TRADE

FOCUSED
PRODUCT
REPORTS

Olive oil and its

fractions
HS Code 1509
TRADE FOCUSED PRODUCT REPORTS

OLIVE OIL AND ITS FRACTIONS

HS Code 1509
MARCH 2024
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1
Contents
Contents 2
Chart and tables 3
Glossary of terms and abbreviations 4
Product descriptions by HS 6-digit code 6
Executive summary 8
Product overview 9
Market dynamics 13
Demand and supply trends 14
Market concentration and product complexity 15
World trade statistics by olive oil category on the HS6 level 16
HS 1509 in the context of Jordanian exports 17
Major global suppliers 18
Priority markets 19
United States of America 20
Saudi Arabia 25
The United Kingdom 30
Recommendations 35
Recommendations in summary 36
Reference information 37

2
Charts and tables
Chart 1 World olive oil production and consumption 10
Chart 2 Global olive oil monthly pricing, Jan 2013 to Jan 2024, in $ per metric ton 10
Chart 3 Olive oil prices (June-August 2023) in $ per 100 kg 11
Chart 4 Top olive oil exporters by value in 2022, in $‘000 11
Chart 5 Top olive oil importers by value in 2022, in $'000 12
Chart 6 Olive oil complexity on the HS6 level in 2021 15
Chart 7 Olive oil product complexity 2012 to 2021 15
Chart 8 Jordan's olive oil exports by value, 2018 to 2022, in $’000 17
Chart 9 Leading markets by import value for Jordan's olive oil exports, in $ '000 17
Chart 10 United States olive oil consumption 20
Chart 11 United States olive oil imports, main supplying countries, 2018 to 2022 21
Chart 12 United States olive oil imports from main supplying countries, in $ per ton 21
Chart 13 United States olive oil imports from Jordan 22
Chart 14 Saudi Arabia olive oil consumption 25
Chart 15 Saudi Arabia olive oil imports, main supplying countries, 2018 to 2022 26
Chart 16 Saudi Arabia olive oil imports from main supplying countries, in $ per ton 26
Chart 17 Saudi Arabia olive oil imports from Jordan 27
Chart 18 United Kingdom olive oil consumption 30
Chart 19 United Kingdom olive oil imports, main supplying countries, 2018 to 2022 31
Chart 20 United Kingdom olive oil import values, 2018 to 2022 31
Chart 21 United Kingdom olive oil imports from Jordan 32

Table 1 Olive oil export and import statistics and Jordan export market share 16

3
Glossary of terms and abbreviations
Export concentration
This index measures, for each product, the degree of export market concentration by country of origin. It tells
us if a large share of commodity exports is accounted for by a few countries or, on the contrary, if exports are
well distributed among many countries. The index ranges from 0 to 1, with higher values indicating more market
concentration.

FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations)

Consisting of 195 members, including 194 countries and the European Union, the Food and Agriculture
Organization is a United Nations department mandated to pursue global food security. With operations
worldwide, the agency supports governments in matters involving agriculture, forestry, fishing, and natural
resources, particularly land and water.

Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Standardization Organization (GSO)

Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) member countries created the GSO as a mechanism for developing food and
non-food standards. GSO food-related technical regulations and standards serve as the main point of
reference for food imports into the Gulf region. Codex Alimentarius, the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO), the European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) serve as reference points for GSO standards and technical regulations.

HS (Harmonized System) codes

A standardised number classification system for traded goods. It is used by customs officials around the world
to identify products for the purpose of applying duties and taxes, as well as for statistical purposes.

Market concentration
Market concentration determines the extent to which countries or firms hold market share. It is frequently used
as a measure for the level of competitiveness. Measured on different scales and ranges, the general rule is the
higher the score, the greater the level of competitiveness.

In respect to the Shannon Entropy scoring used by the Observatory of Economic Complexity and referenced
in the report, the closer the number is to 1, the greater the concentration of just a small number of players and
the lower the competitiveness. A score of 2.67 for olive oil, HS code 1509 – as stated in this study – indicates
a marketplace with a high degree of concentration, where the majority of exports are from just 6 competing
countries.

MFN (Most Favoured Nation) tariff

Tariffs imposed by WTO (World Trade Organization) members on importing goods from other WTO members
in the lack of a preferential trade agreement.

Nes (Not elsewhere specified)

Not elsewhere specified (or indicated for NESOI) is stated for an item that is not mentioned elsewhere in a
classification system.

NTM (non-tariff measure)

Import and export regulations that reflect conditions of market access other than tariffs. They include numerous
regulatory requirements such as health restrictions for food quality, packaging guidelines, minimum safety
standards for produced goods, etc.

4
PCI (Product Complexity Index)
PCI ranks the breadth and sophistication of know-how required in manufacture. High PCI scores indicate that
a product requires significant expertise and particular resources for its production, such as advanced
machinery. Goods with a high PCI value, representing a complexity that only a few countries can undertake,
include electronics and chemicals. Conversely, a low score suggests that many countries can produce the
item, like basic agricultural goods or petroleum. The score’s level depends on various factors.

Preferential tariffs
A tariff applied to a product that is less than the MFN levy due to the existence of a preferential trade
agreement. This could be a bilateral advantageous trading arrangement or a single system of favours, such as
the United States GSP (generalised system of preferences).

Self-sufficiency ratio
The self-sufficiency ratio defines a country’s ability to provide for itself and represents the percentage of
consumed food that is correspondingly produced within its territory. It can be measured for a specific good,
such as wheat or tomatoes, to assess a country’s capacity to produce according to its needs. The formula for
calculating the ratio, in terms of production and trade, is:
Production x 100 / (Production + Imports – Exports).

SPS
Sanitary and phytosanitary. In reference to trade, SPS encompasses measures to sustain human, animal and
plant health in addition to preventing the spread of diseases and pests.

5
Product descriptions by
HS 6-digit code

HS 01509 – Olive oil and its fractions obtained from the fruit
of the olive tree
Olive Oil and its fractions, whether or not refined, but not chemically
modified.

150910 – Virgin olive oil

Olive oil obtained from the fruit of the olive tree solely by mechani-
cal or other physical means under conditions that do not lead to
the alteration of the oil. It has not undergone any treatment other
than washing, decanting, centrifuging, and filtering.

150920 – Extra virgin olive oil "EU cat. 1"

Extra virgin olive oil "EU cat. 1" obtained from the fruit of the olive
tree solely by mechanical or other physical means under condi-
tions that do not lead to deterioration of the oil, untreated.
Extra Virgin Olive Oil under EU Category 1, EU Category 2 and
EU Category 3, represents the highest quality olive oil according
to European Union standards, defined by stringent criteria that
ensure its purity, taste, and nutritional value.

The oil must have a free acidity of no more than 0.8%, reflecting
the careful handling and health of the olives. It undergoes
organoleptic (taste and aroma) assessment by certified panels
and must exhibit superior sensory characteristics, including
distinct fruitiness and no sensory defects.

The classification not only emphasises the oil's superior quality but
also its rich content of health-promoting compounds like monoun-
saturated fats and antioxidants, making it a premium choice for
consumers seeking the best in flavour and health benefits.

6
150930 - Extra virgin olive oil "EU cat. 2"
Virgin olive oil "EU cat. 2" obtained from the fruit of the olive tree
solely by mechanical or other physical means under conditions
that do not lead to deterioration of the oil, untreated.
Extra Virgin Olive Oil under EU Category 2 represents distinct
criteria from EU categories 1 and 3, yet still constituting free
acidity of no more than 0.8%, no sensory defects, and being
produced directly from olives solely by mechanical means.

150940 – Extra virgin olive oil "EU cat. 3"

Virgin olive oil "EU cat. 3" obtained from the fruit of the olive tree
solely by mechanical or other physical means under conditions
that do not lead to deterioration of the oil, untreated.
Extra Virgin Olive Oil under EU Category 3 represents distinct
criteria from EU categories 1 and 2, yet still constituting free
acidity of no more than 0.8%, no sensory defects, and being
produced directly from olives solely by mechanical means.

150990 – Other olive oil and its fractions, not chemically

modified, excluding virgin
Olive oil and fractions obtained from the fruit of the olive tree
solely by mechanical or other physical means under conditions
that do not lead to deterioration of the oil (excluding virgin and
chemically modified).

Explanatory note
In respect to Jordan’s trade data reported in this study, significant discrepancies were identified between category exports and imports,
when using the trade statistics database employed in research, namely ITC Trade Map, which in turn accesses UNCTAD and WTO
data.

