC[35]. ...................................................................20

Figure 11: Effect of the production rate by volume water fraction [35]. .......................21

Figure 12: Collector-performance curves[37] ................................................................23

Figure 13: Fiberglass reinforced parabolic trough [39]. .................................................24

Figure 14: Schematic side view of PTC [41] .................................................................25

Figure 15: Deflection versus load.[39] ...........................................................................26

Figure 16: Flash-vessel design details. [37] ...................................................................27

List of Tables

Table 1: Estimation of the conventional energy used for different water desalination

processes [5]. ....................................................................................................................8

Table 2: Renewable energy plants in different countries of the world. ............................8

4
Table 3: Potential renewable energy (TWh/year) in different countries of the world [12]

........................................................................................................................................10

Table 4: Dimensions of the fiberglass parabolic reinforced parabolic trough [6] ..........24

5
Chapter 1

1. Introduction

With the decreasing water resources in the world day by day, the problems of the

drinking water and water for the irrigation purposes has become an alarming issue in

this modern era. To overcome the need of the drinking water and to purify the brackish

water, the water desalination techniques have gained a lot of importance. Today, we

have 71% water on earth, from which we have only 2.5% water that is drinkable[1].

Large desalination techniques those are being used now-a-days, are very energy

demanding and need a huge infrastructure. Therefore, these are so much difficult and

expensive. Therefore, the use solar powered heater or distillation plants are becoming

attractive day by day. Because they need a very easy structure and very less cost is

needed. Also, the lesser maintenance is required as compared to the other techniques.

Among the solar water desalination technologies, the water solar water stills cannot

compete with other techniques those are producing very large amount of the water. But

they are preferable for providing the drinking water for small communities. Therefore,

they are still popular in the communities [2]. The solar energy is pollution free and also

they are not producing carbon dioxide. The process of the water desalination can be

improved by using the solar tracking system. If we make the sun to shine on the solar

collector, the solar collector can be made more cost effective. This is done by moving

the solar collector to follow the sun all the day to increase the efficiency [3]

In the past, the people use the solar reflector that are fixed and are oriented at an angle

of 30 degree towards the south [3]. The researcher has analyzed that this is not the best

orientation for getting maximum output from the sun. To get maximum energy from

the sun, a more suitable way is to orient the solar collector in the direction of the sun all

6
the day using the single axis or double axis mechanisms. Hession in 1984 fabricated a

mechanism for the solar tracking in which the sun was tracked by using a photo

transistor connected to the 2.34 m² cylindrical parabolic collector. The whole assembly

was mounted on a very simple structure. Clifford in 2004 claimed that by using a solar

tracker mechanism, he increased the efficiency to about 23% as compared to the simple

fixed collector. Chin in 2011 made a simpler mechanism that was placed on a wall.

That can be operated in different conditions to accommodate the weather conditions.

To increase the efficiency more, some scientists have proposed an idea of double axis

systems that are more efficient as compared to the single axis mechanisms. Al-Soud in

2010 manufacture a solar cooker and he claimed to achieve a temperature of 90ºC

inside the cooker. Abu-Malouh in 2011 prepared a dish type solar collector and he

achieved a temperature of 93ºC at the focus of the the dish[4].

Why to use solar energy

It is noted that the conventional energy for water desalination is more as compared to

the solar energy which is free renewable and needs less cost and maintenance. The

effect of using conventional energy used in water desalination over the global warning

can be calculated by estimating the amount of fossil fuel required to produce certain

amount of drinkable water. Studies have shown that to produce 1000 cubic meters of

the water, the 5 tons of the crude oil are consumed which produces 10 tons of carbon

dioxide or in other words, it produces 5000 cubic meters of the green house gases. The

global survey has shown that from 2011 to 2015, the global warming gases have been

increased from 66.84 million cubic meters to 86.4 million cubic meters. Therefore the

world has taken steps to demolish the negative effects of the water desalination

techniques and use the solar renewable energy instead of the conventional heat energy

from the oil[5] .

7
Table 1: Estimation of the conventional energy used for different water desalination

processes [5].

