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Department of Computing, FCIT, Indus University

 INDUS UNIVERSITY

Department of Computing, FCIT, Indus University 2

Course Title: Database Systems (3
CH)
Pre-requisites: Not Required

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 Course Plan

5. An Introduction to Database Systems 8th Edition CJ Date

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 Course Plan

Department of Computing, FCIT, Indus University 5

Database concepts,
database vs files base
WEEK 2

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Table of Content
1) Database concepts
2) External, conceptual and Internal Level
3) database vs file base

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Database Concepts:
A database intends to have a collection of data stored
together to serve multiple applications as possible. Hence a
database is often conceived of as a repository of information
needed for running certain functions in a corporation or
organization. Such a database would permit not only the
retrieval of data but also the continuous modification of data
needed for control of operations. It may be possible to search
the database to obtain answers to queries or information for
planning purposes.

Department of Computing, FCIT, Indus University

Purpose of Database:
A Database should be a repository of data needed for an
organization's data processing. That data should be
accurate, private, and protected from damage. It should be
accurate so that diverse applications with different data
requirements can employ the data. Different application
programmers and various end-users have different views
upon data, which must be derived from a common overall
data structure. Their methods of searching and accessing of
data will be different.

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 Data Independence
The data Independence is implemented through
three general levels. These levels are:
1) Physical level
2) Conceptual Level
3) External Level

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 Basic Terminologies Related To
Database And SQL
Relation: In general, a relation is a table, i.e., data is arranged in rows
and columns. A relation has the following properties:
For Column in a table, all the items are of the Same kind, whereas
items in Different Columns may not be of the same kind.
For a Row, each column must have an Atomic value, and also for a
row, a column cannot have more than one value.
All rows of a relation are distinct.

Department of Computing, FCIT, Indus University

Basic
Terminologies
Related To
Database And
SQL
 Basic Terminologies Related To
Database And SQL
The column of a relation are assigned Distinct names, and the ordering of
these columns is immaterial.
Tuple: The rows of tables in a relationship are generally termed as Tuples.
Attributes: The columns or fields of a table is termed as Attributes.
Degree: The number of Attributes it Contain in a relation, the degree of
relation. E.g. A relation having three attributes is said to have a relation of
degree 3.
Cardinality: The number of tuples or rows in a relation is termed as
cardinality.

Department of Computing, FCIT, Indus University

 Basic Terminologies Related To
Database And SQL
Q1. How Many Tuples In this table?
Q2. How Many Attributes In this
table?
Q3. Find the Cardinality of this
Relation?
Q4. What is the Degree of this
Relation?

Department of Computing, FCIT, Indus University

 Basic Terminologies Related To
Database And SQL
Q1. How Many Tuples In this table?
Ans. Five Tuples
Q2. How Many Attributes In this table?
Ans. Three Attributes
Q3. Find the Cardinality of this
Relation?
Ans. Cardinality 5
Q4. What is the Degree of this Relation?
Ans. Degree 3

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 How Is Organized Data Stored
Efficiently?
The most efficient way to store data is with the help of a
relational database. A relational database consists of 3 high-
level components:
oTables
oRelationships
oKeys

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 Table

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 Columns

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 Columns
Columns are used to differentiate the information we
have on a single observable entity. In a Table that
contains information about people, the columns
would be used to hold different information.

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 Rows

Department of Computing, FCIT, Indus University

 Rows
Rows of a table represent the number of observable
entities we are looking at. To put it simply, if the
people table has 3 rows, it means it has the data of 3
different people. Each row represents an individual
person and the columns will display their respective
information.

Department of Computing, FCIT, Indus University

 Keys
Keys allow Unique identification for all rows in the table.
Without keys there would be no way to differentiate
between entries that have identical information in their
columns. Two people in a table can have the same names
and birthdays and without a unique key, it will be hard to
differentiate between them and can lead to unnecessary
confusion.
Suppose you’re an HR person who has to send a
termination letter to a guy named John.

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 Some Keys of Database
oSuper Key
oCandidate Key
oPrimary Key
oAlternate Key
oForeign Key
oComposite Key

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 Super Key
oEvery key in a table which can Uniquely identify a record.
oSuper key is a Superset of a candidate key.
oA Table can have many Super Keys.

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 Super Key

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 Candidate key
oThe Minimal set of Attributes which can
uniquely identify a Tuple is known as
Candidate key.
oIt may be Single Attribute or set of attributes.

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 Candidate key

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 Candidate key

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 Primary Key
oPK is an attribute or set of attributes which helps
you to uniquely identify a row(tuple) in a
relation(table).
oIt is chosen from Candidate key according to
our need.
oIt can Not be Null.
oTwo rows haven’t the same Primary key
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 Primary Key

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 Alternate Key
oThose Attributes are
Remaining in Primary
Key that is called
Alternate Keys.

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 Foreign Key
Foreign Keys are used to link tables together
within a database. These links are called
relationships.
The purpose of Foreign Key is to Ensure or
Maintain Referential Integrity of the data
because of all Referencing or Linked Table must
be updated.

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 Foreign Key
Student Table
Primary Key

Library Table

Foreign Key

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 Composite Key
A primary key having two or more attributes is
called composite key. It is a combination of two
or more columns.

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 Composite Key

Get Marks of Student ID (201)

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 Composite Key

Composite Key = StudentId + Course

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 Composite Key

Get Marks of Student

ID (201) + Course
(Quality Assurance)

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 Composite Key

Get Marks of Student

ID (201) + Course
(Quality Assurance)

=75

Department of Computing, FCIT, Indus University

Database VS File System

Department of Computing, FCIT, Indus University

 File System :
The file system is basically a way of arranging the files
in a storage medium like a hard disk. The file system
organizes the files and helps in the retrieval of files
when they are required. File systems consist of different
files which are grouped into directories. The directories
further contain other folders and files. The file system
performs basic operations like management, file
naming, giving access rules, etc.
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 File System :
In File System the Data is in the System only I can
Access the data and as a user, only I can save the data
and only I can use the data. So its Easy to Maintain My
Data.
As we See even today, what comes in our Computer /
Laptop it’s (File System) it’s Built in the Operating
System.
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 So Why do we use DBMS
Because we are now using the
client-server Architecture.
Everyone Can Access the data
all over the world, just
because the data is in a
Centralized Location

Department of Computing, FCIT, Indus University

 Database Management System:
Database Management System is basically software that
manages the collection of related data. It is used for
storing data and retrieving the data effectively when it is
needed. It also provides proper security measures for
protecting the data from unauthorized access. In
Database Management System the data can be fetched
by SQL queries.

Department of Computing, FCIT, Indus University

 File System VS DBMS
o We have a database that occupies 50
GB of memory, Search out only 2
KB of Data so, in the File system it
gives the complete file of 50 GB
while in DBMS it fetches only 1 KB
data, in DBMS it Holds the Data on
Server.

o To Access data in File System there is requirement of

Attributes Location / Directory while DBMS it doesn’t need.
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 File System VS DBMS
o Redundant data can be o In DBMS there is no redundant
present in a file system. data.
o It doesn’t provide backup o It provides backup and recovery
and recovery of data if it is of data even if it is lost.
lost. o It has more complexity in
o It is less complex as handling as compared to the file
compared to DBMS. system.
o Only one user can access o Multiple users can access data
data at a time. at a time. Its called Concurrency

Department of Computing, FCIT, Indus University

Database Systems

Refer to Text Book: An Introduction to Database Systems 8th Edition

CJ Date
Chapter 2
THANK YOU ☺
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