Fundamentally, here, Jordan’s export data varies from that recorded by importers. It is for this reason, mainly when it comes to assessing
Jordan’s export values for olive oil (HS 1509), import statistics reported by The United States, Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom –
the three priority markets – are employed instead of the Hashemite Kingdom’s reported figures, to maintain reasonable consistency
throughout.

When the use of import statistics has not been possible, for example in disaggregating product values on the HS6 level, data as
reported by Jordan Customs are maintained.

7
Executive summary
The global olive oil industry, categorised under HS code 1509, has varied in both production and consumption
patterns in the 10 years to 2022. This development is particularly driven by climatic conditions, outbreak of
disease affecting olive crops and the onset of Covid-19 and its effect on supply chains.

World olive oil production has varied yet estimated to have fallen 12% between 2013 and 2022, Jordan’s
production on the other hand, which has also been variable, experienced a 13% rise.

In 2020, Spain, producing almost one half of global output at 1.3 million metric tons, is the world’s largest
producer in the HS 1509 category.

HS 1509 exports were valued at $10 billion in 2022. The most traded product within the category was virgin
olive oil (HS 150910), accounting for 79% of shipments. Spain was also the largest exporter in 2022,
generating revenues of $4.2 billion. The world’s top five exporters – which after Spain, also included Italy,
Portugal, Greece and Tunisia – together achieved $8.7 billion.

Export revenues in the HS 1509 category increased on a 5% CAGR between 2015 and 2022.

The top five importers globally were Italy, the United States, Spain, France, and Brazil, accounting for 57% of
global import trade by value.

Jordan's export in the HS 1509 category are estimated at approximately $5.2 million in 2022, reflecting a world
share of approximately 0.05%. The country experienced significant export growth of 166% from 2019 to 2022,
to achieve and estimated $7.1 million, but this has since fallen back to an $5.2 million.

Regarding the priority markets in this study, namely the United States, Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom,
Jordan’s exports have lost momentum in 2022 falling back from levels seen in prior years.

Nonetheless the three countries exhibit potential in being significant HS 1509 importers. The United States is
the world’s second largest destination of olive oil shipments, the United Kingdom, eighth and Saudi Arabia
fifteenth. They are also powerful global economies benefitting from high per capita GDP. Saudi Arabia offers
opportunities due to its proximity, and accessible overland transport links, good infrastructure, and cultural
association with Jordan. The United States and the United Kingdom benefit from the existence of multicultural
societies, broad ranging cuisines, and active foodservice and hospitality sectors.

8
 Product
overview

9
Production and consumption
Olive oil
Global olive oil production which fluctuated in the 10 years between 2013 and 2022, fell12% from 3.2 million
metric tons to 2.8 million metric tons.1 Worldwide consumption was further expected to have receded 7% in
the period between 2013 and 2022, from approximately 3.1 million metric tons to 2.9 million metric tons.2
Jordan’s olive oil production, which also varied over the same period, experienced a 13% rise through the
decade.3
4,000 100
90
Production and consumption,

Jordan production, thousand

80
3,000
thousand metric tons

70
60

metric tons
2,000 50
40
30
1,000
20
10
0 0
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022*

Jordan olive oil production World olive oil production World olive oil consumption

Chart 1 World olive oil production and consumption

Olive oil pricing

In the 10 years between February 2014 and January 2024, the global olive oil price has risen190%, from
$3,541 per metric ton to $10,281 per metric ton.4 The Mediterranean region, being the principal producer, has
seen its output vary significantly due to variable weather conditions, with poor harvests driving prices upwards
and bumper crops leading to decreases. Notably, severe drought and extreme temperatures have dramatically
reduced olive oil production in Spain, the world's largest producer and much of the Mediterranean region,
leading to a significant global price hike. In addition, evolving consumer preferences towards healthier dietary
choices have bolstered demand for olive oil globally, further affecting prices.

$12,000

$10,000
$ per metric ton

$8,000

$6,000

$4,000

$2,000

$0
10/1/2014

10/1/2015

10/1/2016

10/1/2017

10/1/2018

10/1/2019

10/1/2020

10/1/2021

10/1/2022

10/1/2023
2/1/2014
6/1/2014

2/1/2015
6/1/2015

2/1/2016
6/1/2016

2/1/2017
6/1/2017

2/1/2018
6/1/2018

2/1/2019
6/1/2019

2/1/2020
6/1/2020

2/1/2021
6/1/2021

2/1/2022
6/1/2022

2/1/2023
6/1/2023

Chart 2 Global olive oil monthly pricing, Jan 2013 to Jan 2024, in $ per metric ton5

1
Statista citing US Department of Agriculture; USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. (2023). Production volume of olive oil worldwide from 2012/13 to
2022/23 (in million metric tons). [online]. Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/613466/olive-oil-production-volume-worldwide/.
2
Statista citing US Department of Agriculture; USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. (2023). Consumption of olive oil worldwide from 2012/13 to
2022/23 (in million metric tons). [online]. Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/940491/olive-oil-consumption-worldwide/.
3
IndexMundi. (Not dated). Jordan Olive Oil Production by Year. [online]. Available at:
https://www.indexmundi.com/agriculture/?country=jo&commodity=olive-oil&graph=production.
4
FRED, Economic Research of the Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis, citing International Monetary Fund (IMF) data, Global price of Olive Oil
(POLVOILUSDM). Online. Available at: https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/POLVOILUSDM/
5
Ibid.

10
Prices set, especially Spain, have significant repercussions for other olive oil producers, particularly affecting
the pricing of their exports.6 Subsequently Jaén in Spain, Bari in Italy and Chania in Greece, together account
for over 60% of global olive oil production, making them the most influential olive oil markets within the Europe.

The chart below details olive oil prices between June and August 2023 in the three leading producing cities.7
In this regard, extra virgin olive oil prices from Jaén jumped from approximately $570 per 100kg in late 2022 to
$852 per 100kg by August 2023, marking a 26-year high.8

$1,200
$972
$1,000
$852
$794
$746 $724
$ per 100 kg

$800 $691 $723

$600

$400

$200

$0
Jaén (Spain) Bari (Italy) Chania (Greece) Trás-os-montes
(Portugal)

Extra virgin olive oil (USD/100kg) Virgin olive oil (USD/100kg) Refined olive oil (USD/100kg)

Chart 3 Olive oil prices (June-August 2023) in $ per 100 kg

Exports and imports

Global exports in 2022 were valued at $10 billion, Spain was the global leader in olive oil exports, with $4.2
billion in shipments recorded that year, accounting for a 42% share of global category export trade. Italy,
Portugal, Greece, and Tunisia next in the export rankings, claiming a 45% share of the global market.9
Between 2015 and 2022, the value of olive oil exports increased at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR)
of 5%.10
Export value in $'000
$0 $1,000,000 $2,000,000 $3,000,000 $4,000,000 $5,000,000

Spain $4,236,355
Italy $1,864,938
Portugal $983,475
Greece $843,543
Tunisia $801,085
Turkey $338,442
Syria $170,577
Argentina $92,709
Oman $90,253
Jordan $3,734

Chart 4 Top olive oil exporters by value in 2022, in $‘000

6
Internationaloliveoil.org. (2023). OLIVE OIL PRICES - September 2023 update. [online] Available at:
https://www.internationaloliveoil.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/IOC-prices-rev-0-1-1.html.
7
CRITIDA. (2023). Olive Oil prices in 2023 – why the prices of olive oil raised? [online] Available at:
https://critida.com/olive-oil-prices-in-2023-why-the-prices-of-olive-oil-raised/#:~:text=Olive%20oil%20prices%20hit%2026,in%20olive%20oil%20prices%20worldwide.
8
Internationaloliveoil.org. (2023). OLIVE OIL PRICES - September 2023 update. [online] Available at:
https://www.internationaloliveoil.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/IOC-prices-rev-0-1-1.html
9
Trade Map - List of exporters for the selected product in 2022 (Olive oil and its fractions obtained from the fruit of the olive tree solely by mechanical ...)
[online]. Available at: https://www.trademap.org/Country_SelProduct.aspx?nvpm=1%7c%7c%7c%7c%7c1509%7c%7c%7c4%7c1%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c1
10
The Compound Annual Growth Rate (% CAGR) has been calculated based on the annual growth rate of olive oil global exports, utilising data
sourced from ITC spanning the years 2015 to 2022. This measurement gives us a yearly growth rate, ironing out any ups and downs to present a
stable, year-over-year growth rate.
Italy is the world's largest olive oil importer, accounting for about 21% of global trade, with a category trade
value of $2.2 billion in 2022.11 The United States follows in the global import standings, contributing 18% to
global imports. Between 2015 and 2022, the value of olive oil imports increased at a CAGR of 5%.12 Jordan,
which is self-sufficient in olives, in the meantime shows no evidence of olive oil imports in 2022.