Parameters MSF MED-TVC RO MVC

Typical unit size (cubic meter per day) 5000-7000 10000-35000 24000 100-2500

Electrical Energy Consumption (kWh m-3) 4-6 1.5 – 2.5 3–7 7-12

Thermal Energy Consumption (kJ kg-1) 190–390 145 – 390 None None

Electrical Equivalent for Thermal Energy (kWh m-3) 9.5-19.5 9.5 – 25.5 None None

Total Equivalent Energy Consumption (kWh m-3) 13.5 - 25.5 11 – 28 3–7 7– 12

1.1 Motivation

From the last few years, the researchers are focusing over the alternative way to the

carbon based crude oil fuels in order to get a clean renewable energy source to

demolish the pollution problems in the world. One reason is that the carbon based oils

are running out day by day and the second reason is that they are producing global

warming to an alarming extent. Therefore, we need a pollution free energy source to

save the world from pollution and also to overcome the need of the energy whose

resources are getting lesser continuously [4]. Table 1 above also has shown the amount

of conventional non- renewable energy used in the water desalination plant. We are

running out of all the conventional resources day by day. So, there we need an

alternative way i.e. solar energy.

Table 2: Renewable energy plants in different countries of the world.

Plant name Country Technology Capacity (m³/d) Renewable energy source

Kimolos Greece MED 200 Geothermal

Keio University Japan MED 100 Solar energy

8
 PSA Spain MED 72 Concentrating solar power

Ydriada Greece RO 80 Wind turbine

Morocco Morocco RO 12 – 24 Photovoltaic

Oyster Scotland RO --------- Wave energy

The world is getting more attracted towards renewable energy desalination (RED)

plant. Estimation has shown that about 130 RED plants have been installed in the last

few years[6]. Table 2 shows different RED plants, installed at different places[7] . The

renewable energy sources include tides, geothermal energy, wind energy and solar

energy. The biomass and hydropower are not suitable for the water desalination plants

because they require very large amount of the water and the water cannot be found in

the countries where the water problems are present. So, the solar energy source can be

the best source for the desalination. We can get about 500-1000 degree Celsius using

the solar techniques[8]. 70% of the water purification is done by using the solar energy.

The different techniques are suitable for different areas like solar energy collector are

useful in the places like deserts where sun shines for large time and the wind energy is

useful in coastal areas where wing blows with very high speed. The wing energy

sources are useful for those water desalination techniques which require electricity

instead of the heat[9]. The geothermal energy source requires a drill of about 5000

meters. So, it becomes costly and very restricted to some certain areas[10]. The tidal

energy is useful only in coastal areas. The world’s first wind energy desalination plant

was installed in the Perth, Australia[11]. We can use the water desalination plant in two

ways, one by- using direct energy or by using produced energy from the source[12].

Table 3 shows the annual renewable energy potential for selected countries. It displays

that a lot of countries are advancing towards the renewable energy production due to

the continuously depleting energy resources, especially solar energy. In this project,

9
same study of solar water desalination by using solar tracked solar collector to make

country some steps ahead in the race of energy, so that, the need of energy in the

country can be overcome.

Table 3: Potential renewable energy (TWh/year) in different countries of the world

[12].

Country Concentrating solar power Photovoltaic Wind Geothermal

Egypt 57.14 54 125 25.7

Iran 32.13 54 120 11.3

Iraq 24.66 34.5 20 0

1.2 Aims and objectives

In this project, we are going to study the water desalination technique using the

parabolic trough (PTC) collector that is coupled with solar tracking sensor.The

evacuated tube collector is basically used to take energy from the solar collector(PTC)

and convert it into heat energy to heat the water. The basic purpose of our study is that

we are going to make dump and salty water healthy and drinkable by using renewable

energy. The country is facing huge lack of water, so we have studied this field to

overcome the need of drinkable water from dirty dump and salty water to play our role

in this national progress. Figure1 shows the schematic diagram of our project.

Figure 1: Schematic diagram of the project [35].

