VISION

To ensure that the Diploma level Technical Education constantly matches the latest requirements of
Technology and industry and includes the all-round personal development of students including social
concerns and to become globally competitive, technology led organization.

MISSION

To provide high quality technical and managerial manpower, information and consultancy services to
the industry and community to enable the industry and community to face the challenging
technological & environmental challenges.

QUALITY POLICY

We, at MSBTE are committed to offer the best in class academic services to the students and institutes
to enhance the delight of industry and society. This will be achieved through continual improvement in
management practices adopted in the process of curriculum design, development, implementation,
evaluation and monitoring system along with adequate faculty development programmes.

CORE VALUES

MSBTE believes in the following

 Skill development in line with industry requirements

 Industry readiness and improved employability of Diploma holders

 Synergistic relationship with industry

 Collective and Cooperative development of all stake holders

 Technological interventions in societal development

 Access to uniform quality technical education

 A Laboratory manual
for

Control System and Components

(313329)
K-Scheme

Semester – III
(AO/IC/IS)

Maharashtra State
Board of Technical Education, Mumbai
(Autonomous) (ISO 9001:2015) (ISO/IEC 27001:2013)
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai
(Autonomous) (ISO 9001:2015) (ISO/IEC 27001:2013)
4th Floor, Government Polytechnic Building, 49,
Kherwadi, Bandra (East), Mumbai- 400051.
(Printed on July, 2024)
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF
TECHNICAL EDUCATION MUMBAI
Certificate
This is to certify that Mr./Ms.…………………………….............
Roll. No.…………. of Third Semester of Diploma in ……....
......…..………………………………...............................................
of Institute …….………………………………………….……
(Code: ………) has completed the term work satisfactorily in
course Control System and Components (313329) for the
academic year 20…….to 20……. as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place: ……………. Enrollment No: ………………

Date: ……………… Exam Seat No: ……………….

Subject Teacher Head of department Principal

Seal
of
Institute
Control System and Components (313329)

Preface
The primary focus of any engineering laboratory/field work in the technical education system is
to develop the much-needed industry relevant competencies and skills. With this in view, MSBTE
embarked on this innovative 'K' Scheme curricula for engineering diploma programmes with
outcome-based education as the focus and accordingly, a relatively large amount of time is allotted for
the practical work. This displays the great importance of laboratory work making each teacher,
instructor and student realize that every minute of the laboratory time needs to be effectively utilized to
develop these outcomes, rather than doing other mundane activities. Therefore, for the successful
implementation of this outcome- based curriculum, every practical course has been designed to serve
as a 'vehicle' to develop this industry identified competency in every student. The practical skills are
difficult to develop through "chalk and duster" activity in the classroom situation. Accordingly, the ‘K’
scheme laboratory manual development team designed the practical to focus on the outcomes, rather
than the traditional age-old practice of conducting practical to 'verify the theory" (which may become a
byproduct along the way).

This laboratory manual is designed to help all stakeholders, especially the students, teachers and
instructors to develop in the student the predetermined outcomes. It is expected. from each student that
at least a day in advance, they have to thoroughly read through the concerned practical procedure that
they will do the next day and understand the minimum theoretical background associated with the
practical. Every practical in this manual begins by identifying the competency, industry relevant skills,
course outcomes and practical outcomes which serve as a key focal point for doing the practical. The
students will then become aware about the skills they will achieve through the procedure shown there
and necessary precautions to be taken, which will help them to apply in solving real-world problems in
their professional life.

This manual also provides guidelines to teachers and instructors to effectively facilitate student-
centered lab activities through each practical exercise by arranging and managing necessary resources
in order that the students follow the procedures and precautions systematically ensuring the
achievement of outcomes in the students.

The basic aim of the course Control System and Components (313329) is to facilitate the diploma
students to acquire knowledge and skill sets to apply the principles of control system to initiate different
control actions starting from simple home refrigeration systems to large industrial control systems.

Although best possible care has been taken to check for errors (if any) in this laboratory manual,
perfection may elude us as this is the first edition of this manual. Any errors and suggestions for
improvement are solicited and highly welcome.

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Control System and Components (313329)

Program Outcomes (POs)

PO1 Basic and Discipline specific knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic mathematics,
science and engineering fundamentals and engineering specialization to solve the broad-
based Electronic Engineering group program problems.

PO2 Problem analysis: Identify and analyze well-defined Electronic Engineering group
program problems using codified standard methods.

PO3 Design/ development of solutions: Design solutions for well-defined technical problems
and assist with the design of Electronic Engineering group program systems components
or processes to meet specified needs.

PO4 Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing: Apply modern Electronic Engineering
group program tools and appropriate technique to conduct standard tests and measurements.

PO5 Engineering practices for society, sustainability and environment: Apply appropriate
Electronic Engineering group program technology in context of society, sustainability,
environment and ethical practices.

PO6 Project Management: Use Electronic Engineering group program management

principles individually, as a team member or a leader to manage projects and effectively
communicate about well-defined engineering activities.

PO7 Life-long learning: Ability to analyze individual needs and engage in updating in the
context of Electronic Engineering group program technological changes.

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Control System and Components (313329)

List of relevant expected psychomotor domain skills

The following industry relevant skills of the identified competency "Use different types of
controllers ensuring the stability of the given control system" are expected to be developed in
student by undertaking the laboratory work as given in laboratory manual.

1. Apply fundamentals of control systems to derive the Transfer Function

2. Interpret the time response and stability of a given control system

3. Use relevant controller for controlling a given process system

4. Use relevant control system component for position control

5. Choose appropriate actuators for a given application

6. Proper handling of instruments.

7. Measure the physical quantities accurately.

8. Observe the phenomenon and list the observations in proper tabular form.

9. Adopt proper procedure while performing the experiment.

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Control System and Components (313329)

Practical-Course outcome matrix

COURSE LEVEL LEARNING OUTCOMES (COS)

CO1 Apply fundamentals of control systems to derive the Transfer Function
CO2 Interpret the time response and stability of a given control system
CO3 Use relevant controller for controlling a given process system
CO4 Use relevant control system component for position control
CO5 Choose appropriate actuators for a given application

Sr. No. Title of the Practical CO1 CO2 CO3 CO4 CO5
Open source software (Scilab) tools to derive transfer
1  - - - -
function of a given control system
Open source software to determine the poles and zeros of
2 - - - -
a given transfer function 
Response of an R-C circuit (first order system) for unit
3 -  - - -
step input
Analysis of the step response of a first order system for
4 -  - - -
various time constants using open-source software
Analysis of unit step time response of a second order
5 system for various damping factors using open-source -  - - -
software
Determination of stability of a given control system by
6 plotting poles and zeros in s-plane using open source -  - - -
software
Steady state response of Type 0 control system for step
7 - - - -
input 
Analysis of steady state error for different inputs for Type
8 -  - - -
0 system using open-source software
Analysis of steady state error for different inputs for Type
9 -  - - -
1 system using open-source software
Demonstration of neutral zone of a given ON-OFF
10 - -  - -
controller
Proportional controller to control a given process
11 - -  - -
parameter and demonstrate the proportional band
Test the performance of PID controller for different
12 - -  - -
values of P, I, D
13 Test the performance of potentiometer as an error detector - - -  -
Test the performance of synchro as an error detector by
14 - - -  -
practicing safety measures
15 Angular position control using DC Servosystem - - -  -
Operation of pneumatic/ hydraulic single acting or double
16 - - - - 
acting cylinder with the help of directional control valve