Import value in $'000

$0 $1,000,000 $2,000,000 $3,000,000

Italy $2,231,965
United States $1,864,060
Spain $744,387
France $605,282
Brazil $539,989
Portugal $436,499
Germany $390,340
United Kingdom $369,746
Japan $297,527
India $275,629

Chart 5 Top olive oil importers by value in 2in $‘000

11
ITC. (2022). Trade Map - List of importers for the selected product in 2022 (Olive oil and its fractions obtained from the fruit of the olive tree solely by
mechanical ...). [online] Available at:
https://www.trademap.org/Country_SelProduct.aspx?nvpm=1%7c%7c%7c%7c%7c1509%7c%7c%7c4%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c1
12
CRITIDA. (2023). Olive Oil prices in 2023 – why the prices of olive oil raised? [online] Available at:
https://critida.com/olive-oil-prices-in-2023-why-the-prices-of-olive-oil-raised/#:~:text=Olive%20oil%20prices%20hit%2026,in%20olive%20oil%20prices%20worldwide

12
 Market
dynamics

13
Demand and supply trends
Volatility in production and prices
Olive oil prices have been subject to significant volatility, largely due to fluctuating production outputs affected
by climatic conditions in the main producing regions. Adverse weather conditions, such as droughts or
excessive rainfall in the Mediterranean basin for example, have led to lower yields and higher prices.
Conversely, years of good harvest have seen prices soften due to increased supply.

Rising demand
There has been an increase in global demand for olive oil, driven by growing consumer awareness of its health
benefits, not least through its association with the Mediterranean diet. Rising demand, particularly in markets in
North America and Asia, has resulted in higher prices, especially during periods of supply constraint.

Rebound in the HoReCa sector and its influence on olive oil demand
The hotel, restaurant, and café (HoReCa) sector, now recovered following the pandemic is also expected to
significantly drive overall olive oil demand, as such representing a critical channel for olive oil supply.

Shifts towards high-quality and organic products

Consumers are increasingly gravitating toward high-quality, extra-virgin, and organic olive oils, considered
healthier and more sustainable choices. This trend towards premiumization has influenced pricing, with high
standard products commanding higher prices.

Sustainability and traceability

There is a growing trend towards sustainable production practices and traceability in the olive oil supply chain.
Consumers are increasingly interested in the environmental effect of their food choices, leading to greater
demand for sustainably produced olive oil, which can influence pricing and production practices.

Effects of pests and diseases

Olive crops in some key producing areas have been affected by pests and diseases, such as the Xylella
fastidiosa in Italy, reducing output and contributing to price increases due to tighter supply.

14
Market concentration and product complexity
Market concentration
A Shannon Entropy value of 2.67 in 2021 for olive oil, HS code 1509 — as stated in this study — indicates a
highly concentrated marketplace, reflecting a majority of exports from approximately 6 competing countries.13

Product complexity score

At the HS 4 level, the Product Complexity Index (PCI) score of -0.76 for olive oil in 2021, ranking it 770 out of
1024 in the HS4 classifications, indicates a low complexity in manufacture. This is further supported by scores
at the HS6 levels with categories reporting complexity scores below zero in 2021, ranging from -0.94 for HS
150910 to -0.77 for HS 150990.14

Virgin olive oil Refined olive oil fractions, not chemically modified
0

-0.2
Product complexity

-0.4
score

-0.6

-0.8
-0.77
-1 -0.94

Chart 6 Olive oil complexity on the HS6 level in 2021

Regarding historical progress with PCI, scores for virgin olive oil increased very slightly from -1 in 2012 to -0.94
in 2021, representing stability. For HS 150990, refined olive oil fractions, not chemically modified, complexity
scoring rose more, from -1.06 in 2012 to -0.77 in 2021.15

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
0
Product Complexity Index score

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1

-1.2

Virgin olive oil Refined olive oil fractions, not chemically modified

Chart 7 olive oil product complexity 2012 to 2021

13
OEC (2021). Pure olive oil [online] Available at: https://oec.world/en/profile/hs/pure-olive-oil
14
OEC (2021). Product Rankings, .... [online] Available at: https://oec.world/en/rankings/pci/hs4/hs92?tab=ranking. Search/Query terms: On the OEC
database -Dataset; (1) Under ‘Dataset’ select the ‘Product’ tab (2) Under ‘Depth (Trade)’ select ‘6 Digit’ (3) Under ‘Revision (Trade)’ select HS92
(1998-2021) (4) Under ‘Downloads’ select ‘Data PCI’ (5) In the ‘Download’ section on the right of the screen, select “Download CSV”. Open the
resulting file to locate the respective HS title and ID in columns AB and AC alongside PCI scores.
15
OEC (2021). Product Rankings, .... [online] Available at: https://oec.world/en/rankings/pci/hs6/hs92?tab=ranking

15
World trade statistics by olive oil
category on the HS6 level
Colour key
Jordan represents > 10% of 2022 world exports
Jordan represents > 1% and <5% of 2022 world exports
Jordan represents > 0% and <1% of 2022 world exports
Exports from Jordan not in evidence in 2022

2022 top 2022 top Jordan’s

2022 world Jordan 2022 share in
HS Code export value import value
exports export value global export
and territory and territory markets
15091016 $7.9 billion $3.1 billion $2.1 billion $3.057 million 0.04%
Virgin olive oil Italy
Spain

150990
Other olive oil and its fractions, $2.1 billion $1.2 billion $489.4 million $677,000 0.03%
not chemically modified, Spain Italy
excluding virgin

Table 1 Olive oil export and import statistics and Jordan export market share

16
Note that in this instance products categorised under HS codes 150910, 150920, 150930 and 150940 are aggregated under HS 150910

16
HS 1509 in the context of Jordanian exports
Jordan’s top HS 1509 markets
Jordan’s exports of prepared olive oil under HS 1509, were estimated at $5.2 million in 2022, rising from $3.2
million in 2018.17 At the product category level however, using Jordan Customs statistics, HS 150930, was
Jordan’s largest category export, reported with a value of $2.8 million.18

$4,500

$4,000
HS 150930 Virgin
$3,500 olive oil "EU cat. 2"
Import value in $'000

$3,000
HS 150990 Olive
$2,500 oil "EU cat. 4 and 5"

$2,000 HS 150920 Extra

virgin olive oil "EU
$1,500 cat. 1"
$1,000 HS 150940 Virgin
olive oil "EU cat. 3"
$500

$0
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Chart 8 Jordan's olive oil exports by value, 2018 to 2022, in $’000

Based on estimate values, Jordanian olive oil exports experienced a 166% rise between 2019 and 2020, from
around $2.7 million to $7.1 million followed by a fall to $5.2 million in 2022.19 The Gulf region emerged as the
primary export destination, with Saudi Arabia accounting for a significant portion of Jordan's export value,
estimated at $3.3 million.20

$8,000

$7,000

$6,000
Exported value in $'000

World
$5,000 Saudi Arabia

$4,000 United Arab Emirates

Kuwait
$3,000
Qatar
$2,000 Iraq

$1,000

$0
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Chart 9 Leading markets by import value for Jordan's olive oil exports, in $ '000

17
Please see the explanatory note on page 8, for the method used in arriving to Jordan’s HS 1509 export values.
18
Jordan Customs reports a smaller export value of $3.7 million in 2022, than the approximated estimate value of $5.2 million. ITC (2023). Trade Map -
List of products exported by Jordan (Olive oil and its fractions obtained from the fruit of the olive tree solely by mechanical or other physical
means…[online] Available at:
https://www.trademap.org/Bilateral_TS.aspx?nvpm=1%7c826%7c%7c400%7c%7c1509%7c%7c%7c6%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c1 .
19
Please see the explanatory note on page 8, for the method used in arriving to Jordan’s HS 1509 export values.
20
Ibid.