10
11
Chapter 2

2. Literature Review

The earth surface consists of 71% water. Saline water is about 97.5% of total quantity

water and only 2.5% represents fresh water, most of it as ice caps, glaciers and ground

water [1]. The desalination process is the process of converting salty and brackish

water to drinkable water. The chemical ion contribution in sea water salinity is by:

Sodium, Sulphate, Chloride, Magnesium, Potassium, Bicarbonate, Bromide, Strontium,

Fluoride and other minute quantities. The classification of saline water depends on the

Total Dissolved Salts (TDS). The TDS in sea is about 45,000 ppm[13]. The TDS of

portable water should be in between 500 to 1000 ppm[14].

2.1 Solar water desalination technologies

The most popular techniques for water purification are Solar distillation

techniques and chemical treatments[15]. Solar energy run about 70% of renewable

desalination plants [1]. Solar desalination system can be divided into two types, one is

indirect and other is direct. In direct solar desalination, solar energy is directly used to

heat up the water. Solar still coupled with flat plate collector and integrated with glass

evacuated tube collector are the most representative technologies. In indirect solar

desalination, solar energy is used to produce heat first then this heat is used to further

processing in the techniques such as multi-effect desalination (MED), multi-stage flash

desalination (MSF), membrane desalination (MD) or reverse osmosis (RO)[16] . Figure

2 shows the network of the water desalination processes.

12
Figure 2: The network of the water desalination processes[16]

2.1.1 Indirect solar desalination

2.1.1.1 Solar humidification-dehumidification

In solar humidification-dehumidification (HDH), purified water is gained by

condensing humid air. The moisture carrying capacity of hot air determine the

separation of saline and fresh water in HDH. The major parts of HDH process are

humidifier, dehumidifier and external heater [17]. Sharon et al.[18] classified the HDH

process in three types.

1. closed air open water cycle

2. closed water open air cycle

3. open water open air cycle.

Schematic diagram of solar HDH desalination system is shown in figure 3.

13
 Figure 3: schematic diagram of solar HDH desalination system[19]

Experimental results were reported by Zamen et al.[20], production of the fresh water

increases at low cooling water temperature, high hot water temperature and low hot

water flow rate. The figure 4 shows the relationship between the inlet hot water and the

purified water production.

Figure 4: The relation between the inlet hot water and the fresh water production

(water flow rate: 1350 lit/h)[20]

14
2.1.1.1 Solar-powered MSF

In MSF desalination system consists of increasing the brackish water temperature more

than the saturation temperature by the help of brine water heater and then this water is

flashed in multiple stages. Vacuum pump is used to maintain low pressure in each stage

of vessel. The vapour in each stage are condensed in the condenser and at the same

time, the saline water is preheated[21].

Conventional MSF desalination system consist of solar rays collectors or reflectors.

The selection of solar collector and design of solar heating coil are considered as the

important for the complete application of the MSF technique. The efficiency of MSF

can be increased by taking high top brine temperature, increased number of stages and

heat transfer area [16]. Schematic representation of multi-stage flash desalination

system is shown in figure 5.

Figure 5: Shemaic diagram of MSF desalination system [22].

2.1.1.2 Multi-effect desalination(MED)

15
In MED seawater is circulated in multiple cells at low pressure. In first effect energy is

provided. During the vaporization, the heat is supplied by the hot vapour, produced in

the previous stages, those in return condense in the condenser. MED is carried out at

lower top brine temperature (55–120 °C) and is more efficient thermodynamically [23].

The efficiency of MED plant depends on the top steam temperature, number of stages,

heating stream flow rate, temperature difference in final condenser. To achieve high

efficiency MED system is coupled with four types of heat pump:

1. mechanical vapour compression

2. thermal vapour compression

3. absorption heat pumps

4. adsorption heat pumps [24].

The representation of MED desalination system with preheating is shown in figure 6.

Figure 6: MED system with feed preheating[25]

16
2.1.1.2 Membrane distillation

MD is separation process run by the thermal energy and it uses hydrophobic porous

membrane which has two sides, one side contains the sea water and the other side

contains hot vapours. In MD feed water is heated and is allowed to pass through

membrane. The hydrophobic membrane prevents the brackish water from flowing

through membrane pores and only allow vapour transfer to other side. The driving

force in MD is due to partial vapour pressure across the membrane [26].