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Control System and Components (313329)

Guidelines to Teachers
1. Teacher should provide the guideline with demonstration of practical to the students with all
features.
2. Teacher shall explain prior concepts to the students before starting of each experiment
3. Involve students in performance of each experiment.
4. Teacher should ensure that the respective skills and competencies are developed in. the students
after the completion of the practical exercise.
5. Teachers should give opportunity to students for hands on experience after the demonstration.

6. Teacher is expected to share the skills and competencies to be developed in the students.
7. Teacher may provide additional knowledge and skills to the students even though not covered
in the manual but are expected the students by the industry.
8. Finally give practical assignment and assess the performance of students based on task assigned
to check whether it is as per the instructions.
9. Teacher is expected to refer complete curriculum document and follow guidelines for
implementation
10. At the beginning of the practical which is based on the simulation, teacher should make the
students acquainted with any simulation software environment.

Instructions for Students

1. Listen carefully the lecture given by teacher about subject, curriculum, learning structure, skills
to be developed.
2. Organize the work in the group and make record all programs.
3. Students shall develop maintenance skill as expected by industries.
4. Student shall attempt to develop related hand-on skills and gain confidence.
5. Student shall develop the habits of evolving more ideas, innovations, skills etc. those included
in scope of manual
6. Student shall refer technical magazines.

7. Student should develop habit to submit the practical on date and time.
8. Student should well prepare while submitting write-up of exercise.
9. Attach/paste separate papers wherever necessary.

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Control System and Components (313329)

Content Page
List of Practical’s and Progressive Assessment Sheet
Sr. Page Date of Date of Assessment Dated sign Remark
Title of the Practical
No no. Performance Submission Marks (25) of Teacher (If any)
Open-source software tools to derive
1 transfer function of a given control 1
system
*Open-source software to
2 determine the poles and zeros of a 6
given transfer function
3 *Response of an R-C circuit (first 11
order system) for unit step input
Analysis of the step response of first
4 order system for various time constants 17
using open-source software
*Analysis of unit step time response of
a second order system for various 22
damping factors using open-source
5 software
Determination of stability of a given
control system by plotting poles and
6 zeros in s-plane using open-source 27
software
*Steady state response of Type 0
7 control system for step input 32
Analysis of steady state error for
different inputs for Type 0 system using 38
8
open-source software
Analysis of steady state error for
different inputs for Type 1 system using 43
9
open-source Software
*Demonstration of neutral zone of a 48
10 given ON-OFF controller
*Proportional controller to control a
given process parameter and 53
11
demonstrate the proportional band
Test the performance of PID controller
12 for different values of P, I, D 58
Test the performance of potentiometer 64
13 as an error detector
*Test the performance of synchro as an
error detector by practicing safety 70
14
measures
Angular position control using DC 76
15 Servosystem
*Operation of pneumatic/ hydraulic
single acting or double acting cylinder 81
16 with the help of directional control
valve
Total
Note: Out of above suggestive LLOs -
 '*' Marked Practicals (LLOs) Are mandatory.
 Minimum 80% of above list of lab experiment are to be performed.
 Judicial mix of LLOs are to be performed to achieve desired outcomes.

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Control System and Components (313329)

Practical No.1: Open-source software (Scilab) tools to derive transfer function of a given
control system

I Practical Significance
To familiarize the students with the Open-source software Scilab)

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome(s)

Develop, debug and run the code for the given problem

III Course Level Learning Outcome(s)

Apply fundamentals of control systems to derive the Transfer Function

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome(s)

1. Install open-source software (Scilab)
2. Use the appropriate software tools to derive the transfer function

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcome(s)

Follow ethical practices
Handle tools and equipment carefully.

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

A physical control system is considered as an idealized physical system or physical model by
neglecting the nonlinearities. The physical model is converted to its mathematical model
(which is the mathematical representation of the physical model). The mathematical model is
depicted by differential equations by applying known equations or laws such as KVL, KCL.
The differential equation is reshaped into Transfer functions using powerful mathematical tool
such as Laplace Transform
Transfer Function: TF is defined as the ratio of Laplace transform of output to that of input
under the zero initial condition.

VII Actual Circuit diagram used in laboratory with related equipment rating
NA

VIII Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications

Sr. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity

No.
1 Desktop PC loaded with open- - 1
source software ‘Scilab’ -

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Control System and Components (313329)

IX Precautions to be followed
1) Verify power ratings.
2) Ensure proper earthing.
3) Use standard Electrical symbols.
4) Don’t touch wire with wet hand.
5) Check the power supply before connection.

X Procedure
1. Open the open-source software Scilab in the computer
2. Write the code for the given problem
3. Execute the code
4. Verify the result

XI Resources Used

Sr.
Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity
No.

XII Actual Procedure

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XIII Observations and Calculations (use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient)
Sample program:
Find out the Transfer function of the system from the given numerator and denominator:
Numerator = S+3
Denominator = (S+4) *(S+2)
𝒔+𝟑
TF= (𝒔+𝟒)∗(𝒔+𝟐)

Scilab code Comments

(%s is the polynomial in the real cases by default, s =
s=%s poly(0, "s") )
(n- numerator)
n= s+3

d=(s+4) *(s+2) (d-denominator)

h=syslin(“c”,n/d) (h-SISO TF, syslin-linear system, “c”-continuous system)

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Problem statement for the students:

Find out the Transfer function of the system from the given numerator and denominator:
Numerator = 𝑆 2 +9
Denominator = 𝑆 2 +8S+7

TF=

Scilab code Comments

XIV Result(s)
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XV Interpretation of results
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XVI Conclusion and recommendation

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XVII Practical related questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design
more such questions so as to ensure the achievement of identifies CO.
1. Write the name and specification of the software used to derive the transfer function the
laboratory
2. Write the advantages and disadvantages of transfer function

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Control System and Components (313329)

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XVIII References/Suggestions for further reading

1. https://archive.nptel.ac.in/courses/107/106/107106081/
2. Control System Engineering by Nagrath I.J, M. Gopal

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Process Related: 15 Marks 60 %
1 Handling of the components 10%
2 Identification of components 20%
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20%
4 Working in teams 10%
Product Related: 10 Marks 40%
5 Calculated theoretical values of given component 10%
6 Interpretation of result 05%
7 Conclusion 05%
8 Practical related questions 15%
9 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100 %

Marks Obtained
Process related Product related Total Dated signature of Teacher
(15) (10) (25)

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Control System and Components (313329)

Practical No.2: Open-source software to determine the poles and zeros of a given
transfer function

I Practical Significance
To familiarize the students with the Open-source software (Scilab)

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome(s)

Develop, debug and run the code for the given problem

III Course Level Learning Outcome(s)

Apply fundamentals of control systems to derive the Transfer Function

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome(s)

1. Determine the poles and zeros of a given transfer function
2. Use open loop software to determine the poles and zeros of a given transfer function

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcome(s)

Follow ethical practices
Handle tools and equipment carefully.