17
Major global suppliers
Aceites del Sur-Coosur (ACESUR): headquartered in Seville, ACESUR is the largest olive oil producer in
Spain, bottling over 250 million litres annually under various brands. Website: https://acesur.com/en/

Azeites de Moura: a cooperative of olive growers in the Moura region of Portugal that produces a range of
award-winning olive oils, including PDO-certified varieties, under the brands Moura, Flor do Alentejo, and
Alentejanas. Website: https://www.coopmourabarrancos.com/en/home-2

Carapelli Firenze: one of the oldest and most well-known olive oil brands in Italy, owned by Deoleo. Offers a
diverse range of olive oil products, including virgin and extra virgin varieties. Website: https://carapelli.com/en/

Casa Olearia Italiana: a large holding company with several olive oil brands, known for its extensive product
range and global reach. Website: https://www.marsegliagroup.it/prodotto/casa-olearia-italiana-spa/

Dcoop: this cooperative giant, headquartered in Córdoba, boasts a vast network of member cooperatives and
produces a diverse range of olive oil products. Website: https://www.dcoop.es/

Hojiblanca Cooperativa: this agricultural cooperative based in Málaga is a major player in olive oil production,
known for its high-quality virgin olive oils. Website: https://maestrosdehojiblanca.es/

Oleificio Zucchi SpA: a family-owned company based in Cremona, with a long history of producing
high-quality olive oil. Known for its commitment to sustainability and traditional production methods.
Website: https://www.oleificiozucchi.it/en/

Sovena Portugal: a subsidiary of Sovena Group, a leading food and agriculture company in Portugal. Sovena
Portugal produces various olive oil brands, including Oliveira da Serra, Fula, and Gallo. It also exports products
to over 50 countries worldwide. Website: https://www.sovenagroup.com/en/

18
 Priority
markets

19
United States of America
United States macroeconomic overview
Representing the world’s largest economy at $27 trillion in
2023, real GDP in the United States is reported to have
grown 2.5% in 2023, compared with 1.9% in 2022,
reflecting growth in consumer spending, exports,
government spending and investment. Imports in the
meantime also increased.21 Per capita GDP in 2022 was
registered at $76,330.22

United States olive oil consumption

While domestic consumption increased 29% from 318,000
metric tons to 409,000 metric tons; per capita olive oil
consumption in the United States rose 25% between 2016
and 2022, from 0.98 kilograms to 1.23 kilograms.23 United
States per capita consumption in 2022 was correspondingly
3.4 times the world average estimated at 0.36 kilograms.24

The United States is not self-sufficient in olive oil production,

as it imports a significant amount of olive oil to meet domestic
demand.

450 2
400 1.8
Domestic consumption in thousand

350 1.6

Per capita consumption in kg

1.4
300
1.2
250
1
metric tons

200
0.8
150
0.6
100 0.4
50 0.2
0 0
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
United States domestic consumption in thousand metric tons
United States per capita consumption in kg
Global average per capita consumption in kg

Chart 10 United States olive oil consumption

21
Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), Gross Domestic Product, Fourth Quarter and Year 2023 (Advance Estimate). [Online]. Available at:
https://www.bea.gov/news/2024/gross-domestic-product-fourth-quarter-and-year-2023-advance-estimate.
22
The World Bank, GDP per capita (current US$) - United States. [Online]. Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=US.
23
Data is taken from Index Mundi for olive oil consumption, https://www.indexmundi.com/agriculture/?country=us&commodity=olive-oil&graph=domestic-consumption and from the
World Bank for population figures https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=US. Per capita consumption is derived as a result.
24
The global average per capita consumption is taken by dividing annual global consumption stated in United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) data cited on Statista,
https://www.statista.com/statistics/940491/olive-oil-consumption-worldwide/, by the world population in the corresponding year as defined in World Bank data,
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL.

20
United States olive oil imports
At $1.86 billion, the United States was the number two importer of olive oil (HS 1509) in 2022, representing
growth of 22% from 2018. Spain was the largest supplier in 2022 with imports valued at $723 million, followed
by Italy at $635 million and Tunisia with $203 million.25

$2,000,000
$1,800,000
$1,600,000
Import value in $'000

$1,400,000 World

$1,200,000 Spain

$1,000,000 Italy
$800,000 Tunisia
$600,000 Turkey
$400,000 Greece
$200,000
$0
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Chart 11 United States olive oil imports, main supplying countries, 2018 to 2022

In 2022, United States imports of olive oil averaged at $4,542 per ton at the global level and ranged from
$3,780 per ton to $5,112 per ton across major five supplying countries. Import prices from Turkey were the
most competitively positioned, while those from Italy were the highest in cost.26

$6,000

$5,000
Import value in $ per ton

World
$4,000
Spain

$3,000 Italy
Tunisia
$2,000
Turkey

$1,000 Greece

$0
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Chart 12 United States olive oil imports from main supplying countries, in $ per ton

25
ITC (2022). Trade Map - List of supplying markets for a product imported by the United States in 2022 (1509 Olive oil and its fractions obtained from
the fruit of the olive tree solely by mechanical or other physical means …) [online] Available at:
https://www.trademap.org/Country_SelProductCountry_TS.aspx?nvpm=1%7c842%7c%7c%7c%7c1509%7c%7c%7c4%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c1.
26
ITC (2022). Trade Map - List of supplying markets for a product imported by the United States in 2022 (1509 Olive oil and its fractions obtained from
the fruit of the olive tree solely by mechanical or other physical means …) [online] Available at:
https://www.trademap.org/Country_SelProductCountry_TS.aspx?nvpm=1%7c842%7c%7c%7c%7c1509%7c%7c%7c4%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c2%7c3%7c1%7c1.

21
United States trade in olive oil from Jordan
In trade with Jordan, United States imports of olive oil were for $140,000 in 2022, marking a fall in trade value
from a 2020 level of $319,000. In 2022, HS 150930, virgin olive oil EU cat. 2 was recorded as being the
highest subcategory supplied, with an import value of $71,000.27

$250 $249 $350

Total olive oil import value in $'000

Import value by HS6 categry in $'000

$319
$300
$200
$250
$150 $200
$131 $140
$91 $95 $150
$100
$70 $71
$101 $100
$39
$50
$28
$36 $32 $37
$11 $50
$10
$0 $0
Value in 2018 Value in 2019 Value in 2020 Value in 2021 Value in 2022

HS 150910 Virgin olive oil and its fractions HS 150920 Extra virgin olive oil "EU cat. 1"
HS 150990 Olive oil "EU cat. 4 and 5" HS 150930 Virgin olive oil "EU cat. 2"
HS 1509 Olive oil

Chart 13 United States olive oil imports from Jordan

United States trade agreements with Jordan

The U.S.-Jordan Free Trade Agreement (FTA) was signed in 2000 and entered full implementation in January
2010. Since the FTA’s inception, bilateral trade in goods and services reached $5.174 billion in 2021.28

27
IITC (2022). Trade Map - Existing and potential trade between United States of America and Jordan (1509 Olive oil and its fractions obtained from the
fruit of the olive tree solely by mechanical or other physical means …[online] Available at:
https://www.trademap.org/Bilateral_TS.aspx?nvpm=1%7c842%7c%7c400%7c%7c1509%7c%7c%7c6%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c1.
28
International Trade Administration (2022) Country Commercial Guide - Jordan. [online] Available at:
https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/jordan-trade-agreements#:~:text=The%20U.S.%2DJordan%20Free%20Trade

22
United States PESTEL analysis
Politics
The United States is a federal republic with a presidential system of government. It consists of 50 states, each
with its own government, and a federal government that oversees the entire country. The President serves as
both the head of state and government, and there is a bicameral Congress composed of the Senate and the
House of Representatives.

The United States and Jordan maintain strong political relations, characterised by mutual cooperation on
regional and global issues. Both nations work closely together within the framework of regional and
international organisations to foster peace, stability, and development in the Middle East.

Economics
Representing the world’s largest economy at $27 trillion in 2023, real GDP in the United States is reported to
have grown 2.5% in 2023, compared with 1.9% in 2022, reflecting growth in consumer spending, exports,
government spending and investment. Imports in the meantime also increased. Per capita GDP in 2022 was
registered at $76,330.

Social
The United States is not an exception to global changes in consumer habits such as vegetarian movements,
sustainability, digital nomad working classes and remote working. These changes have cascading reactions
and numerous impacts at different scales including consumer choices and preferences. Additionally, the
growth of the country’s population by 0.5%, compared to pre-pandemic levels, to 334.9 million in 2023 and its
multicultural society has led to a demand for a wide variety of cuisines, both familiar and exotic, reflecting the
diverse culinary traditions of the population. A growing aging population poses risk to labour supply in the long
term.29

Technology
Though in competition with China, the technology landscape of the United States is considerably matured and
stable for economic growth. The technology talent and infrastructure of the United States has contributed to
the growth of leading global companies such as Google, Facebook, Amazon, Microsoft, Apple and more
recently, Tesla, OpenAI and Nvidia. With increased internet usage and e-commerce, the United States shows
strong support for sustainable economic growth in the long term.