The parameters on which the distillate yield in MD depends are thickness of air gap,

flow rate, membrane thickness, porosity, long term operation and thermal conductivity

of membranes [25].MD process are of four kinds: Direct contact membrane distillation,

air gap membrane distillation, vacuum membrane distillation and sweeping gas

membrane distillation [27]. The operating temperature in MD process is kept in the

range of 60-80°C[28]. The figure 7 shows air gap MD process.

Figure 7: Air gap MD process[16].

17
2.1.2 Direct solar desalination

2.1.2.1 Solar still coupled with flat plate collector

Solar still is direct solar desalination technology, also called direct still system. Solar

still works on the principal of greenhouse effect by using solar energy directly. Solar

still output depends on the parameters such as vapour leakage, thermal insulation, over

slope, shape material [29]. This system has low efficiency of about 3–4l/m2 per day

[30]. Single slope single basin still is shown in figure 8.

Figure 8: Representation of simple solar still [16]

Solar still basin is blackened filled with saline water and closed by inclined glass. The

solar energy heated the blackened saline. Due to the difference of temperature and

pressure water vapour gets condensed along the class. Solar still can be classified in

two categories: passive and active solar stills. Passive solar still completely dependent

on direct solar energy while in active solar still devices are used such as vacuum fan,

pump, sun tracking system and solar collectors.

18
The fresh water production of solar still can be enhanced by solar thermal collectors.

The flat plate collector consists of black flat heat absorber, a transparent cover, heat

transferring fluid and an insulating case. Solar still with flat plate collector increases

temperature of water to about 70°C. The tilted angle for flat plate collector is 35°. The

coupling of flat plate collector with still increases fresh water production up to

36%[31]. Figure 9 shows the solar still coupling with flat plate collector.

Figure 9: Schematic diagram of solar still with flat plate collector [31].

2.1.2.2 Evacuated tube collector in solar desalination

Evacuated tube collector (ETC) consists of vacuum-sealed tubes with the absorber

surface in the inner glass tube. ETC are designed in a way so that to entrap the solar

energy by not giving out, the inner surface is black in colour to entrap more energy.

ETC is classified in two categories: ‘Direct flow through’ and ‘Heat pipe’. A set of

glass tube is directly connected to shall or tank in direct flow through in ETC, a large

diameter glass tube surrounded each tube. Heat losses are reduced by evacuating the

space between the tubes.

19
Heat tube consists of tube of high thermal conductance contain small amount of

working fluid. The evaporation occur in heating section and condensation of vapour in

cooling section[32]. Kumar et al[33] performed an experiment on solar still coupled

with evacuated tube and have efficiency of 33.8%. The outlet water temperature and

thermal efficiency of ETC increased to about 16.7% by using sun tracking mechanism

in comparison to stationary ETC[34] . Water production rate increased when tube is

inclined at 35° and filled 80% with water. Fresh water Productivity increased up to 1.01

kg/(m2·h) by filling the tube with stainless steel wool [35]. Representation of ETC is in

figure 10.

Figure 10: Schematic diagram of ETC[35].

Volume fraction of water in the tube played a typical role in the portable water

production. With 80% water volume fraction the production rate was 0.83% kg/(m2·h)

and with 20% it was 0.42 kg/(m2·h) as shown in figure 11.

20
 Figure 11: Effect of the production rate by volume water fraction [35].

2.2 Parabolic trough collector

Parabolic trough collectors are used in industries for number of applications as

steam generation and heating of water for different purposes. PTC have certain

advantages it will give a high temperature without any damage in the collector

efficiency.[36]

There are number of collector used we discuss three here. Parabolic trough

collector(PTC), Compound Parabolic collector(CPC), and flat plate collector(FPC). We

can use the PTC for solar tracking purpose but CPC and FPC cannot use for the

tracking purpose. [37]

2.2.1 Selection of PTC:

PTC have many advantage in usage over the FPC, here some advantage is discussed

21
 1. Water get more heat in PTC rather than the FPC of same solar area because the

concentration power of PTC is Greater than the FPC. So, the efficiency of PTC

is greater than the FPC.

2. In PTC the sun light converges at ETC which reduced the heat loss area and

efficiency increased.