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

Transfer Function: TF is defined as the ratio of Laplace transform of output to that of input
under the zero initial condition.
Poles: the value of S in the denominator of transfer function which makes the TF equal to
infinity
Zero: the value of S in the numerator of transfer function which makes the TF equal to zero
S-plane: The graphical plane which is used to represent poles and zeros. X axis is the real
axis and Y axis is the imaginary axis.
Poles are represented with × and zeros with 0 symbol in S-plane.

Fig: 2:1

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Control System and Components (313329)

VII Actual Circuit diagram used in laboratory with related equipment rating
NA

VIII Resources Required

Sr. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity

No.
1 Desktop PC loaded with open - 1
source software ‘Scilab’ -

IX Precautions to be followed
1) Verify power ratings.
2) Ensure proper earthing.
3) Check the power supply before connection.

X Procedure
1. Open the open-source software Scilab in the computer
2. Write the code for the given problem
3. Execute the code
4. Verify the result
5. Observe the S-plane

XI Resources Used

Sr. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Quantity

No. Specification

XII Actual Procedure

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

XIII Observations and Calculations (use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient)

Sample program:
Find out the poles and zeros of the system from the given Transfer function:
𝒔+𝟒
TF= 𝑺𝟐 +𝟔𝑺+𝟗

Ans: Poles = -3, -3

Zero = -4

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Control System and Components (313329)

Scilab code Comments

s=%s (%s is the polynomial in the real cases by default, s =

poly(0, "s") )
n= s+4

d= s^2+6*s+9 (n- numerator)

h=syslin(“c”,n/d) (d-denominator)

[z, p, k] = tf2zp(h) (h-SISO TF, syslin-linear system, “c”-continuous system)

plzr(h)
(z,p,k- zero, pole, constant; tf2zp-TF to zeros and poles)

(plot S plane with zero and pole)

Problem statement for the students:

Find out the poles and zeros of the system from the given Transfer function:
𝑺𝟐 +𝟏𝟔
TF= 𝑺𝟐 +𝟕𝑺+𝟏𝟎
Answer:
Poles =
Zero =
Pole-zero plot on S-plane:

Scilab code Comments

XIV Result(s)
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Control System and Components (313329)

XV Interpretation of results
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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XVI Conclusion and recommendation

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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XVIIPractical related questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design
more such questions so as to ensure the achievement of identifies CO.
1. Calculate the poles and zeros of the given Transfer Function
2. Write the significance of poles and zeros
[Space for Answers]
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Control System and Components (313329)

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XVIII References/Suggestions for further reading

1. https://archive.nptel.ac.in/courses/107/106/107106081/
2. Control System Engineering by Nagrath I.J, M. Gopal

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Process Related: 15 Marks 60 %
1 Handling of the components 10%
2 Identification of components 20%
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20%
4 Working in teams 10%
Product Related: 10 Marks 40%
5 Calculated theoretical values of given component 10%
6 Interpretation of result 05%
7 Conclusion 05%
8 Practical related questions 15%
9 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100 %

Marks Obtained
Process related Product related Total Dated signature of Teacher
(15) (10) (25)

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Control System and Components (313329)

Practical No.3: Response of an R-C circuit (first order system) for unit step input

I Practical Significance
To familiarize the students with the order of the system and standard input signals

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome(s)

Use different types of controllers ensuring the stability of the given control system

III Course Level Learning Outcome(s)

Interpret the time response and stability of a given control system

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome(s)

1. Plot the response of given R-C circuit (first order system)
2. Determine the time constant for given R-C circuit (first order system)

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcome(s)

Follow ethical practices
Handle tools and equipment carefully.

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

Order of the system: It is the highest power of S in the denominator of the TF.
Standard test input signals: 1) Step Input 2) Ramp Input 3) Parabolic Input
4) Impulse Input
𝑪(𝑺) 𝟏
Transfer Function of RC network: TF= =
𝑹(𝑺) 𝑹𝑪𝑺+𝟏
𝑡
The output equation for first order system response for unit step input: 𝑐(𝑡) = 1 − 𝑒 − 𝑅𝐶

VII Actual Circuit diagram used in laboratory with related equipment rating
Layout of Laboratory:

Fig: 3:1
Actual Circuit diagram:

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Control System and Components (313329)

VIII Resources Required

Sr. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity

No.
1 Resistor 100k 1
2 Capacitor 1000 microfarad 1
3 DC power supply 0-30V, 2 A 1
4 DMM 1
5 Stopwatch 1

IX Precautions to be followed
1) Verify power ratings.
2) Ensure proper earthing.
3) Check the power supply before connection.

X Procedure
1. Construct the RC circuit in bread board
2. Connect 5V power supply. This is the step input.
3. Connect DMM across the output of the circuit.
4. Apply 5V from power supply and start noting the output voltage from DMM for each 50
seconds till the readings become constant.
5. Plot the graph between output voltage vs. time
6. Calculate the time constant from the graph
7. Compare the practical and theoretical time constants.

XI Resources Used

Sr.
Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity
No.

XII Actual Procedure

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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 12

Control System and Components (313329)

XIII Observations and Calculations (use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient)

Observation column:

Time (sec) Output voltage

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 13

Control System and Components (313329)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 14

Control System and Components (313329)

XIV Result(s)
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XV Interpretation of results
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XVI Conclusion and recommendation

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XVII Practical related questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design
more such questions so as to ensure the achievement of identifies CO.
1. Define time constant. Find out the time constant of the given system in the lab
2. Derive the output equation for first order system response for unit step input
[Space for Answers]
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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 15

Control System and Components (313329)

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XVIII References/Suggestions for further reading

1. https://archive.nptel.ac.in/courses/107/106/107106081/
2. Control System Engineering by Nagrath I.J, M. Gopal

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Process Related: 15 Marks 60 %
1 Handling of the components 10%
2 Identification of components 20%
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20%
4 Working in teams 10%
Product Related: 10 Marks 40%
5 Calculated theoretical values of given component 10%
6 Interpretation of result 05%
7 Conclusion 05%
8 Practical related questions 15%
9 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100 %

Marks Obtained
Process related Product related Total Dated signature of Teacher
(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 16

Control System and Components (313329)

Practical No.4: Analysis of the step response of a first order system for various time
constants using open-source software

I Practical Significance
To familiarize the students with the concept of time constants

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome(s)

Use different types of controllers ensuring the stability of the given control system

III Course Level Learning Outcome(s)

Interpret the time response and stability of a given control system

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome(s)

1. Plot the response of a given first order system using open source software tools
2. Determine the time constant for given first order system

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcome(s)

Follow ethical practices
Handle tools and equipment carefully.