Environment
The United States is exposed to a number of environmental concerns. The country is particularly vulnerable to
climate change, with exposure such as wildfires, typhoons, hurricanes and flooding. That said, there are
increasing awareness and investments towards protecting the planet, in particular, through the COP26, 27 and
28 meetings. Similar initiatives include incentives towards recycling, reuse, promotion of second-hand items
and waste reduction.

Legal
The HS 1509 preferential tariff for Jordan is 0%. The U.S.-Jordan Free Trade Agreement (FTA) signed in 2000
and implemented in 2010 still exist between the countries.

29
https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2023/population-trends-return-to-pre-pandemic-norms.html

23
United States olive oil suppliers and distributors

Domestic Producers:
California Olive Ranch: One of the largest domestic producers of olive oil in the U.S., known for using modern,
sustainable farming practices. Website: https://www.californiaoliveranch.com/

Corto Olive Co.: A producer that focuses on high-quality extra virgin olive oil, catering to both foodservice and
retail markets. Website: https://corto-olive.com/

McEvoy Ranch: Offers a range of organic extra virgin olive oils, produced in the rolling hills of Marin County,
California. Website: https://www.mcevoyranch.com/

Lucero Olive Oil: A family-run operation producing a variety of olive oil products, including flavoured oils, based
in Northern California. Website: https://americanolivefarmer.com/

Importers and Distributors:

United Olive Oil Import Corporation: this company is a major importer and wholesaler of olive oil in the United
States, offering a wide range of olive oil products sourced from various countries known for their olive oil
production. Website: https://unitedoliveoil.com/

The Olive Oil Source Wholesale: specialising in high-quality olive oils, The Olive Oil Source Wholesale
provides a broad selection of products, including extra virgin olive oils, flavoured olive oils, and organic options,
catering to a diverse clientele. Website: https://www.oliveoilsource.com/

Catania Spagna Corporation: with a long history dating back to 1900, Catania Spagna specialises in olive oil
and other vegetable oils, serving as a wholesaler to food manufacturers, food service, and retail markets. They
offer a range of olive oil types and packaging options to meet the needs of various customers.
Website: https://cataniaoils.com/

Exhibitions and trade fairs in the United States

Dates Exhibition name City Country Website

16 to 18 September Americas Food &
Miami United States https://www.americasfoodandbeverage.com/
2024 Beverage Show

26 to 27 October Great Food Expo Chicago United States https://greatfoodexpo.com/chicago/

2024

9 to 10 November New
Great Food Expo United States https://greatfoodexpo.com/new-jersey
2024 Jersey

24
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia macroeconomic overview
Saudi Arabia, pursuing Vision 2030 reforms, was the
fastest-growing G20 economy in 2022, with a rise of
8.7%. This was driven by increases in oil production
and growth in the non-oil GDP. This growth was
prompted by private consumption and non-oil private
investments, including large-scale infrastructure
projects. As a result, the country is advancing
economically, marked by record-low unemployment
rates and limited inflation.30 Per capita GDP in 2022
was registered at $30,448.31

Saudi Arabia olive oil consumption

While domestic consumption increased 33% from
30,000 metric tons to 40,000 metric tons; per capita
olive oil consumption in Saudi Arabia rose by 22%
between 2016 and 2022, from 0.9 kilograms to 1.1
kilograms.32 Saudi Arabia per capita consumption in
2022 was correspondingly 3 times the world average
estimated at 0.36 kilograms.

Self-sufficiency in olive oil production in Saudi Arabia, was not readily available at the time of reporting,
however 2022 imports were considerably higher in value than exports.

45 2
40 1.8

Per capita consumption in kg

Domestic consumption in thousand

35 1.6
1.4
30
1.2
25
metric tons

1
20
0.8
15
0.6
10 0.4
5 0.2
0 0
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Saudi Arabia domestic consumption

United Kingdom per capita consumption in kg
Global average per capita consumption in kg

Chart 14 Saudi Arabia olive oil consumption

30
International Monetary Fund - IMF (2023): Saudi Arabia's Economy Grows as it Diversifies [online] Link:
https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2023/09/28/cf-saudi-arabias-economy-grows-as-it-diversifies.
31
The World Bank, GDP per capita (current US$) – Saudi Arabia. [Online]. Available at:
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=SA.
32
Data is taken from Index Mundi for olive oil consumption,
https://www.indexmundi.com/agriculture/?country=sa&commodity=olive-oil&graph=domestic-consumption and from the World Bank for population
figures https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=sa. Per capita consumption is derived as a result.

25
Saudi Arabia olive oil imports
At $139 million, Saudi Arabia was the number 15 importer of olive oil (HS 1509) in 2022, representing a dip
of 0.9% from 2018. Syria was the largest supplier in 2022 with imports valued at nearly $43 million, followed
by Spain at $39 million and Tunisia with approximately $20 million.33

$160,000

$140,000

$120,000
Import value in $'000

$100,000 World
$80,000 Syria

$60,000 Spain
Tunisia
$40,000

$20,000

$0
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Chart 15 Saudi Arabia olive oil imports, main supplying countries, 2018 to 2022

In 2022, Saudi Arabia imports of olive oil averaged at $3,468 per ton at the global level and ranged from
$2,532 per ton to $6,108 per ton across major five supplying countries. Import prices from Palestine were the
most competitively positioned, while those from Italy were the highest in cost.34

$8,000

$7,000
World
$6,000
Import value in $ per ton

Syria
$5,000
Spain
$4,000 Tunisia
Palestine
$3,000
Italy
$2,000

$1,000

$0
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Chart 16 Saudi Arabia olive oil imports from main supplying countries, in $ per ton

33
ITC (2022). Trade Map - List of supplying markets for a product imported by Saudi Arabia in 2022 (1509 Olive oil and its fractions obtained from the
fruit of the olive tree solely by mechanical or other physical means …) [online] Available at:
https://www.trademap.org/Country_SelProductCountry_TS.aspx?nvpm=1%7c682%7c%7c%7c%7c1509%7c%7c%7c4%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c1.
34
ITC (2022). Trade Map - List of supplying markets for a product imported by Saudi Arabia in 2022 (1509 Olive oil and its fractions obtained from the fruit of the olive tree solely by
mechanical or other physical means …) [online] Available at:
https://www.trademap.org/Country_SelProductCountry_TS.aspx?nvpm=1%7c682%7c%7c%7c%7c1509%7c%7c%7c4%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c2%7c3%7c1%7c1.

26
Saudi Arabia trade in olive oil from Jordan
In trade with Jordan, Saudi Arabia imports of olive oil approached $3.3 million in 2022, marking a fall in trade
value from a 2021level of nearly $5 million. In 2022, HS 150920, virgin olive oil EU cat. 2 was recorded as
being the highest subcategory supplied, with an import value of $1.95 million.35

$4,984
$5,000 $4,984 $5,000
$4,073 $4,073 $4,500
$4,000 $4,000
Import value in $'000

$3,264 $3,500
$3,000 $3,000
$2,500
$1,948 $2,000
$2,000 $1,608 $1,573
$1,608 $1,573 $1,500
$1,228
$1,000 $1,000
$88 $500
$0 $0
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
HS 150910 Virgin olive oil and its fractions HS 150940 Virgin olive oil "EU cat. 3" .
HS 150990 Olive oil "EU cat. 4 and 5" HS 150930 Virgin olive oil "EU cat. 2"
HS 150920 Extra virgin olive oil "EU cat. 1" HS 1509 Olive oil

Chart 17 Saudi Arabia olive oil imports from Jordan

Saudi Arabia’s trade agreements with Jordan

There are no specific bilateral trade agreements between Saudi Arabia and Jordan. However, there are broader
agreements, as both nations are members of wider regional trade initiatives that might facilitate trade. These
include:

The Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA). Saudi Arabia and Jordan are members of GAFTA, a regional
trade agreement among Arab League member states. GAFTA applies to all products of Arab origin including
agriculture, aiming to promote economic integration and reduce tariffs.

35
ITC (2022). Trade Map - Existing and potential trade between Saudi Arabia and Jordan (1509 Olive oil and its fractions obtained from the fruit of the
olive tree solely by mechanical or other physical means …[online] Available at:
https://www.trademap.org/Bilateral_TS.aspx?nvpm=1%7c682%7c%7c400%7c%7c1509%7c%7c%7c6%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c1.

