[| LearnyHive BESCK104B/204B MODULE 3MODULE 3A Syllabus: DC Machines: (a) Principle of operation, constructional details, induced emt expression, types of generators, and the relation between induced emf and terminal voltage. (b) Principle of operation, back emf and torque equations, types of motors, characteristics (shunt and series only), and applications. Single Phase Transformer: Necessity of transformer, the principle of operation, ‘Types, and construction of single-phase transformers, emf equation, losses, variation of losses with respect to load, efficiency, and condition for maximum efficiency. Tntroduction: > An electrical machine, deals with energy transfer either from hechanical to electrical or electrical to mechanical is called DC Machine. The DC machines are classified into i) DC Generator ii) DC Motor DC Generator: The machine which converts mechanical energy into Electrical energy > DC motor: The machine whieh ¢onverts Electrical energy into Mechanical energy Working principle of D.C. Machine as a generator Working principle of D.C. Machine as a generator: vvvy > Itis based on the principle of dynamically induced em.f . > Whenever a conductor cuts magnetic flux, dynamically induced e.m.f. is produced in the conductor according to the Faradays laws of Electromagnetic Induction. ‘This em. causes a current to flow in the circuit, if the conductor circuit is closed. > The emf is given by €=B*T*v*SinO volsicoil side where, the flux density in Tesla, active length of the coil side in meters the velocity with which the coil is moved in meters/sec and Gis the angle between the direction of the flux and relative velocity, > The direction of the induced voltage can be obtained by applying Fleming's right hand rule. Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction if ® Where‘Commutator Armature Brushes conductors Salient parts of a D.C.Machine.are: (Yoke li) Field systern (poles) (iii) Armature (iv)Commetator (Brushes Yoke: Itis made of cast iron or silicon steel It serves the purpose of outermost cover of the D.C. machine. So that the insulating materials get protected from harmful atmospheric elements like moisture, dust and various gases like SO2, acidic fumes etc. * Itprovides mechanical support to the poles, It forms a part of the magnetic circuit and it provides a path of low reluctance for magnetic flux. Itis made cast iron or cast steel laminations which are stamped together. Each pole is divided into two parts a) pole core and b) pole shoe * Pole core basically carries a field winding which is necessary to produce the flux. = Itdirects the flax produced through air gap to armature core and to the next pole. Pole shoe enlarges the area of armature core to come across the flux, which is necessary to produce larger induced emf. To achieve this, pole shoe has given a particular shapeFOLE CORE TR ROR: erp Fao a ne 2 SUPPLY, N.POLE ? © uy POLE SHOE Field winding [F1-F2]: Itis made of conducting material like copper or Aluminum. The field winding is wound, on the pole core with a definite direction. © It cari current due to which the pole core behaves as an eleetfomagnet and produces necessary flux. As it’s exciting the pole as‘@lectromagnet hence it is also called Exciting winding. Armature: It is further divided into two parts fiamely, * Armature core and * Armature winding + Armature.core is cylindrical in shape made up of iron and mounted on the shaft. It is provided with of slots on its outer periphery to place the conductor and the air ducts to permit the air flow through armature which serves cooling purpose. + “nvorder to collect the Emf generated in each conductor they are connected in certain pattern called armature winding. “Th set i en mew Re i miCommutator: » The basic nature of Emf induced in the armature conductors is alternating, This needs rectifications in case of D.C. generator which is possible by device called commutator. > It is cylindrical in shape made of hard drawn copper segments. These segments are insulated from each other by a layer of mica. Brushes and brush gear: > Brushes collect current from commutator and make it available to the stationary external circuit, > Ball bearings are usually used as they are more reliable. > Forheavy duty machines, roller bearings are preferred. Dypes of D.C Armature Windings In this winding all the pole groups-o the coils generating emf in.the same direction at any, of are connected in parallel-by the brushes. instant time In this winding all the coils carrying current in the same direction are connected in series and coils carrying current in opposite direction are connected in other series circuit. 