Foundation Course

Quantitative Reasoning and Mathematical Thinking

(QRMT)

Lecture # 06
11 September 2024

BBB

Ashoka University
Quiz # 1 Answer-Scripts will be returned
today.

Please collect yours at the end of this class.

They will be stacked in five groups,

alphabetically sorted with your first names
 Announcement for the Upcoming Quiz
Quiz # 1, Date: Wed, 18 September 2024
Short-Answer type and MCQ; In-Class
Duration: 1 hr (open books, open notes);
Total points: 50; Overall Credit: 5%
Each MCQ carries 4 points. For correct answer, you
earn 4 points; incorrect answer: 0 point, and no
answer (omission) fetches 1 point.
There will be 12 questions including MCQ and short-
answer type, 4 points each; Bonus point: 02
Answers should be written on the Test Paper itself. Calculators
allowed; please bring your own notepapers for rough work.
Coverage: Combinatorics, geometric puzzles, coin paradox,
gear assembly, averaging arithmetic, set theory
 Announcement for the Mid-Term Exam
Date: Monday, 30 September 2024
Short-Answer type and MCQ; In-Class
Duration: 1 hr 15 mins (restricted access to
books/notes; no internet);
Total points: 100; Overall Credit: 25%
Each MCQ carries 4 points. For correct answer, you
earn 4 points; incorrect answer: 0 point, and no
answer (omission) fetches 1 point.
There will be 20 questions including MCQ and short-
answer type, 4 points each; Bonus points: 20
Answers should be written on the Test Paper itself. Calculators
allowed; please bring your own notepapers for rough work.
Coverage: Lecture material taught during
 Review: Sets, Elements, Subsets
• A set is a well-defined collection of distinct
By explicit listing (A1)
objects or via properties (A4)
• Objects are called elements or members
of the set Sets: { } → Cap L.
• Example: let A1, A2,.. denote sets: membership: 
Not a member: 
A1 = {cat-dad, cat-mom, cat-me} → small letter
A2 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} cat-me  A1
A3 = {9, b, c, d} 10  A4
A4 = {x| x is an even integer, x > 0} 9  A2
A set X is called a subset (, ) of another set Y, if
every element of X is in Y, i.e., x  X  x Y;
Example: {9, c}  A3; {4, 9}  A2
 Basic Definitions
• Cardinality of a set:
-- Number of elements in a set, denoted as |S|
S = {a, b, c}
|S| = 3
X = {1, 2, 3, 3, 1, 4}
|X| = 4
A4 = {x| x is a positive even integer}
|A4| = ??
 Empty Set
• The empty set is a set that does not contain
any element
– Denoted by { } or 
– x, x  
Yes
Does    ? No
Does    ? No
Are  and {} same?
Note:  denotes the empty set, which contains no
element
However, {} is not empty,
because, it contains  as an element, i.e.,   {}
 Properties of Subsets

Theorem: Let A, B, C be any sets. Then:

(i) A ⊆ A
(ii) If A ⊆ B and B ⊆ A, then A = B
(iii) If A ⊆ B and B ⊆ C, then A ⊆ C
U

Venn diagram C B A
 Flash Quiz
1. Let B = {3, 6, 9, 12,…} be a set
Is 36  B? Yes R: set of real numbers
2. What are the elements of set
E = {y  R | y2 =100} E = {− 10, 10}
TRUE or FALSE ?
T
F
F
F
T
 Flash Quiz
1. List all subsets of X = {a, b}
ab
 00
{a} 10
{b} 01
Power set of X: P(X)
{a, b} 11 = Set of all subsets of X

P(X) =
 Flash Quiz
1. List all subsets of X = {a, b, c}
abc
 000 |X| = 3
{a} 100 Number of subsets of X
{b} 010 = number of binary
{c} 001 strings of length |X| = 3
{a, b} 110 = 2  2  2 = 23 = 8
{b, c} 011
{a, c} 101 Power Set of X = P(X)
111 = {, {a}, {b}, {c}, {a, b},
{a, b, c}
{b, c}, {a, c}, {a, b, c}}
 Power Set of a Set

If |X| = n

Number of subsets of X
= number of binary strings of length n
= 2n

i.,e., |P(X)| = 2n
 Universal Set
All sets under investigation in any application
of set theory are assumed to belong to some
fixed large set called the universal set which
we denote by U Venn Diagram
A: Set of history students at Ashoka
B. Set of Eco students at Ashoka
C. Set of Physics students at Ashoka
U: universal set – e.g., set of all
Elements  blue
students at Ashoka
zone belong to
A, B, and C
Theorem: For any set A, we have ∅ ⊆ A ⊆ U
 Union and Intersection of Sets
The union of two sets A and B, denoted by
A ∪ B, is the set of all elements which belong
to A or to B; that is,
A ∪ B = {x | x ∈ A or x ∈ B}
Example: Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, C = {2, 3, 8, 9}
A ∪ C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9}
Let A1 = {cat-dad, cat-mom, cat-me}
A1 ∪ C = {cat-dad, 2, 3, cat-mom, 8, 9, cat-me}
 Union and Intersection of Sets
The intersection of two sets A and B, denoted
by A ∩ B, is the set of elements which belong
to both A and B; that is,
A ∩ B = {x | x ∈ A and x ∈ B}
Example: Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, C = {2, 3, 8, 9}
A ∩ C = {2, 3}
Let A1 = {cat-dad, cat-mom, cat-me}
A1 ∩ C = 
 Union and Intersection of Sets
Example: Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4},
B = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7}, C = {2, 3, 8, 9}