27
Saudi Arabia PESTEL analysis
Politics
Saudi Arabia is a monarchy with strong central governance, where political stability is a key feature. As a central
player in the Middle East, its foreign policies and relations, especially within the Gulf Cooperation Council
(GCC) have significant regional implications.

Saudi Arabia and Jordan have worked closely on regional and international issues and are seen as having
model diplomatic relations. The two nations for example share a similar political viewpoint with major regional
concerns such as Palestine, Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Yemen.

Economics
Saudi Arabia, pursuing Vision 2030 reforms, was the fastest-growing G20 economy in 2022, with a rise of
8.7%. This was driven by increases in oil production and growth in the non-oil GDP. This growth was prompted
by private consumption and non-oil private investments, including large-scale infrastructure projects. As a
result, the country is advancing economically, marked by record-low unemployment rates and limited inflation.
Per capita GDP in 2022 was registered at $30,448.

Social
Overall, the social relations between Saudi Arabia and Jordan are defined by close historical roots and joint
efforts in areas like education, and regular high-level interactions, underscoring the strong and multifaceted ties
between the two nations.

Technology
As part of plans to shift its economic dependence from oil and gas to the tech industry by the end of 2030,
Saudi Arabia has made significant investment in technology, innovation and research and development.
Notable sector programs include the Badir Program for Technology Incubators and Middle East Venture
Partners, both of which support enterprising startups.

Environment
Saudi Arabia is exposed to a number of environmental concerns. The region is particularly vulnerable to climate
change, with threats like desertification putting 70 – 90% of land at risk. That said, steps are underway to
combat desertification and expand green areas, making for more hospitable living conditions to sustain its
population.

Legal
The HS 1509 preferential tariff for Jordan is 0%. There are no specific bilateral trade agreements between
Saudi Arabia and Jordan. However, both nations are members of wider regional trade initiatives such as The
Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA) that facilitate trade between member nations, including Saudi Arabia
and Jordan.

28
Saudi Arabia olive oil suppliers and distributors

Domestic Producers:
Al Jouf Agricultural Development Company: One of the largest olive farms in the world, Al Jouf produces
olive oil in Saudi Arabia and is known for its sizable plantations in the Al Jouf region.
Website: https://www.aljouf.com.sa/.

Wadi Food: Although Wadi Food is an Egyptian brand, it has a significant presence in the Saudi market,
offering a range of olive oil products. Website: https://www.wadi-food.com/.

Importers and Distributors:

Makkah cold Stores Company Limited: an importer of olive oil based in Saudi Arabia’s Western region.
Website: https://www.mcoldstores.com.sa/.

Bindawood Superstores: a major supermarket chain in Saudi Arabia that carries a variety of olive oil brands,
both imported and local. Website: https://www.bindawoodholding.com/bindawood-supermarkets/.

Exhibitions and trade fairs in Saudi Arabia 36

Dates Exhibition name City Country Website

12 -14 May 2025 The Saudi Food Show Riyadh Saudi Arabia https://www.thesaudifoodshow.com/
2025

12 - 15 August 2024 Saudi Food Expo 2024 Riyadh Saudi Arabia https://www.saudifoodexpo.com/

TBC May 2026 The Saudi Food Show Riyadh Saudi Arabia https://www.thesaudifoodshow.com/
2026

TBC August 2025 Saudi Food Expo 2025 Riyadh Saudi Arabia https://www.saudifoodexpo.com/

36
TBC is the acronym for ‘to be confirmed. At the time of reporting, specific dates had not been published for 2025 & 2026 trade shows.

29
The United Kingdom
The United Kingdom macroeconomic overview
Representing the world’s sixth largest economy at
$2.74 trillion in 2023, real GDP in the United Kingdom
is reported to have grown slightly from $2.7 trillion in
2022. Subsequently, a series of contractions and low
growth in 2023, resulted in the UK economy being just
marginally bigger than just before the COVID-19
pandemic. In early 2024, a recession was furthermore
reported following second half negative growth at the
end of 2023.37 Per capita GDP in 2022 was registered
at $46,125.38

United Kingdom olive oil consumption

While domestic consumption 2016 and 2022
increased 9% from 75,000 metric tons to 82,000
metric tons; per capita olive oil consumption in the
United Kingdom grew 7%, from 1.14 kilograms to 1.22
kilograms.39 Over the period, peak per capita
consumption was estimated in 2020 and 2021 at 1.31
kilograms and 1.34 kilograms respectively, potentially
driven by lockdowns and home cooking. United
Kingdom per capita consumption in 2022 was
correspondingly 3.4 times the world average
estimated at 0.36 kilograms.

The United Kingdom's self-sufficiency in olive

production is inherently low, largely due to its climate, which is not conducive to olive cultivation on a scale
that would support significant domestic production.

100 2
90 1.8
Per capita consumption in kg
Domestic consumption in thousand

80 1.6
70 1.4
60 1.2
metric tons

50 1
40 0.8
30 0.6
20 0.4
10 0.2
0 0
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

United Kingdom domestic consumption Per capita consumption in kg

Global average per capita consumption in kg
Chart 18 United Kingdom olive oil consumption

37
IStatista
38
The World Bank, GDP per capita (current US$) – United Kingdom. [Online]. Available at:
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=GB.
39
Data is taken from Index Mundi for olive oil consumption,
https://www.indexmundi.com/agriculture/?country=sa&commodity=olive-oil&graph=domestic-consumption and from the World Bank for population
figures https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=sa. Per capita consumption is derived as a result

30
United Kingdom olive oil imports
At nearly $370 million, the United Kingdom was the number 8 importer of olive oil (HS 1509) in 2022,
representing a rise of 30% from 2018. Spain was the largest supplier in 2022 with imports valued at nearly
$198.7 million, followed by Italy at $147.6 million, the two countries carving out an overwhelming 94% of UK
imports in olive oil.40

$350,000

$300,000

$250,000 World
Import value in $'000

$200,000 Spain
Italy
$150,000
Greece
$100,000 France
$50,000

$0
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Chart 19 United Kingdom olive oil imports, main supplying countries, 2018 to 2022

In 2022, United Kingdom imports of olive oil averaged at $4,695 per ton at the global level and ranged from
$4,266 per ton to $5,531 per ton across major four supplying countries. Import prices from Spain were the
most competitively positioned, while those from Italy were the highest in cost.41

$6,000

$5,000
Import value in $ per ton

$4,000 World
Spain
$3,000
Italy
Greece
$2,000
France

$1,000

$0
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Chart 20 United Kingdom olive oil import values, 2018 to 2022

40
ITC (2022). Trade Map - List of supplying markets for a product imported by United Kingdom (1509 Olive oil and its fractions obtained from the fruit
of the olive tree solely by mechanical or other physical means …) [online] Available at:
https://www.trademap.org/Country_SelProductCountry_TS.aspx?nvpm=1%7c826%7c%7c%7c%7c1509%7c%7c%7c4%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c1.
41
ITC (2022). Trade Map - List of supplying markets for a product imported by United Kingdom (1509 Olive oil and its fractions obtained from the fruit of the olive tree solely by
mechanical or other physical means …) [online] Available at:
https://www.trademap.org/Country_SelProductCountry_TS.aspx?nvpm=1%7c826%7c%7c%7c%7c1509%7c%7c%7c4%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c2%7c3%7c1%7c1.

31
United Kingdom trade in olive oil from Jordan
In trade with Jordan, United Kingdom imports of olive oil achieved just $31,000 in 2022, marking a fall in trade
value from a 2018 level of nearly $105,000. In 2022, HS 150920, virgin olive oil EU cat. 2 was recorded as
being the highest subcategory supplied, with an import value of $27,000.42

$120 $120
$105 $105
$100 $100
Import value in $'000

$80 $80

$60 $60
$38 $31
$40 $27 $40
$27
$22 $22
$20 $20
$3 $4
0 0 0 0
$0 $0
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
HS 150910 Virgin olive oil and its fractions HS 150940 Virgin olive oil "EU cat. 3" .
HS 150990 Olive oil "EU cat. 4 and 5" HS 150920 Extra virgin olive oil "EU cat. 1"
HS 1509 Olive oil

Chart 21 United Kingdom olive oil imports from Jordan

United Kingdom trade agreements with Jordan

An association agreement between the United Kingdom and Jordan came into effect on 1 May 2021, mirroring
the EU framework agreement with Jordan. The agreement covers trade in goods and contains provisions on
preferential tariffs, tariff rate quotas, rules of origin, and sanitary and phytosanitary measures. It also includes
trade in services and intellectual property.43 The United Kingdom imported goods from Jordan valued at $237
million in 2022, a significant rise of 96% from $121 million in 2020.44 In the same period, the United Kingdom
exported nearly $379 million in merchandise trade to the Hashemite Kingdom.