2:Lap winding is also known as parallel windings. 2. Wave winding is also known as series winding. 3. The number of parallel path is equal tothe number of poles i., A =P. 3, The number of parallel paths is always equal to2ie,A=2. 4, The number of brush required by this winding is always equal to the number of poles. 4, The number of brushes required by this winding is always equal to 2. 5. Lap windings are used for low voltage and high current machines. 6. Wave windings are used for high voltage and low current machines,Emf Equation of DC Generator: Let, & = Flux produced by each pole in weber (Wb) and P= number of poles in the DC generator. N = speed of the armature conductor in rpm. Consider a one revolution of the conductor Total flux produced by all the poles = @ X P 60 Time taken to complete one revolution = >> Now, according to Faraday’s law of induction, the induced EMF of the conductor is equal to rate of change of flux. dd total flux e= = and’ea Co dt time take Therefore, Induced EMF of one conductor is N 60 Letus suppose there are Z total numbers of conductor in a generator, and arranged in such a manner that all parallel paths are always in series. Here, Z = total numbers of conductor A = number of parallel paths Then, Z/A = number of conductors connected in series Therefore, Induced EMF of DC generator E, = EMF of one conductor * number of conductor connected in series. Induced Emf of DC generator is NZ e = $P 5X7 volts OPNZ e= —_ 60AProblems on Emf equation Formula _ ¢2N ,P E,= au XZ volt ‘®- flux produced by each pole in wb Z- total no of conductors in armature N- speed armature in rpm P- No of poles A- No of parallel paths , for wave winding A=2 for lap winding A=P 1. A4 pole, 1500 rpm DC generator has a lap wound armature having 24 slots with 10 conductors per slot. If the flux per pole is 0.04 Wb, calculate EMF generated in the armature. What would be the generated EMF if the winding is wave connected? Solution: Given: P= 4,N=1500rpm, Lapi.e.A=P=4, 6 = 0.04Wb Z = Slots X Conductors per Slot 24X 10 = 240 SPPNE | 0.04% 4x 1500240 _ 5 44 y %” 60A 60x4 - If winding is waye connected, A= 2 . 500 0.04 x4 1500% 240 _ aay 60x2 2. A 4 pole generator with wave wound armature has 51 slots each having 24 conductors. The flux per pole is 0.01 weber. At what speed must the armature rotate to give an induced EMF of 220 V? What will be the voltage developed if the winding is lap connected and the armature rotates at the same speed? Solution: Giver: P = 4, wave connected hence A = 2, 51 slots, 24 conductors per slot, 8 = 0.01 Wb , E, = 220V = OPNZ - a Ey =a Where Z = 51 X 24= 1224 .OLX4XNX1224 60x2220x602 0.01X4X1224 ie N=539.2156rp.m ... speed for 220V For lap wound, A = P = 4 and N = 539.2156 rp.m 3. AB pole DC generator has 500 armature conductors and useful flux per pole of 0.065 wb. What will be EMF generated if the winding is lap connected and runs at 1000 rpm? What must be the speed at which it is to be driven to produce the same EMF if the windi iis Wave connected? Solution: Given: P=8 Z=500conductors = 0.065 Wb , N= 1000rpm When itis lap connected A= =8 and E, _ OPNZ 0.065 x8 x1000 x 500 860A 60 x8 Seely! ii) N=? When E,= 541.667V and winding is wave connected Ie A=2 541,667 = 2.065x8xNX500 . 60%2 541.667x60x2 0.065 8X 500 N=250 rpmTypes of DC Generators > Thw field winding is also called as exciting winding. Supplying current to the field winding is excitation. > Depending upon the method of excitation used in the generators are classified into i) Separately excited DC generator ii) Self-excited DC generator. Separately Excited Generators: In separately excited de machines, the field winding is supplied from a separate” power source as shown in below fig. pe Supply Field winding Eg- generated Emf in generator la — Armature current. R - armature resistance | -Loadcurrent \Vt-‘Terminal voltage F1 and F2—Terminals of field winding Self-Excited Field Generators: > The self-excited DC generator produces a magnetic field by itself without DC sources from an external. The electromotive force that produced by generator at armature winding is supply to a field winding instead of DC source from outside of the generator. Therefore, field winding is necessary connected to the armature winding. > When generator started, due to residual flux, it develops a small amount of EMF which drives a small current in the field winding. This tends to increase the flux in the poles in turn increases the EMF.This cumulative process continues until generator produces a rated voltage. ‘They further classified into: a) DC Shunt generator b) DC Series generator ©) DC Compound generator.a) Shunt generator: > In shunt generator, the field winding is connected in parallel with the armature winding and combination across the load. As shown in the fig. an A la R, ih Rs! fe t ve Ish- current through shunt field winding Rsh- Resistance of shunt field winding, From the fig vi ‘Armature current L=h+ln| and igo Induced EMF Eg= Vet Ra + Virus, Terminal voltage Vv AR b) Series generator: > Inseries generator, the field winding is connected in series with the armature winding and to the load. As shown in the fig. eis oe . 