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2 Summarizing Qualitative Data

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Josevito Tapulgo Jr.
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28 views28 pages

2 Summarizing Qualitative Data

From AI

Uploaded by

Josevito Tapulgo Jr.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 32

Organizing and
Summarizing Data
Section 2.1 Organizing Qualitative Data

Objectives

1. Organize Qualitative Data


2. Construct Bar Graphs
3. Construct Pie Charts

2-2
When data is collected from a survey or designed
experiment, they must be organized into a
manageable form. Data that is not organized is
referred to as raw data.

Ways to Organize Data


• Tables
• Graphs
• Numerical Summaries (Chapter 3)

2-3
Objective 1
• Organize Qualitative Data in Tables

2-4
A frequency distribution lists each category of
data and the number of occurrences for each
category of data.

2-5
EXAMPLE Organizing Qualitative Data into a Frequency
Distribution

The data on the next slide represent the


color of M&Ms in a bag of plain M&Ms.
Construct a frequency distribution of the
color of plain M&Ms.

2-6
Yellow Orange Brown Green Green
Blue Brown Red Brown Brown
Orange Brown Red Brown Red
Green Brown Red Green Yellow
Yellow Red Red Brown Orange
Yellow Orange Red Orange Blue
Brown Red Yellow Brown Red
Brown Yellow Yellow Blue Yellow
Yellow Brown Yellow Green Orange
Frequency table

2-9
The relative frequency is the proportion (or percent) of
observations within a category and is found using the
formula:

A relative frequency distribution lists the relative


frequency of each category of data.

2-7
EXAMPLE Organizing Qualitative Data into a Relative
Frequency Distribution

Use the frequency distribution obtained in the


prior example to construct a relative frequency
distribution of the color of plain M&Ms.

2-8
Relative Frequency

0.2222

0.2

0.1333

0.0667

0.1111
Objective 2
• Construct Bar Graphs

2-11
A bar graph is constructed by labeling each category
of data on either the horizontal or vertical axis and the
frequency or relative frequency of the category on the
other axis.
A rectangle of equal width is drawn for each
category whose height is equal to the category's
frequency or relative frequency.

2-12
EXAMPLE Constructing a Frequency and
Relative Frequency Bar Graph

Use the M&M data to construct

(a) a frequency bar graph and

(b) a relative frequency bar graph.

2-13
2-14
2-15
A Pareto chart is a bar graph where the bars are drawn
in decreasing order of frequency or relative frequency.

2-16
Pareto Chart

2-17
Soft Drink Frequency (f)

Coke 14
Coke Zero 6
Pepsi 8
Pepsi Max 10
Sprite 6
Mountain Dew 6
Total (n) 50

19
Soft Drink Relative Percent
Frequency
Coke 0.28 28%
Coke Zero 0.12 12%
Pepsi 0.16 16%
Pepsi Max 0.20 20%
Sprite 0.12 12%
Mountain Dew 0.12 12%
Total 1 100

20
EXAMPLE Comparing Two Data Sets

The following data represent the marital status (in millions) of U.S. residents 18
years of age or older in 1990 and 2006. Draw a side-by-side relative frequency
bar graph of the data.
Marital Status 1990 2006

Never married 40.4 55.3

Married 112.6 127.7

Widowed 13.8 13.9

Divorced 15.1 22.8

2-18
Marital Status in 1990 vs. 2006

Relative Frequency

1990
2006

Marital Status

2-19
(e) Not sure
The side-by-side bar graph shows the revenue of a company for each
quarter for two different years.

(e) Not sure


Objective 3

• Construct Pie Charts


A pie chart is a circle divided into sectors.
Each sector represents a category of data.
The area of each sector is proportional to
the frequency of the category.
EXAMPLE Constructing a Pie Chart

The following data represent the marital status (in millions) of U.S. residents 18
years of age or older in 2006. Draw a pie chart of the data.

Marital Status Frequency


Never married 55.3
Married 127.7
Widowed 13.9
Divorced 22.8
1. Mari’s Steakhouse uses a questionnaire to ask customers how they
rate the server, food quality, cocktails, prices, and atmosphere at the
restaurant. Each characteristic is rated on a scale of outstanding (O),
very good (V), good (G), average (A), and poor (P). Construct a
frequency distribution, bar graph, and pie chart to summarize the
following data collected on food quality. What is your feeling about
the food quality ratings at the restaurant?

G O V G A O V O V G O V A
V O P V O G A O O O G O V
V A G O V P V O O G O O V
O G A O V O O G V A G
28

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