itself out at the receivin, Twisting the wires can enhance this cancellation effect. The qual Sreatly depends upon th lity of signal in twisted Pair cables fon piber of twists per unit length of th twist length typically vari ig end. © cable. On long-distance links, the ies from 5 to 15 cm. The wires is Pairs have thickness of 0.4 to 0.9 mm, Figure 3.3 Twisted Pair What is Twisted Pair Cable? by adjacent pairs, ‘Types of Twisted Pair Cables : 1. Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) 2. Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)ACC meaner ner ay ye of cable consist: ‘4 is ty 's of a special jacket, a copper braid covering, or a foil shield to block external terference. It also eliminates the cross-talk os travelingin another line ana which isthe undesired effect of picking up some ofthe Fephone lines, ‘lin fast data rate ethernet and voice and data channels of Characteristics of Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) + The twisted conductors are shield poise intarferentet led by a copper braid covering, or a foil shield to reduce | + Low-cost medium and Support data rates up to several Mbps. | _ + Twisted pairs can also be used for either analog or digital transmission. | + The bandwidth supported by the wire depends on the thickness of the wire and the distance |___ tobe travelled by a signal on it. Foil shield Cable jacket or screen Wire pairs: Figure 5.4 : Shielded Twisted Pair | Better performance ata higher data rate in|[ + Itcosts more than UTP | comparison to UTP + STP is harder and heavier to install as the shielding makes less flexible. {__+ Bliminates cross talk Ein UTP consists of two insulated copper wires twisted around one another. This type of cable can block interference and does not depend on a physical shield for this purpose. It is used for telephone applications. unshielded cables are popular because they areInexpensive + Easy to install + Lightweight + Flexible Figure 3.5 : Unshielded Twisted Pair ‘Characteristics of Unst lded Twisted Pair (UTP) 1. These cables ensure less crosstalk and a higher quality of signal over longer distances ‘Therefore these cables are popularly used for high-speed computer communication. 2. ‘The wires are not shielded and can support a data rate of several Mbps. 3. Used in applications like analog and digital telephony Le LAN etc Noise and electromagnetic interference are high. Advantage of Unsieled Twisted Pate + Itis economical touse + UTP is cheap and flexible, «+ Easy to install + Lightweight _I Disadvantages of Unshielded Twisted Pair ‘+ Susceptibility to electromagnetic interference and radio frequency interference. + They also have a smaller bandwidth compared to coaxial cables or fiber opti cables. + Twisted Pair cables are used in telephone lines to provide data and voice channels. + ‘The DSL lines make use of these cables. + Local Area Networks (LAN) also make use of twisted pair cables. + ‘They can be used for both analog and digital transmission. + RJ-45 is a very common application of twisted pair cables.oI 3} Differences between UTP and STP hysieal Layer ‘STP UTP stands for Unshielded twisted pair STP stands for Shielded Twisted pair UTP cable isa twisted pair cable made up of bwisted| wires tis protected with a foil or mesh shield. Data rate is slow Data rate is high compared to UTP "The price of UTP is lower than that of STP STP is significantly more expensive than UTP. Itdoes not necessitate the use of a grounding cable. Itnecessitates the use of a grounding cable. (While transferring the signal to the transmission media, UTP experiences greater electromagnetic interference than STP. It minimizes electromagnetic interference when the signal is transferred to the transmission medium. UTP contains a lot of crosstalk. STP has very little crosstalk, UTP cables are simple to install since they are lightweight, compact in size, an flexible. STP cable installation is more complicated than UTP cable installation. It is heavier, larger, and more rigid UTP does not require much maintenance. STP needs greater maintenance. UTP cables produce more noise. STP cables are quieter ‘The UTP cable is used to create a connection across a| In general, it is utilized to build a long-distance [connection for businesses, {limited distance, such as a house or a small enterprise. distances and support more stations ona shared fo Coaxial cable Outside insulation Copper mesh [ Coaxial Cable Coaxial cable, like twisted pair, consists of two conductors but is constructed differently to permit it to operate over a wider range of frequencies. It consists of a hollow outer