1 la AL ve ~ Ise- current through series field winding Rse- Resistance of series field winding From the fig Armature current L= Ise= ht. Induced EMF Eg= Vet TaRa ToeRse* Virush Eg= Vit Ia(Ra + Rec) + Virus [l= Ise] ‘Terminal voltage V.= Eg- la(Ra + Reo) - VorushCompound Generator: The compound generator has provided with magnetic field in combine with excitation of shunt and series field winding. The part of field winding is connected in parallel with armature called shunt field winding and part in series with armature winding called series field winding. > There are two types of Compound generators such as (i) Long shunt Compound Generator (ii) Short Shunt Compound Generator Short Shunt Compound Generator: The shunt field winding is connected in parallel only with the armature. As showin the fig. Sas Ise Re h sh ve From the fig Armature current L, jh and _Ise= Ih. Induced EMF Eg= Vit IaRat IseRse + Vorush ‘Terminal voltage Vi= Eg- TaRa-Ise Rse - Vorush Long Shunt Compound generator: The shunt field winding is connected in parallel with the series combination of armature and series field winding.Fromthe fig Aa : Lt mee. mature current Lt sn n= pon _| Induced EMF Eg= Vit [aRat IseRse* Vorush Eg= Vit Ta(Ra + Ree) + Virus [a= Ise] Terminal voltage V.= Eg-Ia(Ra + Rese) - Vorush Problems: 1. The emf generated in the armature of a shunt generator is 625 volts, delivering its full load current of 400 A to the external circuit. The field current is 6 amps and the armature resistance is 0.0622. What is the terminal voltage? Solution: Given: Eg=625 V, h= 400A, 1y=6A, and Ra = 0.060 —-Vt=? Wkt I= In + Ln= 400+6 = 406 A Terminal Voliage Ve= Ey—LRa {neglectingbrush voltage drop) = 625 - (406X0.06) V.=600.64V 2.A 30 kW, 300V, DC shunt generator has armature and field resistances of 0.05 ohm and 100ohm respectively. Calculate the total power developed by armature when delivers full output power. Solution: P, = 30kW, V, = 300 V, Ry = 0.050, Rey = 1000 P,=? Wkt the power developed in the armature Pa= Ey x Ia Therefore P= Vt x 1), PL _ 30x10" Ve 300 =100A, In,=se= Sasa ies Rsh 100 T= IL + Ln= 100 + 3 = 103A E, = V; + Is Ra= 300 + 103 X 0.05 = 305.15V. Power developed by armature = E,l, = 305.15 X 103 = 31.4304kW3. A de series generator has armature resistance of 0.5 9 and a series field resistance of 0.03 12. It drives a load of 50 A. If it has 6 turns/coil and total 540 coils on the armature and is driven at 1500rp.m., calculate the terminal voltage at the load. Assume 4 poles, lap type winding, flux per pole as 2mWb and total brush drop as 2V. Solution: Ra = 0.50, Reo = 0.030, 1.=50A Total coils are 540 with 6 turns/coil. i.e. Total tums = 540X6 = 3240 Total Conductors Z = 2 X Tus Z= 2X 3240 = 6480 N = 1500rpm_ Vi=? For P=4 lap type, A=P=4 and @=2mWb=2X 10° Wb OPNZ * cA K 150%: E = 2K10 4K 1500x6400 _ yo giy 60a GOK Wkt terminal voltage V,= Eg- La(Ra + Roc) - Virwsh Where l= Vj, =324- 50(0.5+0.03) -2 Vi = 295.5V DC Motors Operation of a DC motor: > When a DC machine is loaded as a motor, the armature conductors carry current. These conductors lie in the magnetic field of the air gap. Thus, each conductor experiences a force. The conductors lie near the surface of the rotor at @ common radius from its centre. Hence, a torque is produced around the circumference of the rotor, and the rotor starts rotating. Working Principle of aDC motor The principle of operation of the D C motor is” when a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a mechanical force”. Consider a single conductor place in a magnetic field as shown in the fig and the main flux produced by the poles.Conductor Man flux Magnet (2) Conductor in a magnetic field Flux by conductor Current carrying conductor When conductor excited by a sepatate supply it carries a current in a particular direction. Consider the conductor carries the current away from an observer as shown in the fig. Any