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UPSC Civil Services Main 1994 - Mathematics

Complex Analysis
Sunder Lal
Retired Professor of Mathematics Panjab University Chandigarh

March 1, 2010
Question 1(a) Suppose that z is the position vector of a particle moving on the ellipse C : z = acost+ibsint where ,a,b are positive constants, a > b and t is time. Determine where 1. the velocity has the greatest magnitude. 2. the acceleration has the least magnitude. Solution. See 1996, question 1(a). Question 1(b) How many zeroes does the polynomial p(z) = z4 + 2z3 + 3z + 4 possess (i) in the rst quadrant, (ii) in the fourth quadrant. Solution. 1. p(1) = 0. p(2) = 2 < 0,p(3) = 22 > 0, therefore the intermediate value theorem shows that there exists x,3 < x < 2 such that p(x) = 0. Thus we have determined that to zeros of p(z) lie on the negative real axis, and since p is a polynomial of degree 4 and hence has 4 zeros, we are left with the task of locating the the remaining two zeros. 2. p(z) has no zeros on the positive real axis because p(x) > 0 when x 0. 3. p(z) has has no zero on the imaginary axis because p(iy) = y4 + 4 2iy3 + 3iy = 0 y4 + 4 = 0,2y3 3y = 0, but y4 + 4 = 0 has no real zeros, so p(iy) = 0. 1

B(0,R)

We now consider the contour OABO where OA is straight line joining (0,0) and (R,0), AB is the arc of the circle x2+y2 = R2 in the rst quadrant, and BO is the line joining (0,R) to (0,0). O(0,0) A(R,0) By the Argument Principle, the number of zeros of (the change in the argument of p(z) when z moves along p(z) in the contour the rst OABO quadrant oriented = anti2 1

clockwise as R ). Change in the argument along OA: On OA, p(z) = x4 +2x3+3x+4 > 0 arg p(z) = 0 for every x on OA. Therefore as z moves from O to A, the change in the argument of p(z) i.e.
OA

argp(z) = 0. Change in the argument along BO: On BO, z = iy and p(z) = y4 + 4 + i(3y 2y3). Therefore arg p(z) = tan1 ) .
BO

( 3y 2y3 y4 + 4 argp(z) = tan1 ( 3y y4 + 2y3 4 ) ]

=00=0

Change in argument along AB: On arc AB, z = Rei,0

, so that ] p(z) = R4e4i + 2R3e3i + 3Rei + 4 = R4e4i R4e4i as R . Thus

AB

[ 1+ Rei 2 + R3e3i 3 + R4e4i 4 argp(z) ] Hence

arg p(z) = 2 = as 4 R0
2

= 2.1 , so p(z) has exactly one zero in the rst quadrant. Since p(z) is a polynomial with real coecients, it follows that if is a zero of p(z) and it lies in the rst quadrant, then is also a zero of p(z) and it lies in the fourth quadrant. Thus p(z) has one zero in each of the rst and the fourth quadrants. Question 1(c) Test for uniform convergence in the region |z| 1 the series
n=1

cosnz n3 Solution. By denition cosnz = enyeinx + enyeinx 2

einz + 2 einz =
( ) 1+z
2

+ z3
3

+ z4
4

= z4(1 +w) where w = z

+ z3
3

+4
z4

. Clearly w 0 as R . Therefore |1+w1| < for |z| large. This means 1+w remains inside a circle of radius 1 as z moves along AB and R . Therefore
AB

arg(1 + w) = 0 and
AB

p(z) =
AB

z4 +
AB

(1 + w) = 4
AB

z=4
2

= 2.

and therefore

 n=1

cosnz n3 =
n=1

enyeinx 2n3 +
n=1

enyeinx 2n3 Case 1: y > 0.

enyeinx 2n3
n=1

2n3 1 showing that the rst term is absolutely convergent. But the second term is not convergent, because its n-th term enyeinx

 2n3 0 as n in fact enyeinx 2n3 as n when y > 0. Therefore

cosnz n3 is not even convergent when y > 0. Case 2: y < 0. This case is entirely analogous to the above case the rst term
n=1

enyeinx 2n3 is not convergent, so

cosnz n3 is not convergent. Case 3: y = 0.

cosnx

M-test, that |f
n

which (z)| < states M

and uniformly convergent Thus the given that n3 if for every z is uniformly and absolutely series converges in .
n=1

Here f
n

and uniformly (z) M is n a=n M series n3

only for is and convergent, all on convergent, because of Weierstrass there exist positive constants M
n

such x. then
n=1

f
n

(z) is absolutely the real axis in |z| 1. Question 2(a) Find the Laurent series for 1. e2z (z 1)3 about z = 1. 2. 1 z2(z 3)2 about z = 3. Solution.

