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UPSC Civil Services Main 1990 - Mathematics

Complex Analysis
Sunder Lal
Retired Professor of Mathematics Panjab University Chandigarh

March 5, 2010
Question 1(a) Let f be regular for |z| < R, prove that, if 0 < r < R, f (0) = r 1
2

u()exp(i)d
0

where u() = Ref(rei). Solution. Using Cauchys integral formula, it is easily deduced that for any z in the interior of {C
R

: |z| = R}, we have f(t)(z) t! = 2i 1

( f() z)t+1 d In particular, f (0) = 2i 1

f() 2 d. Putting = Rei,d = Riei d, we get

f (0) = 2i 1
2 0

f(Rei) R2e2i Riei d = 2R 1

f(Rei)ei d 0 (1) We now consider the integral 1 2i

f()t1 (R R
z

d By Cauchys residue theorem, the above integral is equal to 2i(sum of residues of the integrand within C
R

)t+1 ). If t 1, the only possibility of a pole could be at the point = R2

, 1

= but |z| = |z| < R, therefore | has no pole inside C

, so |R2
z

> R2
R

R, so R2
z

lies outside C
R

and hence the integrand 1 2i

f()t1 (R R
z

d = 0 for t 1 In particular, taking t = 1,z = 0, 1 2i )t+1

f() R2 d = 0 Thus we get 0= 1 2R

0= 1 2R f(Rei)ei d
2

f(Rei)ei d 0 (2) Adding (1),(2), we get f (0) = 2R 1

(f(Rei) + f(Rei))ei d =
0

1 R
2

u()exp(i)d
0

as required. Note 1: To get the desired form, we could have considered the integral over {C
r

: |z| = r < R} instead of C

and in that f (0) case = r 1 =

rei and instead of R, we would have got r i.e.

u()exp(i)d Note 2: The integral 1 2i

(R f()t1 R
z

)t+1 d plays an important role in questions of this type, and has to be kept in mind. Question 1(b) Prove that the distance from the origin to the nearest zero of f(z) =

 is at least r|a
o

|
n=0

a
n

zn series, and M M + = |a M(r) 0 | where r is any number not exceeding the radius of convergence of the = sup
|z|=r

|f(z)|. Solution. By Cauchys integral formula, f(z) f(0) =

f()d where |z| < r R, R is the radius of convergence. If f(z) = 0, then |f(0)| 1 2i f()d z 2i 1 1 2


||=r

( 1 z 1 M ) d M 2 |z|
0 2

riei d rei(r |z|) = r M|z| |z| because |z| |||z| = r|z| on || = r. Thus r|f(0)| |z|(M+|f(0)|) |z|
M+|f(0)| |f(0)|r

. Here f(0) = a
0

, and the result follows. 2

Question 1(c) If f = u + iv is regular throughout the complex plane, and au + bv c 0

for suitable constants a,b,c then f is constant. Solution. Theorem: If f(z) = u + iv is entire, and u 0, then f is constant. Proof: Consider F(z) = ef(z), then F(z) is also entire. Moreover |F(z)| = |eu+iv| = |eu| 1 u 0 Thus F(z) is entire and bounded, hence is a constant by Liouvilles theorem. Now F (z) = f (z)ef(z) = 0 f (z) = 0 because ef(z) = 0, so f(z) is constant. Corollary: If f(z) = u + iv is entire, and u 0, then f is constant. Proof: Consider f(z) = u iv, then u 0 and f(z) is constant. Now consider F(z) = (a ib)f(z) c = (au + bv c) + i(av bu). Now F(z) is entire, and ReF(z) = au + bv c 0, so F(z) is constant, hence f(z) is constant. Question 2(a) Prove that

1 x4 + dx x8 = 2 sin 8 using residue calculus. Solution. We take f(z) = 1+z8

(R,0) (0,0) (R,0) By Cauchys residue theorem

lim and the contour C consisting of a semicircle of radius R with center (0,0) lying in the upper half plane, and the line joining (R,0) and (R,0). Finally we will let R .
C

z4 dz 1 + z8

1 x4 + dx x8 + R lim z4 dz

1 + z8 = 2i(sum of residues at poles of f(z) in the upper half plane) Now

1 z4 + dz z8
0

R4e4iRiei R8 1 d

 R5 R8 1 because |z8 + 1| |z8| 1 = R8 1 on |z| = R. Therefore

lim z4 dz

1 + z8 =0 f(z) has poles at zeros of z8 + 1 = 0 z8 = 1 z8 = e(2n+1)i z = e

,n Z. Clearly z = e
i 8

,e
3i 8

,e
5i 8

,e
7i 8

are the only poles of f(z) in the upper half plane and all these 3

z4

are simple poles. The residue at any simple pole z

is
8z7 0 0

=1
8z3 0

, sum of residues at poles of f(z) in the upper half plane = ) = 1 8 ( e3i/8 + e9i/8 + e15i/8 + e21i/8 ) = 1 8 ( e3i/8 ei/8 + ei/8 ) e3i/8 = 1 8 ( 2isin 8 2isin ) 3 = = 4 i i (

4 2 sin 2 i ( 2 cos 8 sin 4 8 cos sin 8 8 8 cos 8 sin 4 ) Thus

x4 dx 1 + x8 8 as required. Question 2(b) Derive a series expansion of log(1 + ez) in powers of z. Solution. Let f(z) = log(1 + ez), then f (z) =