3. There is small material required to make the PTC, and the structure of the PTC

is enough simple than the FPC which reduce the cost of PTC.

Disadvantage of the PTC is that the concentration point is hard to locate and is

disturbed the efficiency reduced. A continuous cleaning process is required to maintain

the efficiency of PTC. [37]

The main advantage of PTC is that its thermal efficiency is higher than the FPC so we

studied the efficiency. The efficiency is the ratio of the energy consumed and the

energy collected by the collector. [37]

We can calculate the energy balance at the collector using these equations:

(eq1)

Then introducing heat removal factor,

(eq2)

Here is the optical efficiency, from above Eqs it is the major factor which depend

upon the properties of the material.

22
To note the performance of the collector we are a graph between the thermal efficiency

and Delta T/I. by slope and intercept we can calculate the performance.

where

=Intercept= and S= Slope = /CR.

The relational are the same for FPC but the value of CR=1.[37]

Figure 12: Collector-performance curves[37]

The efficiency of the PTC will remain high as the temperature of water increased at

inlet. So, PTC is best for usage. [37]

There are number of method used for steam generation using PTC but we will discuss

one here.

Here the water is heated and pressurized in the ETC and then separated by vaporization

method using flash vessel. This method is economical due to its simplicity and

stability[38].

23
2.2.2 Manufacture of fiberglass reinforced parabolic trough:

There is a method used for manufactured od PTC called Hand layup method. First, a

wooden box is manufactured of requires dimensions. We place a wax polish on the

mould surface so the casting can be easily removed from the mould. PVA resin, a layer

of polyester and chopped strand fiberglass cloth was laid on the wax and allowed a

sufficient time to set. The layer of these materials should have a reasonable thickness

[39].Then PVC of hemi-cylindrical shape is fixed on convex shape in longitudinal

direction. Then again, the layer of chopped strand fiberglass cloth and polyester resin

is placed so the thickness is maintaining at 7mm. An adequate is given so the material

is set and get a sufficient rigidity. After a reasonable time, the PTC was pulled from

mould[40] .

Figure 13: Fiberglass reinforced parabolic trough [39].

The dimension for the PTC can be estimated.

Table 4: Dimensions of the fiberglass parabolic reinforced parabolic trough [6]

24
 Figure 14: Schematic side view of PTC [41]

2.2.3 Load testing of PTC:

There are two loads which can act on the PTC loads by gravity and load due to the

wind. The load due to gravity act because the center of gravity does not coincide with

the axis of rotation due to which the gravitational force act on the PTC and tends to

rotate the PTC and applied load. The load will be maximum when the PTC will be in

the horizontal direction which will be at noon. [39]

The with load matter more than the gravity load. Wind load can be find by an

experiment in which we will measure the force which a define wind with certain

velocity apply on the PTC. We check the rigidity of the structure for this purpose we

take sand and calibrate it with the force calculated above. Then place the PTC in the

25
horizontal direction and set a deflection, measurement device under the structure[39] .A

enough amount of the sand is added and gradually increase the amount of the sand and

calculate the deflection corresponding to the sand weight. When the sand is equal to the

deflection is noted and see if it is increase the toughness of the material if not increase

then the material is safe.

Figure 15: Deflection versus load.[39]

2.3 Flash-vessel design:

We use FV to separate the steam from the heated water at the low pressure as shown in

Fig. 6. It consists of the vertical vessels in which the heated water is entered from the

1/3 height of the vessel. There in a blow down in the bottom. Diameter of the vessel is

adjusted in such a way that the steam flow in the vessel which is out from upper outlet

will not exceed the velocity of 3m/s. To ensure that all the water droplet is eliminated

from the steam and to ensure that a sound amount of the steam is generated a sufficient

height above the inlet is required. Cavitation is avoided by decreasing the size of the

outlet. When the heat up energy requirement is low maximum steam will generate.[37]

There are following point which should be noted in FV:

1. The mass of the circulating water in the pipes cannot be changed.

26
2. The water in the vessel should not below a certain level. Make water will be

supplied to keep the water in equilibrium.

Figure 16: Flash-vessel design details. [37]

27
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