current carrying Conductor produces its own magnetic field around it hence, this conductor also: produces its own flux around it. The direction of this flux can be determined by right hand. thumb rule. It is observed that the direction of flux is in clockwise direction, Nowthere are two fluxes present, 1. The flux produced by the poles called main flux. 2.The flux produced by the current carrying conductor. These are shown in the fig Cancella From this, it is clear that on one side (left side) of the conductor, both fluxes are in the same direction, there is gathering of the flux lines as two fluxes help each other. As against this, on the right of the conductor, the two fluxes are in the opposite direction and hence try to cancel each other, Due to this, density of the flux line in this area gets weakened.So onthe left, there exists high flux density area while on the right of the conductorthere exists low flux density as shown in the fig. <=> This flux distribution around the conductor acts like a stretched rubber band tinder tension. This exerts a mechanical force on the conductor which acts from high flux density area towards low flux density area, ie, From left to right for the case considered as shown in the fig, Due to this, overall armature experience a twisting force Called torque and armature of the motor starts rotating. The magnitude of the force experienced by. the conductor in a motor is given by, F=B11 Newtons(N) B=Flux density due to the flu, produced by the field winding. I=Active length of the conductor. I=Magnitude of the current passing through the conductor, The direction of such force Le. the direction of rotation of motor can be determined by Fleming’s right hand rule. Back Enf and its Significance: > When the Armature of D C motor starts rotating and armature conductor cuts the magnetic flux, hence an EMF is induced in the Conductor called Back EMF. > The induced emf acts in opposite direction to the applied voltage °V"(Lenz’s law) , hence it is called as back EMF. It is given by E, =SPNZ > 60a The Voltage equation of DC motor is V = Eb + IaRa ‘Therefore armature currentSignificance: > The basic Principle of the Back EMF is that Ep N. > When the load suddenly put on the motor, motor tries to slow down. So speed of the motor reduces due to which the back EMF decreases. So the net Voltage(V — Ey, ) increases and motor draws more armature current. v When the load on the motor decreases, the speed of the motor increases due to which the back EMF increases. So the net Voltage (V — Ey ) decreases and motor draws less armature current > Therefore due to the presence of back emf. The d.c. motor acts as a self-regulating machine, It regulates the flow of armature current i.e, it automatically) changes the armature current to meet the load requirement Voltage equation of a Dc motor: V = Ept [gRa “aod CY Multiplying the equation (1) by 1, we get Vi, = Eylat+ 12Ra Viais the electrical power input to the armature. FAR is the copper loss in the armature, Epis the Mechanical power developed by the armature The mechanical power developed by the armature is Pm. Torque equation of a DC Motor; ‘The turning and twisting force about an axis is called torque, Consider a wheel of radius *R’ meters acted upon the circumferential force *F” netwons as shown in figThe wheel is rotating with speed of ‘N’ rpm then its angular spee @ = 22 rad/sec 60 so work done in one revolution is W= force X distance travelled in one revolution =F X 2nR joules 7 workdone _ F*2n = F*R #22 Power P= = forirevotution a F*R 60 P=T*@ Where T =Torque in Nm and @= angular speed in radisec Let “Ta’is torque developed in the armature of the motor. It is also called as armature torque. The gross mechanical power developed in the armature is “Eyl,” Power in armature = armature torque *0 Eu, = Tae “ 60 OPNZ sit Ee eoa Z 2nN Therefore BPNi 1,=Ta*Types of DC Motors: Motors are classified into 3 types: a) DC Shunt motor. b) DC Series motor. ©) DC Compound motor. a) DC Shunt motor: > In shunt motor the field winding is connected in parallel with armature, > The current through the shunt field winding is not the same as the armature current. Roh In above circuit = v T= y+ kn and len =Rop V= Ep + TaRat Vorush b) DC Series motor: > Iinseriés wound motor the field winding is connected in series with the armature. > Therefore, series field winding carries the armature current a Supply voltage ‘ee T v In above circuit V= Ep + IaRat Is€Rse +Vbrusn LL V= Ep + Ia(Rat Rse) +Vorusn©) DC Compound motor: > Compound wound motor has two field windings; one