42
ITC (2022). Trade Map - Existing and potential trade between United Kingdom and Jordan (1509 Olive oil and its fractions obtained from the fruit of
the olive tree solely by mechanical or other physical means …[online] Available at:
https://www.trademap.org/Bilateral_TS.aspx?nvpm=1%7c826%7c%7c400%7c%7c1509%7c%7c%7c6%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c1.
43
(GOV.UK, Guidance, Trade with Jordan, 2022)
44
(ITC Trade Map, List of importing markets for a product exported by Jordan, Product: TOTAL All products, 2023)

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United Kingdom PESTEL analysis
Political
The UK is a stable democracy with a constitutional monarchy, It is also a close ally for Jordan, hence there are
good relations on the state level. Political considerations are influenced by the effects of Brexit, and
repercussions on trade, immigration, and foreign relations.

Total export and import trade between the UK and Jordan was £1 billion in the year to Q1 2023, an increase
of 64.5% from the prior 12 months. The main categories exported to Jordan are industrial machinery, power
generators, pharmaceuticals, and electrical goods.

Economic
Representing the world’s sixth largest economy at $2.74 trillion in 2023, real GDP in the United Kingdom is
reported to have grown slightly from $2.7 trillion in 2022. Subsequently, a series of contractions and low
growth in 2023, resulted in the UK economy being just marginally bigger than just before the COVID-19
pandemic. In early 2024, a recession was furthermore reported following second half negative growth at the
end of 2023. Per capita GDP in 2022 was registered at $46,125.

Social
Characterised by a multicultural society, social factors include an aging population, considerable pressure on
the National Health Service, and reforms in education. The impact of social media and changing lifestyle trends
also influence consumer behaviour and societal norms.

Technology
The United Kingdom is advances in the likes of fintech, biotech, and renewable energy technologies.
Government support for innovation, digital infrastructure, and adapting to new technologies in various sectors,
such as AI and data analytics, is significant.
On the level of food, traceability is an important factor for British consumers and there is current focus on digital
traceability to certify goods, necessitating clear communication on sustainability and authenticity. E-commerce
sales channels between suppliers and consumers are a growing advantage for local suppliers.

Environment
Environmental concerns are prominent in the UK's policy agenda, including commitments to reduce carbon
emissions, invest in sustainable energy, and address climate change. Policies related to conservation, pollution
control, and waste management are also significant.

Legal
The import tariff for HS 1509 for Jordan is 0% as part of preferential trade agreement. Free trade agreements
do not exist between the two countries

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United Kingdom olive oil suppliers and distributors

Importers and Distributors:

Cotswold Fayre: a specialty food distributor that offers a range of gourmet products, including olive oil, to
retailers across the UK. Website: https://www.cotswold-fayre.co.uk/

The Fine Food Company: An importer and distributor of high-quality food products, including olive oil,
supplying the foodservice industry and independent retailers. Website: https://finefoodco.co.uk/

Cater Oils: An importer and distributor of cooking oils to the hospitality, foodservice and healthcare industries.
Website: https://www.cateroils.co.uk/cooking-oil-suppliers-uk/

Pathos Foods: An importer and distributor of foods to the hospitality, foodservice, manufacturing and retail
sectors. Website: https://pathosfoods.com/

Belazu Ingredient Company: A specialist in Mediterranean foods, Belazu imports and distributes a wide
range of olive oils under its brand name to retailers and restaurants in the UK. Website: https://belazu.com/

Essential Trading: A cooperative that imports and distributes organic and ethically sourced food products,
including olive oil, to retailers and wholesalers. Website: https://essential-trading.coop/

Exhibitions and trade fairs in the United Kingdom

Dates Exhibition name City Country Website

Natural Food Expo

11 - 12 May 2025 London UK https://www.naturalfoodexpo.co.uk/
2025

7 - 9 April 2025
Food & Drink 2025 Birmingham UK https://www.foodanddrinkexpo.co.uk/

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 Recommendations

35
Recommendations in summary
Global olive oil production has varied but also estimated to have fallen 12% in the 10 years between 2013 and
2022, from 3,200 metric tons to 2,820 metric tons. Similarly, consumption, which has also peaked and dipped
– in line with production level – dropped 7% from 3,080 metric tons to 2,870 metric tons. Jordan’s production
on the other hand, which also fluctuated, saw a 13% rise in production during the 10-year term.

Jordan’s top markets, all regional, constituting Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Qatar, and Iraq,
have shown changing trade patterns from 2018 to 2022. That said exports have grown overall from an estimate
$3.2 million to 5.2 million.

Saudi Arabia, Jordan’s largest export destination in particular evidenced a significant fall between 2021 and
2022, from $5 million to $3.3 million. Similarly, exports to the United States and the United Kingdom fell in the
five year period.

The United States, Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom still present sizable potential as primary export
destinations. America is the world’s second largest importer, while Saudi Arabia ranks 15 and the United
Kingdom eighth in world rankings.

The United States and the United Kingdom offer opportunities as large, developed economies, with significant
multicultural influences. Saudi Arabia on the other hand offers prospects resulting from its being the regional
economic heavyweight, its proximity, and accessible transport links with Jordan, developed food-sector
infrastructure, a significant tourism sector and cultural parallels with the Hashemite Kingdom. Equally,
populations in all three countries are likely to have good levels of awareness of the importance of olive oil
consumption to sustain healthy diets. Import demand is on the rise in the territories, as is domestic
consumption, as is per capita consumption.

36
 Reference
information

37
Priority markets tariff and non-tariff barriers
45

The United States

Tariffs

For HS 15093020 – Virgin olive oil and its fractions…whether or not refined, not chemically modified, weighing
with container under 18 kg, a preferential tariff of 0% is applied for Jordan.

It is important to note that other countries may be subjected to MFN duties at a rate of 1.12%. The United
States does not apply any trade remedy on HS 150930.

General requirements
Olive oil imports to the United States are governed by guidelines stated by the U.S Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) and the U.S Customs and Border Protection (CBP).

Registration by the manufacturer with the FDA allows for quicker processing. Correspondingly, the main
requirements for shipments include:
▪ Registration of the producer.
▪ Providing the country of origin from an approved territory.
▪ FDA certificate if this is secured by the exporter.
▪ Ascertaining safety and hygiene, supplemented by sanitary certificates and quality control documentation.
▪ Ascertaining correct labelling, including specifications, quality certificates, country of origin and expiry.
▪ Giving prior notice of the shipment in transit
▪ Compliance the Foreign Supplier Verification Programs (FSVP), which stipulates importer accountability in
assuring foreign suppliers produce food in a manner that meets U.S. safety standards.

In meeting crop production CBP requirements, the shipment must be certified that the olive oil accords to
national standards. As mentioned earlier, imported foods should come from an approved region hence a
certificate of origin is mandatory with customs clearance. Stipulations include:
▪ Bill of lading from the shipper or carrier before the olive oil shipment departs the country of origin.
▪ Electronic declaration for the shipment and when the ship will be arriving at US borders.
▪ On arrival and acceptance of goods, submission of a formal request for custom release within a15 days.
▪ Submission by the importer of an entry summary for consumption and make payments for the duties or
tariffs.
▪ Custom bonds involving the principal – the importer or shipper – are also necessary for shipments to cover
all outstanding duties and charges. These are necessary with all formal entry processes, if the shipment is
worth $2,500 and more, and when intervention by other US government agencies are demanded, which is
the case with olive oil being a food and FDA involvement.

Additional detail
Further details on United States import requirements for olive oil can be found in the following references.

Prime Export Import Management – PREXIMMA

Link. https://preximma.com/a-detailed-guide-on-importing-olive-oil-into-the-united-states/
The US Food and Drug Administration
Link. https://www.fda.gov/food/food-imports-exports/importing-food-products-united-states

The US Customs and Border Protection

Link. https://www.cbp.gov/trade/basic-import-export/importer-exporter-tips

ITC market access map.

Link. https://www.macmap.org/

In respect to the identification of tariff and non-tariff barrier rules for import, the following section details requirements for HS 1509, where Jordan’s
45

major exports are classified.

38
Saudi Arabia
Tariffs

For HS 150930 – Virgin olive oil EU Cat.2, a preferential tariff of 0% is applied for Jordan.

It is important to note that other countries may be subjected to MFN duties at a rate of 12%. Saudi Arabia does
not apply any trade remedy on HS 150930.