= 2i( 2 i 2 sin 8 )= 2 sin ez 1 + ez 1 cosh z

Let g(z) = cosh z

= 1 2 e
z 2

e 2
z 2

+ e
z 2

= 1 2 e
z 2

, then g(n)(z) = {
1

2n

sinh z
2

, n odd
1 2n

cosh z
2

, n even In particular, g(n)(0) = 0 when n is odd, and g(n)(0) = 2n

when n is even. Moreover f (z)cosh z 2 1

2
2

Using Leibnitz rule for the derivative of the product of two functions, we get dn dzn = f (z)g(z) = e ) g(np)(z)f (p+1)(z) Thus when z = 0, we get n
p=0

( 1 2 e
z 2

) = e
z 2

2n+1 = n
p=0

( n p ( n )
np

{ p 2np f (p+1)(0) = 2n+1 1 0, n odd 1, n even 4 where

and therefore

2n+1f(n+1)(0) = 1 n1
p=0

( n p ) 2p+1
np

f(p+1)(0) Case (1) : When n is even 2n+1f (n+1)(0) = 1 ( n ) 0 ) 2f (0) n2 ( 2p+1

n p f (p+1)(0) Note that odd p do not contribute anything to the summation, as

= 0 for odd p. Now we can see by induction that f(n)(0) = 0 1 then 2 letting 1
2

= 0. Assume by induction hypothesis n = 2m in the above formula, whenever n is odd that f(3)(0) and n > = f(5)(0) 1. = f ... (0) = = f 1
2 (2m1)(0)

. 23f(3)(0) =

= 0, 22m+1f (2m+1)(0) = ) 22p+1f (2p+1)(0) = 0 Case (2): When n is odd: The terms with even p in the formula above do not make any contribution. Thus letting n = 2m + 1, 22m+2f (2m+2)(0) = 1

m1

( 2m
p=1

2p
m1

)
r=0

( 2m 2r + + 1 1 ) 22r+2f (2r+2)(0) = 1 m
r=1

( 22rf(2r)(0) () We can now see that f (0) = 1

2m + 1 2r 1 ,f Thus ,f(4)(0) = 1
8 (6)(0) 4

=1

. log(1 + ez) = log 2 + z 2 1 1 4 2! 1 1 8 4! 1 4 6! 1

z6 + ... = log 2 + + z2 z4 +
n=1

f (2n)(0)z2n (2n)! where f(2n)(0) is given by () for n 1. Note: We now present an alternative solution, where we use Leibnitz rule for the n-th derivative of the quotient of two functions. It is a good exercise in itself and is usually missing from textbooks. Theorem: Let y = u
v

z 2 + , where u,v are functions with derivatives up to order n. Then y

v0 = vn+1 1 v
1

v
2

... (

2 1

... v ) v
1

0 ... u 5 0 ... u
1

v ... u
2

... ... ... v

(
n

)
1

) v
n1

(
n 2

v
n2

... u
n

dny

Here the determinant Proof: vy = u, is (n + 1) (n + 1), and therefore, by taking successive y

= derivatives dxn . using Leibnitz product rule we get vy = u v

=u
1

v
2

y + vy
1

y + 2v
1

y
1

+ vy
2

=u
2

... v
n

y+ (
n 1

) v
n1

y
1

+ ... + vy
n

... =u
n

These are n + 1 equations in n + 1 unknowns y,y

, and the determinant of the

coecient matrix is vn+1. Thus by Cramers rule y

,...,y
n

v0 = vn+1 1 v
1

v
2

... (
2 1

... v ) v
1

v
n

0 0 v ... ... u ... u

... u
2

(
n

) ... ...
1

) v
n1

(
n 2

v
n2

as required. Now f(z) = log(1 + ez),f(0) = log2. f (z) = 1+ez

... u
n

Then u
n

(0) = 1 for every n, and v(0) = 2,v

(0) = 1 for ,f n (0) 1. = Let 1

. Let F(z) u = ez,v = u

, = 1 + ez. F (n)(0) = f(n+1)(0) = then

 F (1)(0) = f (2)(0) = 2 0 0 ... 0 1 1 2n+1 1 1 ... 2 2 0 ... 0 1 2 ... 0 1 1 (

)1 (
n

)
2

... ... (
n

)
n1

... 1

 1 4 F (2)(0) = f (3)(0) = 1 4 21 11 = 1 8 2110221 1 1 =0 F (3)(0) = f (4)(0) =

 21110 22300231 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 2 2 3 0 0 2 3 1 0 0 0 1 8 F (4)(0) = f (5)(0) =

1 16 = 1 16 = 2 16 = 1 32 21110223002300021 1 1 1 =0 14641

Thus log(1 + ez) has the expansion as given above. 6

1 cos 1
z

) Question 2(c) Determine the nature of singular points of sin and investigate its behavior at z = . Solution. 1. Let = 1
z

) , and () = f(1

( 1 cos . Therefore 0 lim () = sin1, showing that () has a removable singularity at = 0. In fact () is analytic at = 0 if (0) is dened to be sin1. Note that
0

lim ) = sin ) sec tan = 0 Thus sin () (0) = 0 lim sin( cos
1

) sin1 = 0 lim cos ( 1 cos (

1 ) cos 1
z

is regular at . 2. At all zeros of cos 1

i.e. larities because lim

z= 2 (2n + 1) the function sin ( cos 1

) has essential singusinx does not exist if it did, then given > 0, we would have N such that x
1

| < . But for any N we can take x

> N,x
2

> N |sinx
1

sinx
2

= 2n +
2

>x
2

= 2n > N, then |sinx

sinx
2

| = 1 < if < 1. 3. z essential = 0 is singularities also an essential z = (2n singularity + 2 1) of the given function as it is a limit point of

. 7