cylindrical conductor that surrounds a single inner wire conductor. the inner conductor is held in place by either regularly spaced insulating rings or solid dielectric material. The outer conductor is covered with a jacket or shield. A single coaxial cable has a diameter of from 1 to 2.5 cm. Coaxial cable can be used over longer line than twisted pair: Insulation Copper wireCFR GR (Gnner conductoy (outer conductor) \C Gshield) _/ Figure 3.6: Coaxial Cable a single signal at high coast cable i of two tyPES “1, Baseband transmission: It is defined as the process of transmitting speed. tis defined as the process of transmitting multiple signals 2, Broadband transmission: | simultaneously. Disadvantages of Coaxial Cable ‘Advantages of Coaxial Cable Itis bulky. «+ It is expensive to install due to its thickness and stiffness. ‘The coaxial cable must be grounded in order Tess affected by noise or cross-talk oF for longer distances clectromagnetic inference. It supports high bandwidth signal transmission ‘compare to twisted pair. ‘+ This easy to wire and easy t0 ¢x} flexibility. ‘The data can be transmitted at high speed. cpand due to to prevent any crosstalk. Coaxial cables support multiple channels. Inanal on 7 og telephone networks: A single coaxial network can carry about 10,000 voice signals. ‘+ In digital telephone networks: A coaxial network has a data rate of 600 Mbps. + The coaxial cables are also used in CCTV systems + In cable TV networks. EEE Fiver optics Optical fiber is the technol e logy associate i te te enna ssn sed with dacs trapemsion wag light pulses traveling along wip ong ere gral eo plans ocala Marlorce faagelsted fr, transmission ravel with less damageyO| ptical fibers are also unaffe jected bynce of transmission. Single-mode fiber is while multimode fiber is used for shorter distances. The outer cladding of these fibers needs better protection than metal wires, used for long-distance transmission, ‘The optical fiber works on the principle of total internal reflection. Light rays can be used to transmit a huge amount of dat@) but there isa problem here ihe light rays travel in straight thes unless wehave along straight wire without any bends at all, harnessing this advantage will be very tedious. Instead, the optical cables are designed such that they bend all the light rays inwards, Light rays travel continuously, bouncing off the optical fiber walls and transmitting end-to-end data) Although light signals degrade over progressing distances, depending on the purity of the material used, the loss is much less than using metal cables, Sender| Receiver Figure 8.7 : Fiber Opties ‘The types of optical fibres depend on the refractive index, materials used, and mode of propagation of light. The classification based on the refractive index is as follows: « Step Index Fibres: lt consists of core surrounded by the cladding, which has single uniform index of refraction. ; + Graded Index Fibres: The refractive index of the optical fiber decreases as the radial distance from the fiber axis increases. The classification based on the materials used is as follows: : sockew ae i Hi methacrylate is used as a core me + Plastic Optical Fibres: Polymethy’ of light. : of extremely fine glass fibers. * Glass Fibres: These consists v= i follows: ‘The classification based on the mode of propagation of lights as follows: ; Single-Mode Fibre: hese fibres are used for long-distance transmission of signals. + Single-Mode bres! These fibres are us ed for short-distance transmission of signals. + Multimode, ae Lik = 4ESLING / Source Y Destination 7 ‘a. Multimode, step index Destination ». Multimode, graded index JUL -& NIL Source Destination Single mode Figure 3.8 : Propagation Modes of Fiber Optics Advantages of Optical Fibres Disadvantages of Optical Fibres + Economical and costeffective These cables are very difficult to merge so there will be loss of beam with in cable, + Installation of these cables is cost effective. These cables are more delicate than copper + Thinand non-flammable + Less power consump + Wires Optical fiber is often found in backbone networks due to its wide bandwidth. * Some cable TV use both fiber optics and coaxial cable. + LAN such as fast Ethernet use optical fiber. FEEL Copasison oft Pysica aeaium The major differences between twisted pair cable, fiber optic cable and Coaxi Cable are as follows: ‘Twisted Pair Cable Fiber Optic Cable Coaxial Cable Fiber optics signal transmission is in Twisted pair wiring isa digital signal | the form of light signals via glass or plastic inside fiberglass cables. a + Coaxial cable is an Analog signal