General requirements
Saudi Arabia is a member of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf, commonly referred to as
the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). Food laws are established within the GCC Gulf Standardization
Organization (GSO) and adopted by participating member countries.
Draft (GSO 05 DS 1019 / 2021) Gulf Technical Regulation is concerned with olive oil and olive pomace oils
for human consumption. Broadly it includes the following requirements:
▪ All olive oil shipments in terms of their produce and preparations, must comply with approved Gulf
Standards, e.g.
▪ GSO 9. Labelling of prepackaged foodstuffs
▪ GSO ISO 5555. Animal And Vegetable Fats And Oils – Sampling
▪ GSO 16. Physical and chemical methods for testing edible vegetable oils and fats.
▪ GSO 17. Detection of additives in edible oils and fats, and methods for their determination - Part 1
▪ Gulf technical regulation (GSO 17). Detection of additives in edible oils and fats, and methods for their
determination - Part 1
▪ GSO 20. Methods for determination of contaminating metallic elements in foodstuffs .
▪ GSO 21. Hygienic regulations for food plants and their personnel.
▪ GSO 168. Requirements of storage facilities for dry and canned foodstuffs.
▪ GSO ISO 5508. Determination of fatty acids in animal and vegetable fats and oils - second part:
analysis by gas-liquid chromatography of methyl esters of fatty acids.
▪ GSO 382. Maximum limits of pesticide residues in agricultural and food products.
▪ GSO 839. Food packages – Part 1: General requirements.
▪ GSO 988. Limits of radioactivity levels permitted in foodstuffs – Part 1.
▪ GSO 1020. Methods of test for edible olive oil and pomace olive oil.
▪ GSO 2333. Requirements for nutrition and health claim in the food.

Additional detail
Further details on Saudi Arabia’s import requirements for HS 1509 can be found in the following references.

World Trade Organization – GCC Standardization Organization (GSO) Edible Olive Oil and Olive Pomace Oils
Link. https://members.wto.org/crnattachments/2021/TBT/SAU/21_7065_01_e.pdf

Saudi Food and Drug Authority – Food Clearance Conditions and Requirements
Link. https://sfda.gov.sa/sites/default/files/2021-11/SFADFgdfg_1.pdf

Zakat, Tax and Customs Authority

Link. https://zatca.gov.sa/en/Pages/default.aspx

Food and Agricultural Import Regulations and Standards Country Report – Saudi Arabia
Link.https://apps.fas.usda.gov/newgainapi/api/Report/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Food%20and%20Agricultura
l%20Import%20Regulations%20and%20Standards%20Country%20Report_Riyadh_Saudi%20Arabia_SA2022-0011.pdf

International Trade Administration – Saudi Arabia country commercial guide

Link. https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/saudi-arabia-import-requirements-and-documentation

ITC market access map

Link. https://www.macmap.org/

39
The United Kingdom
Tariffs

For HS 1509 – Virgin olive oil EU Cat.2, a Tariff Rate Quota (TRQ) for a preferential tariff of 0% is applied for
Jordan.

The TRQ is correspondingly 1,634,000 kilograms on a first come first served basis. Subcategory coverage
constitutes HS codes 1509200010, 1509200090, 1509300010, 1509300090 and 1509400000.

It is important to note that other countries may be subjected to MFN duties at a rate of 28.88%. The United
Kingdom does not apply any trade remedy on HS 1509.

General requirements
New olive oil exporters supplying to the European market, including the United Kingdom, are required to send
their olive oil for laboratory and sensory tests.

Safety provisions constitute not exceeding contaminant levels, such as mineral oil hydrocarbons and
phthalates, and not exceeding maximum pesticide residue levels. In addition, requirements for acidity, content
of specific chemicals and sensory characteristics must be followed. Importantly, the product label should be
clear with defining the type of olive oil. Laboratory tests should be processed in ISO/IEC 17025:2017 certified
laboratories.

Standards in the United Kingdom are governed by:

▪ the Olive Oil (Marketing Standards) Regulations 2014.

▪ For pure olive oils, (REUL) Regulation 2568/91 (as amended) for products sold in Great Britain (England,
Scotland and Wales) and Regulation 2568/91 (as amended) for products sold in Northern Ireland.
▪ For extra virgin olive oils, (REUL) Regulation 29/2012 (as amended) for products sold in Great Britain and
Regulation 29/2012 (as amended) for products sold in Northern Ireland.

Different categories of olive oils are graded according to quality parameters relating to the physical and
chemical features, as well as and the organoleptic (sensory) aspects. High-quality olive oil is commonly defined
as the oil with low acidity, high content of polyphenols and good flavour.

Chemical tests alone are not enough to establish the quality category in olive oil. Additional sensory testing is
necessary to define characteristics such as fruitiness and the absence of organoleptic defects. Sensory tests
are required only for virgin olive oils, and they are performed by a team of 8–12 qualified assessors.

There is no official regulation for bulk-packed olive oil.

While plastic containers are commonly used in bulk packaging, glass is the main form in retail. The most
common sizes of retail olive oil bottles in Europe are between 0.5 and 1 litre. Premium olive oils are mostly
packed in sizes of 0.5 L and 0.75 L and sometimes even in smaller bottles of 100 ml, 250 ml, and even in 20
ml single-use bottles for restaurants and catering. For retail sales of olive oil, the maximum container capacity
cannot exceed 5 litres, according to the European olive oil marketing regulation. Packaging can be larger if the
oil is sold to food service (restaurants, hotels) or public segments (hospitals, governments).

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Information displayed for retail labelling and what optional information can be included is regulated and
stipulated as follows:

▪ Category of olive oils according to the official classification (EVOO, virgin, olive oil composed of refined
olive oils and virgin olive oils or olive-pomace oil).
▪ Storage conditions – away from light and heat.
▪ Place of origin – obligatory for EVOO and virgin olive oil. If olives are harvested in one country but
processed in another this need to be mentioned on the label.
▪ Packaging plant number

Optional labelling on EVOO can include special quality characteristics such as:
▪ “first cold pressing”
▪ “cold extraction” and
▪ special sensory characteristics.
▪ maximum acidity expected by expiry date and harvesting year.

Buyers will ask for Global Food Safety Initiative (GFSI) recognised certification. For olive oil in the United
Kingdom, the most popular certification in this regard is the British Retail Consortium Global Standards
(BRCGS). It is further possible that buyers will request to visit the production facility.

There is an increasing demand for sustainably sourced food Fairtrade is the most used ethical certification for
olive oil, especially for olive oil from Palestine and Syria. Products carrying the Fairtrade label indicate that
producers are paid a Fairtrade Minimum Price. Fairtrade International has a complete minimum price structure
for olive oil classified by origin, as well as by category.

Additional detail
Further details on the United Kingdom import requirements for olive oil can be found in the following references.

CBI Ministry of Foreign Affairs – Entering the European Market for Olive Oil
Link. https://www.cbi.eu/market-information/processed-fruit-vegetables-edible-nuts/olive-oil/market-entry

legislation.gov.uk – The Olive Oil (Marketing Standards) Regulations 2014

Link. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2014/195/made The Olive Oil (Marketing Standards) Regulations 2014
(legislation.gov.uk)

legislation.gov.uk – Commission Regulation (EEC) No 2568/91

Link. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/1991/2568/contents

legislation.gov.uk – Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 29/2012

Link. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2012/29

ITC market access map

Link. https://www.macmap.org/

ISO - ISO 8586:2023 Sensory analysis Selection and training of sensory assessors
Link. https://www.iso.org/standard/76667.html

41
Methodology
The study employs desktop research and concentrates on the underlying product, its capacity, supply, demand
globally and in particular priority markets. In addition, the study covers export and import statistics, trade
barriers and import requirements. The objective is to give insight on merchandise trade dynamics in the
Jordanian context.

Priority Markets Selection Criteria

The selection of priority markets is based on a comprehensive set of criteria:
• Annual Imported Quantities: Evaluating the volume of imports to gauge market size.
• Growth Rate in Quantities: Assessing the rate of growth to identify expanding markets.
• Market Concentration: Analyzing the distribution of market share among competitors.
• Export Potential: Determining the potential for export between Jordan and the target market.
• Tariff and Non-Tariff Barriers: Considering the impact of trade barriers on market entry.

Additionally, all financial figures are conducted in US dollars.

This material was produced by Manafeth Middle East Consulting & Technology with the
technical support of the Trade for Employment (T4E) project implemented by the Deutsche
Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH on behalf of the German Federal
Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) and co-financed by the Kingdom
of the Netherlands.

42