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

Time constant: It is the time taken by the system to reach 63.2% of the final value.
𝑪(𝑺) 𝟏 𝟏
For an RC network with Transfer Function TF= = 𝑹𝑪𝑺+𝟏 = 𝝉𝑺+𝟏 , RC = 𝝉 is the time
𝑹(𝑺)
constant.
More the time constant, slower the system response.

VII Circuit diagram Layout of Laboratory

NA

VIII Resources Required

Sr. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity

No.
1 Desktop PC loaded with open- - 1
source software ‘Scilab’ -

IX Precautions to be followed
1. Ensure proper earthing.
2. Check the power supply before connection.

X Procedure
1. Open the open-source software Scilab in the computer
2. Write the code for the given problem in ‘scinote’
3. Execute the code
4. Observe the response graph

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 17

Control System and Components (313329)

XI Resources Used

Sr. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity

No.

XII Actual Procedure

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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XIII Observations and Calculations (use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient)

Sample program:
Analyze the step response of a first order system for various time constants
using open-source software
1
Consider the first order system transfer function = 2𝑆+1
Here, Time constant 𝜏 = 2

Scilab code Comments

s=%s (%s is the polynomial in the real cases by default, s = poly(0,

"s") )
T=syslin ("c",1, 1+2*s) (syslin-linear system, “c”-continuous system)
t=0:0.005:5
(it defines a time range)
y=csim (“step”, t, T)
csim-continuous simulation, step-step input
plot (t, y) Plot output vs. time

Problem statement for the students:

Analyze the step response of a first order system for various time
constants using open-source software
1. Time constant = 5
2. Time constant = 10

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 18

Control System and Components (313329)

Scilab code Comments

XIV Result(s)
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XV Interpretation of results
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XVI Conclusion and recommendation

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XVIIPractical related questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design
more such questions so as to ensure the achievement of identifies CO.
1. Give examples for practical first order systems
2. Write the significance of time constant
[Space for Answers]
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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 19

Control System and Components (313329)

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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 20

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XVIII References/Suggestions for further reading

1. https://archive.nptel.ac.in/courses/107/106/107106081/
2. Control System Engineering by Nagrath I.J, M. Gopal

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Process Related: 15 Marks 60 %
1 Handling of the components 10%
2 identification of components 20%
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20%
4 working in teams 10%
Product Related: 10 Marks 40%
5 Calculated theoretical values of given component 10%
6 Interpretation of result 05%
7 Conclusion 05%
8 Practical related questions 15%
9 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100 %

Marks Obtained
Process related Product related Total Dated signature of Teacher
(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 21

Control System and Components (313329)

Practical No.5: Analysis of unit step time response of a second order system for various
damping factor using open-source software

I Practical Significance
To familiarize the students with the concept of damping factor

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome(s)

Use different types of controllers ensuring the stability of the given control system

III Course Level Learning Outcome(s)

Interpret the time response and stability of a given control system

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome(s)

Record the behavior of a given control system for various damping factors using open-
source software

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcome(s)

Follow ethical practices
Handle tools and equipment carefully.

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

𝑪(𝑺) 𝒘 𝟐
The standard equation of Transfer Function for 2nd order system = = 𝑺𝟐 +𝟐𝜻𝒘𝒏 𝑺+𝒘 𝟐
𝑹(𝑺) 𝒏 𝒏
𝑤𝑛 is the natural frequency.
𝜁 is the damping factor. Damping is defined as the opposition to oscillation. Depending on
its value, there are four cases of response for the system.

VII Circuit diagram Layout of Laboratory

NA

VIII Resources Required

Sr. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity

No.
1 Desktop PC loaded with open - 1
source software ‘Scilab’ -

IX Precautions to be followed
1) Verify power ratings.
2) Ensure proper earthing.
3) Check the power supply before connection.

X Procedure
1. Open the open source software Scilab in the computer
2. Write the code for the given problem in ‘scinote’

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 22

Control System and Components (313329)

3. Execute the code

4. Observe the response graph

XI Resources Used

Sr. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity

No.

XII Actual Procedure

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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XIII Observations and Calculations (use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient)
Sample program:
Analysis of unit step time response of a second order system for various
damping factor using open-source software.
16
Consider the second order system transfer function = 𝑺𝟐 +4𝑆+16
16 𝒘𝒏 𝟐
Here, compare it with standard equation of second order TF, =
𝑺𝟐 +4𝑆+16 𝑺 +𝟐𝜻𝒘𝒏 𝑺+𝒘𝒏 𝟐
𝟐

𝒘𝒏 𝟐 = 16, 𝒘𝒏 = 4, 𝟐𝜻𝒘𝒏 = 4, 𝜁 =0.5 which is less than 1; Therefore, the system is

underdamped.

Scilab code Comments

s=%s (%s is the polynomial in the real cases by default, s = poly(0, "s") )

T=syslin ("c",16, 16+4*s+s^2) (syslin-linear system, “c”- continuous system, (16, 16+4*s+s^2) is
the TF
t=0:0.005:5
(it defines a time range)
y=csim ("step”, t, T)
csim-continuous simulation, step-step input
plot (t, y) Plot output vs. time

Problem statement for the students:

Analysis of unit step time response of a second order system for various
damping factor using open-source software for the following TF:

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 23

Control System and Components (313329)

9
1. 𝑺𝟐 +9
9
2. 𝑺𝟐 +3𝑆+9
9
3. 𝑺𝟐 +6𝑆+9
9
4. 𝑺𝟐 +8𝑆+9

Scilab code Comments

XIV Result(s)
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XV Interpretation of results
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XVI Conclusion and recommendation

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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 24

Control System and Components (313329)

XVII Practical related questions

Note: Below are few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design more
such questions so as to ensure the achievement of identifies CO.
1. Give examples for practical second order systems
2. State the effect of ζ (zeta) in the output response of a control system

[Space for Answers]

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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 25

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XVIII References/Suggestions for further reading

1. https://archive.nptel.ac.in/courses/107/106/107106081/
2. Control System Engineering by Nagrath I.J, M. Gopal

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Process Related: 15 Marks 60 %
1 Handling of the components 10%
2 identification of components 20%
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20%
4 working in teams 10%
Product Related: 10 Marks 40%
5 Calculated theoretical values of given component 10%
6 Interpretation of result 05%
7 Conclusion 05%
8 Practical related questions 15%
9 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100 %

Marks Obtained
Process related Product related Total Dated signature of Teacher
(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 26

Control System and Components (313329)

Practical No.7: Steady state response of Type 0 control system for step input

I Practical Significance
To familiarize the students with Steady state response of Type 0 control system for step
input

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome(s)

Use different types of controllers ensuring the stability of the given control system

III Course Level Learning Outcome(s)

Interpret the time response and stability of a given control system

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome(s)

Plot the steady state response of a given Type 0 control system for unit step input

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcome(s)

Follow ethical practices
Handle tools and equipment carefully.