1. The function e2z is analytic everywhere in the complex plane. The Taylor series of e2z with center z = 1 is given by e2z =
dne2z dzn n=0

at z = 1 n!
n=0

2ne2 n! (z 1)n 3 (z 1)n =

(z 1)n3

= (z e2 1)3 + (z 2e2 1)2 + 2!(z 4e2 1) +

(n 2n+3e2 + 3)! (z 1)n which is the required Laurent series of (z e2z 1)3 with center z = 1. It is valid in the ring 1 < |z| < . 2. Let f(z) = 1
z2

then f (z) = z3 2 , f (z) = (2)(3) z4 ,...,f(n)(z) = (2)(3)...(n zn+2 1) and therefore f(3) = (1)n(n + 1)! 3n+2 Thus the Taylor series of f(z) with center z = 3 is given by 1 z2 32 1

,f (3) = 33 2 ,...,f (n)(3) =

(1)n(n 3n+2n! + 1)! (z 3)n =

(1)n(n 3n+2 + 1) (z 3)n Thus 1 z2(z 3)2 = =

(1)n(n 3n+2 + 1) (z3)n2 = 32(z 1 3)2 33(z 2 3) +

(1)m(m 3m+4 + 3) (z3)m is the required Laurent series of 1

with center z = 3 valid in 0 < |z| < 3. Question 2(b) Find the residues of f(z) = ez csc2 z at all its poles in the nite plane. Solution. The poles are at zeros of sin2 z, and sin2 z = 0 i z = n,n Z, the set of integers. All these Residue at z = poles n of are f(z) double is

1! 1 dz d poles. ( (z sin2 n)2ez z ) . Now

d dz ( (z n)2ez sin2 z ) = sin2 z[(z n)2ez + 2(z n)ez] (z n)2ez2sinz cosz sin4 z = ez(z sin3 z n) ( (z n)sinz + 2sinz 2(z n)cosz ) 4 because dne2z dzn = 2ne2z. Thus e2z (z 1)3 = e2 (z 1)3 +

2e2 (z 1)2 + 4e2 2!(z 1) +

2ne2 n!

Using d ( (z zn lim n)2ez z sinz n ) cosn = (1)n, we get dz = sin2 z

= en zn lim (z n) sin3 z ( (z n)sinz + 2sinz 2(z n)cosz ) = en(1)n zn lim (z n)(sinz 2cosz) sin2 z + 2sinz = en(1)n zn lim sinz 2cosz + (z 2sinz n)(cosz cosz + 2sinz) + 2cosz = en zn lim sinz + (z n)(cosz 2sinz + 2sinz) = = en en
zn

lim cosz + cosz + 2sinz + 2cosz (z n)(sinz + 2cosz) Thus the residue at z = n of ez csc2 z is en. Question 2(c) By means of contour integration evaluate

(log
e

u)2 u2 + 1 du. Solution. C consisting We take f(z) of the = line (log z2+1
z)2

joining and the (R,0) contour to (r,0), the semicircle of radius r with center (0,0), the line joining (r,0) to (R,0) and a semicircle of radius R with center (0,0). The contour lies in the upper half plane and is oriented anticlockwise. We have avoided the branch point z = 0 of the multiple valued function logz. A(R,0) B(r,0) C(r,0) D(R,0) (Eventually we shall let R ,r 0). (1) On , z = Rei and |1 + z2| |z|2 1 = R2 1. Thus

( log(Rei) )
2

R2 1

f(z)dz iRei d
0 0

|logR R2 + 1 i|2 Rd =
0

( (logR)2 + ) But R21

R R2 1 ((log R)2 + 2)d = R2 R 1 3 3 ( (log R)2 + 3

 0 as R , therefore
R

lim

f(z)dz = 0 5

(2) On , z = rei,|z|2 + 1 1 |z|2 = 1 r2. Thus

(log r)2 + 2 1 r2 ( (logr)2 + 3 3 f(z)dz rd = 1r r2 ) But the right side 0 as r 0, it follows that r0 lim

f(z)dz = 0. (3) f(z) has a simple at z = i of f(z) is (logi)2 2i pole = 1 at ( z i = i in the the upper half plane (inside C) and the residue 2i 2

)
2

= 2i 8 . Thus
R,r0

lim
C

f(z)dz = R,r0 lim

f(x)dx + f(xei)dxei R = 2i 2i 8 because on the line CD, z = x, and on the line AB, z = xei. Hence
0

(log(xei))2

1 + x2e2i
0

(log x)2 1 + x2 3 4 Now (log(xei))2 = (logx)2 2 + 2i logx, so 2 dx + dx =

(logx)2 1 + x2 dx 2
0

dx 1 + x2
0

3 4 Equating real parts, and noting that + 2i 1 logx + x2 dx =

dx 1 + x2 = tan1 x ]
0

= 2 , we get 2
0

(log x)2 1 + x2 3 2 3 4 3 4

so that dx = =
0

(logx)2 1 + x2 dx = 3 8 . Note that by equating imaginary parts, we get

1 logx + x2 dx = 0. 6