Then A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
A ∩ B = {3, 4}

B ∩ C = {3}
 Union and Intersection of Sets
Example: Let A ⊆ B

Then A ∪ B = B
Venn Diagram
A∩B= A

John Venn
(1823 – 1914)
 Venn Diagram
• A Venn diagram is a pictorial representation
where sets are represented by disks (circular or
oval shaped) in the plane. The universal set U is
shown as a rectangle, and the other sets are
represented by disks lying within the rectangle

Can you show that

If A ⊆ B and B ⊆ C,
Clearly, A ⊆ C then A ⊆ C
 Venn Diagram

What can you say about set A and set B?

A and B are disjoint set, i.e., they have no

common element
In other words, A ∩ B = 
 Venn Diagram

What can you say about

the shaded area?
U A B
AC A  AC = U
What is the shaded area? A ∩ AC = 
~A or AC or A (A complement)
Venn Diagram: Flash Quiz

What can you say about

A ∩ B = the shaded area?
A∩B
A  BC = BC
Let A and B be two sets. Then:
A ∩ BC = A
Venn Diagram U
B A

U
A B

For any sets A and B, we have:

(i) A ∩ B ⊆ A ⊆ A ∪ B
and
(ii) A ∩ B ⊆ B ⊆ A ∪ B
 Venn Diagram
Shaded area: A\B
read as A minus B

= A ∩ BC
Shaded area: A  B
read as A XOR B or
symmetric difference

A  B = {x | x  A and x  B, but x  A  B}
 Venn Diagram: Flash Quiz
What is the set representation
of the shaded area?

= (A∩B) ∪ (A∩C)
= A∩(B∪C)

A∩(B∪C) = (A∩B) ∪ (A∩B)

Thus, ∩ distributes over ∪

Just like in algebra/arithmetic, “” distributes over “+”
e.g., a  (b + c) = (a  b) + (a  c)
 Venn Diagram: Flash Quiz
Draw a Venn diagram for the sets
M = the set of all mammals
H= the set of all humans
W= the set of all women
L = the set of all lawyers
Venn Diagram: Flash Quiz
Fill-up the gap:
A⊆ B∩C
X X⊆ C
X ∩ A =
 Venn Diagram: Flash Quiz

A B C What is the set

1 1 0 representation of P4?
0 0 0
8 regions
Three sets A, B, C intersect HMK: Write the set
as above. How many distinct representation of all
regions have been formed? 8 regions
 Flash Quiz

Suppose A and B are finite sets. Prove that

(A  B)  (Ac  B) = B
Proof by Venn Diagram:
U

U U
B A A B
 Venn Diagram: Flash Quiz
Claim: (A ∪ B)C = AC ∩ BC

|||
For other configurations of A
and B, e.g., when A and B are
disjoint or when one contains
the other, the proof is similar
 HMK
1. Prove that for any two sets A, B
if AB  AB, then A = B

2. Prove that (AB)  B = A

3. Prove that AA = 

HMK: Prove using Venn Diagram

Duality of , ; , U
QRMT
Intersection of art and math

Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865)

-- Lewis Carroll (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson)

1832-1898
Common cycloid
 Logical Argument and Abstraction
Logical Argument (Lewis Carroll) Note: All
Given, saucepans may not
S1: All my tin objects are saucepans; be made of tin
S2: I find all your presents very useful;
S3: None of my saucepans is of the slightest use; Modeling
using
Conclusion: (Deduce that)
set theory
S4: Your presents to me are not made of tin.
S5: Claim: Your presents
to me do not include
my saucepans
saucepans
{tin objects} 
{your presents} = 
Lipschutz and Lipson, Schaum’s Outline Series on Theory and Problems of
DISCRETE MATHEMATICS Common cycloid
 Principle of Inclusion and Exclusion

Suppose in English (E) class there are 40 students

and in History (H) there are 60 students, and
among them 20 students are in both in English and
History Class. What is the total number of students
in these two classes?
In other words, |(E ∪ H)| = ?

U
|(E ∪ H)| = 40 + 60 − 20
E H = 80

20
Principle of Inclusion and Exclusion

Suppose A and B are finite sets. Obviously,

A ∪ B and A ∩ B are finite

Claim: |(A ∪ B)| = |A| + |B| − |A ∩ B|

Proof: HMK U
U B A

U
A B
 Principle of Inclusion and Exclusion

Suppose A, B, and C are finite sets.

Then |(A ∪ B ∪ C)| =

= |A| + |B| + |C| − |A ∩ B| − |A ∩ C| − |B ∩ C|

+ |A ∩ B ∩ C |
 Principle of Inclusion and Exclusion
Problem: In a survey of 120 people, it was found that:
65 read Newsweek magazine; 20 read both Newsweek and
Time; 45 read Time; 25 read both Newsweek and Fortune;
42 read Fortune; 15 read both Time and Fortune; 8 read all
three magazines. Find the number of people who read at least
one of the three magazines.

|(N ∪ T ∪ F)|
= |N| + |T| + |F|
− |N ∩ T| − |N ∩ F| − |T ∩ F|
+ |N ∩ T ∩ F |
= 65 + 45 + 42 − 20 − 25 − 15 + 8 = 100