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

• Type of a system is the number of open loop poles at the origin of S-plane.
• Steady state error is the difference between the set point and the final steady
state value.
• Steady state error 𝒆𝒔𝒔 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝒆(𝒕) = 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝑺𝑬(𝑺) (By applying final value
𝒕→∞ 𝒔→𝟎
theorem of Laplace Transform)
𝑹(𝑺)
• 𝒆𝒔𝒔= 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝑺 ∗ 𝑬(𝑺) = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝑺 𝟏±𝑮(𝑺)𝑯(𝑺)
𝒔→𝟎 𝑺→𝟎
• The ability of the system to reduce or eliminate the steady state error is
represented by static error coefficients or constants. There are three Error
coefficients which are Position error constant 𝑲𝑷 , Velocity error constant
𝑲𝑽 , Acceleration error constant 𝑲𝑨

Equation of static error constants and steady state errors for unit step input:

I/P Error constant Steady state error

Unit Step
𝑲𝑷 𝒆𝑺𝑺
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝑮(𝑺)𝑯(𝑺) 𝟏
𝑺→𝟎 =
𝟏 + 𝑲𝑷

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 32

Control System and Components (313329)

Relationship between the inputs, static error constants and steady state errors for
Type 0 system:

Steady Type 0
Input state Static error
error constant 𝒆𝒔𝒔
𝒆𝒔𝒔
Step
𝟏 𝑲𝑷 = 𝟏
𝟏 + 𝑲𝑷 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝟏 + 𝑲𝑷

VII Actual Circuit diagram used in a laboratory with related equipment rating

VIII Resources Required

Sr. Name of Resource Suggested Quantity

No. Broad
Specification
1 Standard test signal generator kit: -
outputs- Step: Variable DC Voltage: -12V to +12V;
- 1
Frequency- approx. 50Hz to 5KHz; Power Requirements-
DC regulated from 230V single phase AC
2 Type 0 system trainer kit: -
Input Type- provision to connect external inputs (step);
Frequency of operation- approx. 50Hz to 5KHz (may vary - 1
for different inputs; Power Requirements- DC regulated
from 230V single phase AC
3
Timer - 1

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 33

Control System and Components (313329)

IX Precautions to be followed
1) Verify power ratings.
2) Ensure proper earthing.
3) Check the power supply before connection.

X Procedure
1. Connect test signal generator to the input terminal of Type 0 kit
2. Connect DMM to the test signal generator to measure input voltage
3. Connect another DMM to the output of Type 0 kit to measure output voltage

For Step signal:

1. Choose ‘step’ mode in test signal generator for Step input signal.
2. Adjust the input voltage and measure the corresponding output voltage for Step signal.
3. Repeat the procedure for different values of input voltages.
4. Plot the graph

XI Resources Used

Sr.
Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity
No.
1
2
3

XII Actual Procedure

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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XIII Observations and Calculations (use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient)

Input Voltage (V) Output Voltage (V)

0.4
0.6
0.8

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 34

Control System and Components (313329)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 35

Control System and Components (313329)

XIV Result(s)
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XV Interpretation of results
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XVI Conclusion and recommendation

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XVII Practical related questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design
more such questions so as to ensure the achievement of identifies CO.
1. Define steady state error. State its equation.
2. Plot the steady state response of a given Type 0 control system for unit step input

[Space for Answers]

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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 36

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XVIII References/Suggestions for further reading

1. https://archive.nptel.ac.in/courses/107/106/107106081/
2. Control System Engineering by Nagrath I.J, M. Gopal

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Process Related: 15 Marks 60 %
1 Handling of the components 10%
2 Identification of components 20%
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20%
4 Working in teams 10%
Product Related: 10 Marks 40%
5 Calculated theoretical values of given component 10%
6 Interpretation of result 05%
7 Conclusion 05%
8 Practical related questions 15%
9 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100 %

Marks Obtained
Process related Product related Total Dated signature of Teacher
(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 37

Control System and Components (313329)

Practical No.9: Analysis of steady state error for different inputs for Type 1 system
using open-source software

I Practical Significance
To familiarize the students with the concept of steady state error

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome(s)

Use different types of controllers ensuring the stability of the given control system

III Course Level Learning Outcome(s)

Interpret the time response and stability of a given control system

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome(s)

Analyze steady state error for different inputs for Type 1 system using open-source software

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcome(s)

Follow ethical practices
Handle tools and equipment carefully.

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

• Type of a system is the number of open loop poles at the origin of S-plane.
• Steady state error is the difference between the set point and the final steady state
value.
• The ability of the system to reduce or eliminate the steady state error is represented by
static error coefficients or constants. There are three Error coefficients which are position
error constant 𝑲𝑷 , Velocity error constant 𝑲𝑽 , Acceleration error constant 𝑲𝑨

Equation of error constants and steady state errors:

I/P Error constant Steady state error

Unit Step 𝑲𝑷 𝟏
𝒆𝑺𝑺 = 𝟏+𝑲
𝑷
= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝑮(𝑺)𝑯(𝑺)
𝑺→𝟎

Unit Ramp 𝑲𝑽 𝒆𝑺𝑺

= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝑺 𝑮(𝑺)𝑯(𝑺)
𝑺→𝟎

Unit Parabolic 𝑲𝑨 𝒆𝑺𝑺

= 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝑺𝟐 𝑮(𝑺)𝑯(𝑺)
𝑺→𝟎

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 43

Control System and Components (313329)

Relationship between the inputs, static error constants and steady state errors for
Type 1 system:

Type 1
Steady state
Input Static error 𝒆𝒔𝒔
error 𝒆𝒔𝒔
constant
𝟏
Step 𝑲𝑷 = ∞ 0
𝟏 + 𝑲𝑷

𝟏
𝑲𝑽
𝑲𝑽 = constant constant
Ramp
𝟏
𝑲𝑨 = 0 ∞
Parabolic 𝑲𝑨

VII Circuit diagram Layout of Laboratory

NA

VIII Resources Required

Sr. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity

No.
1 Desktop PC loaded with open
- 1
source software ‘Scilab’

IX Precautions to be followed
1) Verify power ratings.
2) Ensure proper earthing.
3) Check the power supply before connection.

X Procedure
1. Open the open source software Scilab in the computer
2. Write the code for the given problem
3. Execute the code
4. Verify the result

XI Resources Used

Sr.
Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity
No.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 44

Control System and Components (313329)

XII Actual Procedure

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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XIII Observations and Calculations (use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient)

Sample program:
Analyze steady state error for different inputs for Type 1 system with open
𝟖
loop Transfer Function G(S)H(S)=𝑺 (𝑺+𝟐) using open-source software.

𝟏
𝑲𝑷 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝑮(𝑺)𝑯(𝑺) = ∞ 𝒆𝑺𝑺 = 𝟏+𝑲 =0
𝑺→𝟎 𝑷

𝟏
𝑲𝑽 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝑺 ∗ 𝑮(𝑺)𝑯(𝑺) = 𝟒 𝒆𝑺𝑺 = 𝑲 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓
𝑺→𝟎 𝑽

𝟏
𝑲𝑨 = 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝑺𝟐 ∗ 𝑮(𝑺)𝑯(𝑺) = 𝟎 𝒆𝑺𝑺 = 𝑲 = ∞
𝑺→𝟎 𝑨

Scilab code Comments

s=%s (%s is the polynomial in the real cases by default, s =
GsHs=8/s*(s+2) poly(0, "s") )
kp=horner(GsHs,0) (GsHs=G(S)H(S) in the equation of steady state error
ess=1/(1+kp) ess)
kv=horner(s*GsHs,0) horner(GsHs,0) indicates 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝑮(𝑺)𝑯(𝑺)
𝑺→𝟎
ess=1/kv ess indicates steady state error
ka=horner(s^2*GsHs,0) horner(s*GsHs,0) indicates 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝑺 𝑮(𝑺)𝑯(𝑺)
𝑺→𝟎
ess=1/ka
horner(s^2*GsHs,0) indicates 𝒍𝒊𝒎𝑺𝟐 𝑮(𝑺)𝑯(𝑺)
𝑺→𝟎

Problem statement for the students:

Analyze steady state error for different inputs for Type 1 system with open loop
𝟓𝟎
Transfer Function G(S)H(S)=𝒔 (𝒔+𝟐)(𝒔+𝟒) using open-source software.

Scilab code Comments

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 45

Control System and Components (313329)

XIV Result(s)
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XV Interpretation of results
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XVI Conclusion and recommendation

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XVII Practical related questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design
more such questions so as to ensure the achievement of identifies CO.
1. State the general expression for Type1 system.
2. State the relation between Type 1 system and steady state error constants.

[Space for Answers]

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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 46

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XVIII References/Suggestions for further reading

1. https://archive.nptel.ac.in/courses/107/106/107106081/
2. Control System Engineering by Nagrath I.J, M. Gopal

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Process Related: 15 Marks 60 %
1 Handling of the components 10%
2 Identification of components 20%
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20%
4 Working in teams 10%
Product Related: 10 Marks 40%
5 Calculated theoretical values of given component 10%
6 Interpretation of result 05%
7 Conclusion 05%
8 Practical related questions 15%
9 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100 %

Marks Obtained Dated signature of Teacher

Process related Product related Total
(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 47

Control System and Components (313329)

Practical No.10: Demonstration of neutral zone of a given ON-OFF controller

I Practical Significance
To familiarize the students with the neutral zone of a given ON-OFF controller.

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome(s)

Use different types of controllers ensuring the stability of the given control system

III Course Level Learning Outcome(s)

Use relevant controller for controlling a given process system

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome(s)

Demonstrate the neutral zone of a given ON-OFF controller

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcome(s)

Follow ethical practices
Handle tools and equipment carefully.

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

The controller determines the action required to drive the controlled variable to the set point
value. The controller output is the commanding signal given to the final control element
(FCE) to reduce the error.

On- Off Controller:

It has only two fixed positions such as on (1) and off (0). The output signal P remains
either 0% or 100% depending upon whether the error is negative or positive.
Equation of On-Off controller:
P = 100% (on) for positive error
P = 0% (off) for negative error.
Neutral Zone (NZ) or Differential Gap:

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 48

Control System and Components (313329)

It is defined as the range of errors in On-Off controller in which the controller output
remains constant. It is designed to avoid frequent chattering of the controller. It is shown
below:

VII Actual Circuit diagram used in laboratory with related equipment rating-

Layout of Laboratory:

Fig: 10:1

Actual Circuit diagram:

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 49

Control System and Components (313329)

VIII Resources Required

Sr. Name of Resource Suggested Quantity

No. Broad
Specification
On-off controller: -
Controlled variable- Temperature or Flow or Pressure
1 or Level; Signal Conditioning- OPAMP based signal - 1
conditioning with 1-5% accuracy; Control- Relay
based; Power requirement- 230V single phase AC
2 Thermometer – 1

3 Heating medium – 1

IX Precautions to be followed
1) Verify power ratings.
2) Ensure proper earthing.
3) Use standard Electrical symbols.
4) Don’t touch the wire with your wet hand.
5) Check the power supply before connection.

X Procedure
1. Place the thermometer in the heating medium which is the process
where temperature is the process parameter.
2. Connect the controller kit to the heating medium.
3. Switch on the set up.
4. Adjust the required set point in the controller.
5. Note the temperature when the indicator bulb in the process turns on
and off.

XI Resources Used

Sr.
Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity
No.

XII Actual Procedure

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 50

Control System and Components (313329)

XIII Observations and Calculations (use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient)
Observation column:

Set point Temperature on Temperature off

XIV Result(s)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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XV Interpretation of results
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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XVI Conclusion and recommendation

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XVII Practical related questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design
more such questions so as to ensure the achievement of identifies CO.
1. Draw the response of the ON-OFF controller for a given process variable.
2. Give two advantages and disadvantages of ON-Off controllers.

[Space for Answers]

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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 51

Control System and Components (313329)

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XVIII References/Suggestions for further reading

1. https://www.ni.com/en/shop/labview/pid-theory-explained.html
#:~:text=The%20basic%20idea%20behind%20a,components%20to%20c
ompute%20the%20output.
2. Process Control Instrumentation Technology by Johnson C. D.

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Process Related: 15 Marks 60 %
1 Handling of the components 10%
2 Identification of components 20%
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20%
4 Working in teams 10%
Product Related: 10 Marks 40%
5 Calculated theoretical values of given component 10%
6 Interpretation of result 05%
7 Conclusion 05%
8 Practical related questions 15%
9 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100 %

Marks Obtained
Process related Product related Total Dated signature of Teacher
(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 52

Control System and Components (313329)

Practical No.11: Proportional controller to control a given process parameter and

demonstrate the proportional band

I Practical Significance
To familiarize the students with the Proportional controller to control a given process
parameter and demonstrate the proportional band

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome(s)

Use different types of controllers ensuring the stability of the given control system

III Course Level Learning Outcome(s)

Use relevant controller for controlling a given process system

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome(s)

1. Plot the response of the given Proportional controller
2. Demonstrate the Proportional band

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcome(s)

Follow ethical practices
Handle tools and equipment carefully.

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

The controller determines the action required to drive the controlled variable to the set point
value. The controller output is the commanding signal given to the final control element
(FCE) to reduce the error.

Proportional controller:
In proportional controller, the controller output is directly proportional to the error. It
gives the information about the present error

Equation of P controller:

𝑷𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝑲𝒑𝑬𝒑 + 𝑷𝒐

Pout= Controller output

Kp= proportional constant
Ep = Error percentage
Po= Controller output when error is zero

Proportional Band PB:

PB is the range of error for which the proportional controller output changes from 0 % to 100%.

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 53

Control System and Components (313329)

Offset:
It is the permanent residual error / steady state error in proportional controller which is
inherent in nature. It is the major disadvantage of the P controller.

Characteristics:

VII Actual Circuit diagram used in laboratory with related equipment rating

Layout of Laboratory:

Fig: 11:1

Actual Circuit diagram:

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 54

Control System and Components (313329)

VIII Resources Required:

Sr. Name of Resource Suggested Quanti

No. Broad ty
Specification
1 Proportional and PID controller: - – 1
Controlled Variable- Temperature or flow or pressure
or level; Input Value- Linear 0-20mA
and or 4-20mA, 0-5V and or 1-5V; Output Value-
appropriate range to study PID controller
response; Display Type- 4.5-digit 7 segment or 16x2
LCD
2 RTD – 1
3 Heating medium – 1

IX Precautions to be followed
1) Verify power ratings.
2) Ensure proper earthing.
3) Don’t touch wire with a wet hand.
4) Check the power supply before connection.

X Procedure
1. Place the RTD in the heating medium which is the process where
temperature is the process parameter.
2. Connect the controller kit to the heating medium.
3. Connect RTD output to the Proportional controller.
4. Switch on the set up.
5. Adjust the required set point and proportional constant Kp in the controller.
6. Note the temperature of the process variable with respect to time.

XI Resources Used

Sr.
Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity
No.

XII Actual Procedure

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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 55

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XIII Observations and Calculations (use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient)

Observation column:

Time (min) Process variable (degree Celsius)

0
Set point= ----- C 0
2
Kp = ----- 4
6

XIV Result(s)
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XV Interpretation of results
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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XVI Conclusion and recommendation

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XVII Practical related questions
Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design
more such questions so as to ensure the achievement of identifies CO.
1. Define offset.
2. Write the advantages and disadvantages of proportional controller.

[Space for Answers]

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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 56

Control System and Components (313329)

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XVIII References/Suggestions for further reading

1. https://www.ni.com/en/shop/labview/pid-theory-
explained.html#:~:text=The%20basic%20idea%20behind%20a,components%20to%20co
mpute%20the%20output.
2. Process Control Instrumentation Technology by Johnson C. D.

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Process Related: 15 Marks 60 %
1 Handling of the components 10%
2 Identification of components 20%
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20%
4 Working in teams 10%
Product Related: 10 Marks 40%
5 Calculated theoretical values of given component 10%
6 Interpretation of result 05%
7 Conclusion 05%
8 Practical related questions 15%
9 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100 %

Marks Obtained
Process related Product related Total Dated signature of Teacher
(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 57

Control System and Components (313329)

Practical No.14: Test the performance of synchro as an error detector by practicing

safety measures

I Practical Significance
To familiarize the students to test the performance of synchro as an error detector by
practicing safety measures

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome(s)

Use different types of controllers ensuring the stability of the given control system

III Course Level Learning Outcome(s)

Use relevant control system component for position control

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome(s)

1. Plot the response of the synchro as an error detector
2. Take safety measures in operating the synchro error detector

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcome(s)

Follow ethical practices
Handle tools and equipment carefully.

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

Synchro as error detector:

● Synchro transmitter along with synchro control transformer is used as error detector in
AC servo system.
● The voltage induced in the transformer rotor will be proportional to the cosine of angle
between the two rotors.
● The output equation is given by:
𝑒(𝑡) = 𝑘𝑉𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛷 where ф is the angular difference between both rotors.

● When ф=90 both rotors are perpendicular to each other and the output voltage is zero.
This position is called electrical zero and is used as reference position.
● The error voltage is proportional to the angular difference between the shaft positions of
the transmitter and control transformer.

VII Circuit diagram Layout of Laboratory

Fig: 14:1

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Control System and Components (313329)

Actual Circuit diagram:

VIII Resources Required

Sr. Suggested
No. Name of Resource Broad Quantity
Specification
1 Synchro Transmitter Receiver Kit: - – 1
Synchro transmitter-receiver pair with calibrated dials
(0-200V AC); Receiver use as control
transformer; Built-in balanced demodulator circuit;
Panel meter for ac/dc voltages; Locking
system for receiver rotor; Power requirement- 230V
single phase 50 Hz
2 Synchro control transformer – 1
3 DMM – 1
4 Power supply for synchro – 1

IX Precautions to be followed
1) Verify power ratings.
2) Ensure proper earthing.
3) Use standard Electrical symbols.
4) Don’t touch wire with wet hand.
5) Check the power supply before connection.

X Procedure
1. Connect Synchro transmitter to synchro control transformer by shorting both the
secondaries S1- S1, S2-S2, S3-S3
2. Apply AC supply voltage to the rotor of Synchro transmitter.
3. Connect DMM across the rotor of synchro control transformer to measure the output
voltage.
4. Set the position of rotor of Synchro transmitter at 00 and keep the position of rotor of
synchro control transformer constant at 900.
5. Vary the position of rotor of Synchro transmitter in steps of 450

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 71

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6. Note the output voltage.

7. Plot the graph between output voltage and position of rotor of Synchro transmitter

XI Resources Used

Sr.
Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity
No.

XII Actual Procedure

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XIII Observations and Calculations (use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient)

Observation column:
Position of rotor of Synchro Position of rotor of Synchro O/p voltage
transmitter (degree) control transformer (degree) (V)
0
45
90
135 90
180
225
270

XIV Result(s)
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XV Interpretation of results
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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 72

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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 73

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XVI Conclusion and recommendation

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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XVIIPractical related questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design
more such questions so as to ensure the achievement of identifies CO.
1. Explain Synchro as error detector.
2. Define servo system.
[Space for Answers]
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Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 74

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XVIII References/Suggestions for further reading

1. https://www.electricalengineeringinfo.com/2017/06/transfer-function-construction-working-
synchro-error-detector-transmitter.html
2. Control System Engineering by Nagrath I.J, M. Gopal

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Process Related: 15 Marks 60 %
1 Handling of the components 10%
2 Identification of components 20%
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20%
4 Working in teams 10%
Product Related: 10 Marks 40%
5 Calculated theoretical values of given component 10%
6 Interpretation of result 05%
7 Conclusion 05%
8 Practical related questions 15%
9 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100 %

Marks Obtained
Process related Product related Total Dated signature of Teacher
(15) (10) (25)

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (‘K’ scheme) 75

Control System and Components (313329)

Practical No.15: Angular position control using DC Servo system

I Practical Significance
To familiarize the students to perform Angular position control using DC Servo system

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome(s)

Use different types of controllers ensuring the stability of the given control system

III Course Level Learning Outcome(s)

Use relevant control system component for position control

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome(s)

Perform experiment to control the angular position using DC Servo system

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcome(s)

Follow ethical practices
Handle tools and equipment carefully.

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

Servo system:
Servo system is defined as an automatic feedback control system working on error signals
giving the output as mechanical position, velocity or acceleration. The types of Servo
system are DC Servo system and AC Servo system.
DC position control system:
DC position control system consists of DC components such as 2 potentiometers in
parallel as error detector, DC servo amplifier and DC servo motor which is connected to
the load. The load is connected to the wiper of one potentiometer as feedback. The other
potentiometer wiper is kept constant at the reference position. The differential output of
the 2 potentiometers is the error voltage which is given to the servo amplifier. The
amplifier output which is the error voltage is given to the motor. Thus, the speed of the
motor is adjusted according to the error voltage and feedback signal.

VII Actual Circuit diagram used in laboratory with related equipment rating
Layout of Laboratory

Fig: 15:1

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Actual Circuit diagram:

VIII Resources Required

Suggested
Sr.
Name of Resource Broad Quantity
No.
Specification
D.C. Position control system: -
DC Motor- Geared PM motor 12V/1A (50/60 RPM);
Tacho Feedback- Positive/Negative
tacho-generator feedback with polarity reverse
switch; Tacho Constant- Calibrated tacho
constant 0.2 to 1 in steps; Motor Unit- The motor
1 – 1
unit housed in a separate cabinet with
transparent cover; Interconnection with the main
unit- appropriate connector; Built in
capture/ display card- optional; Power Requirement:
Inbuilt regulated power supply from
220 V, 50 Hz AC supply.

IX Precautions to be followed
1) Verify power ratings.
2) Ensure proper earthing.
3) Use standard Electrical symbols.
4) Don’t touch wire with wet hand.
5) Check the power supply before connection.

X Procedure
1. Connect the input power supply to DC position control system kit.
2. Set the position of input potentiometer at 00 and note the corresponding position of
output potentiometer.
3. Vary the position of input in steps of 300 and note the corresponding position of output
potentiometer.

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XI Resources Used

Sr.
Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity
No.

XII Actual Procedure

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XIII Observations and Calculations (use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient)

Observation column:

Input Pot (degree) O/p Pot (degree)

0
30
60
90
120

XIV Result(s)
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XV Interpretation of results
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XVI Conclusion and recommendation

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XVII Practical related questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design
more such questions so as to ensure the achievement of identifies CO.
1. Explain angular position control using DC Servomotor.

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2. Draw the characteristic of DC Servomotor.

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XVIII References/Suggestions for further reading

1. https://www.electrical4u.com/dc-servo-motors-theory-and-working-principle/
2. Control System Engineering by Nagrath I.J, M. Gopal

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Process Related: 15 Marks 60 %
1 Handling of the components 10%
2 Identification of components 20%
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20%
4 Working in teams 10%
Product Related: 10 Marks 40%
5 Calculated theoretical values of given component 10%
6 Interpretation of result 05%
7 Conclusion 05%
8 Practical related questions 15%
9 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100 %

Marks Obtained Dated signature of Teacher

Process related Product related Total
(15) (10) (25)

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Practical No.16: *Operation of pneumatic/ hydraulic single acting or double acting

cylinder with the help of directional control valve

I Practical Significance
To familiarize the students about the operation of pneumatic/ hydraulic single acting or
double acting cylinder with the help of directional control valve

II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome(s)

Use different types of controllers ensuring the stability of the given control system

III Course Level Learning Outcome(s)

Choose appropriate actuators for a given application

IV Laboratory Learning Outcome(s)

Operate single acting or double acting cylinder using directional control valve

V Relevant Affective Domain related outcome(s)

Follow ethical practices
Handle tools and equipment carefully.

VI Relevant Theoretical Background

Directional control valves are the valves which control the direction of fluid flow in
pneumatic and hydraulic systems. They perform 3 functions: stop fluid flow, allow fluid
flow and change the direction of fluid flow.
Common types of directional control valves are 2/2, 3/2, 5/2, etc. The first number
represents the number of ports; the second number represents the number of positions.
[Number of ports] / [number of positions]
In a single acting cylinder, the fluid pressure is applied to just one side of the piston. The
piston can move in only one direction for a task such as lifting an object.
In a double acting cylinder, the fluid pressure is applied on both sides of the piston.
Therefore, it works in both directions, and it can move loads in both directions.

VII Actual Circuit diagram used in laboratory with related equipment rating

Layout of Laboratory
Operation of Single acting cylinder with the help of directional control valve:

Fig: 16:1

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Operation of double acting cylinder with the help of directional control valve:

Fig: 16:2

Actual Circuit diagram:

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VIII Resources Required

Sr. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity

No.
Air Compressor- 0 to 8/10 bar pressure,
150-180 psi capacity, auto cutoff; Single/
Double acting cylinder- 20mm to 30mm
1 Electro pneumatic trainer bore, 25 to 75 stroke, pressure 0.5 to 8/10 1
kit bar; Directional control valve-3/2 for
single acting and 5/2 for double acting, 0-
8/10 bar, lever or solenoid operated

IX Precautions to be followed
1) Verify power ratings.
2) Ensure proper earthing.
3) Don’t touch wire with wet hand.
4) Check the power supply before connection.

X Procedure
1. Clean the trainer unit to ensure a clean working environment.
2. Know the specifications of all components
3. Connect all selected components as per circuit diagram
4. Start and run the compressor to store sufficient pressure.
5. Observe the operation.

XI Resources Used

Sr.
Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity
No.

XII Actual Procedure

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XIII Observations and Calculations (use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient)

NA

XIV Result(s)
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XV Interpretation of results
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XVI Conclusion and recommendation

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XVII Practical related questions

Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design
more such questions so as to ensure the achievement of identifies CO.
1. Draw and label 3/2 and 5/2 DCV.
2. Draw and label single acting and double acting cylinder

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XVIII References/Suggestions for further reading

1. https://forumautomation.com/t/types-of-directional-control-v
2. Hydraulics and Pneumatics by Andrew A. Parr

XIX Assessment Scheme

Performance Indicators Weightage

Process Related: 15 Marks 60 %
1 Handling of the components 10%
2 Identification of components 20%
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20%
4 Working in teams 10%
Product Related: 10 Marks 40%
5 Calculated theoretical values of given component 10%
6 Interpretation of result 05%
7 Conclusion 05%
8 Practical related questions 15%
9 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total (25 Marks) 100 %

Marks Obtained
Process related Product related Total Dated signature of Teacher
(15) (10) (25)

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