connected in parallel with the armature and the other in series with it. > There are two types of compound motor connections 1) Short-shunt connection Compound Motor When the shunt field winding is connected in parallel with the armature winding it is called short-shunt connection. Rah In above circuit T= Ie= Ta + Ign V= Ep + TaRat IseRse +Vbrush Long shunt connection Compound Motor When the shunt winding is so connected that in parallel with the series combination of armature and series field it is called long-shunt connection RehIn above circuit = be+ Ln and Ise= ka V= Ep + IaRot IS@Ree +Vbrush V= Ep + Ia(Rat Ree) +Vorush Listof the formulas OPNZ D Eo=eoa 1. glaPzZ 2) Armature torque Ta = ie Zz Shaft torque Te, = P/ @ 3). The mechanical power developed by the armatute is P= Epla 4) DC Shunt motor ¥ L=L+ly and Ty “Reh V= Ep + TaRa+ Vorush Leh V= Ep + Ia(Rat Rse) +Vorusn 5) DC series Motor se PROBLEMS 1. 4 pole DC motor takes 50A armature current. The armature has lap connected winding with 480 conductors. The flux per pole is 20mwb. Calculate the gross torque developed in the armature. Solution: Given P=4 lap onnected A=P=4 Z=480 =20x10"wb T=? b= 40a 1 laPZ Wk: Armature torque T,=—-X 22" 2n A 1 y, mxw?x 40x 4x 480 arr an T,= 76.39 N-m2. A 200V, 4 pole, lap wound, d.c shunt motor has 800 conductors on its armature, The resistance of armature winding is 0.5 ohm & that of shunt field winding is 200 ohm. The motor takes a current of 214, the flux/pole is 30mWb. Find the speed & gross torque developed in the motor Solution: Given V=200V P=4 —_lapconnected A=P=4 DC shunt motor 800 R= 0.50 and R= 2000 I= 21A = 30x 10% wh N=? th? —OPNZ — Eyx60xA wr £,=—— Neve 60A OPZ For DC Shunt motor V= Ep + TaRa Te E,=V- IRa hs lt Ian L= I- 1, = 21-1=20A Therefore Ey=V-I2Ra = 200 - 20x0.5 E, =190V N = 2ox60xA __190x60.x4 OPZ sox10-°x4x800 N= 475 rpm 1 lapZ Armature torque Ta =—X — 2a A x 20x 4 x 8003. A4 pole, 220V , lap connected ,DC shunt motor has 36 slots, each slot has 16 conductors. It draws a current of 40A from the supply. The field and armature resistances are 1100 and 0.10 respectively. The motor develop an output power of 6KW.the flux per pole is 40mwb calculate i) Thespeed ii) Torque developed in the armature i) Shaft torque Solution: Given V=220V P=4 —lapconnected A=P=4 DC shunt motor Z = 36 x16 =576 h=40A R.=0.10 and Ra= 100 P=6x10°W >= 40x 10° wb N=? L=? Ta =? _OPNZ —EbX60xA Wkt =——— eee tb OA BP, For DC Shunt motor V= Ep + TaRa Te Ep =V - IaRa h=h+tn v 220 _ Iieas = ino 24 L= I- kn = 40-2 =38A Therefore E>=V-IaRa = 220 - 38x0.1 Ep =216.2V Eox60 XA __216.2x60 x4 OP7Z. 40x 10°3X4X5761 laPZ Armature torque Ta = a a it qa dey nex 38x 4x 576 a on 4 39.207 N-m I> Shaft torque Tsh= 6x108 2nN/60 ___6x107x 60 2m x 563.02 4, 220 V series motor is taking a current of 40A, resistance of armature 0.5 ohms, resistance of series field is 0.25 ohms. Calculate i) BackEmf ii) Power wasted in armature, and power wasted in series field. Solution: Given V=220 DC Series motor 1.=40A R= 050 and R.= 0.250 Ep=? P,=? Pre =? Wkt DCseriesMotor I1=Ia=Ise =40A V= Ep + Ia(Ra+ Ree) Therefore Ep = V- Ia(Ra+ Ree) Ey = 220 - 40(0.5+ 0.25) Power wasted in armature P,=1,2R, = 40° X0.5 = 800W Power wasted in series field Pye= Iye’Ree = 40? X 0.25 = 400 WThe three important characteristic curves are 1. Torque V, Armature current characteristic (Ty/I,) 2. Speed V, Armature current characteristic (N/a) 3.Speed V, Torque characteristic (N/T) DC Shunt Motor Characteristics: In DC shunt motor the field winding is connected in parallel with the source voliage, so the field current Ish and the flux are constant in @ shunt motor ‘Torque V, Armature current characteristic (T/L); We know that ina DCMotor'La & ® Ta by torque equation The flux ® is Constant in shunt motor, therefore Ta Of Ta ‘The torque incteases linearly with the armature current > NQ@Ep and Eb=V-laRa. As the flux is constant. > When load increases , the armature current increases hence the drop 1.Ry increases therefore V-TaRa decreases hence speed decreases,In DC series motor the field winding is connected in series with the source voltage, so the field current Ise and the flux are not constant. Torque V, Armature current characteristic (Ty): We know that Taa Dla Taal’a> The armature torque vs. armature current curve up to magnetic saturation is a parabola, which is shown in the characteristic curve OA. > On the other hand once the magnetic saturation is reached, the Tas ‘directly proportional to the La, > Asa result the armature torque vs. armature current magnetic saturation characteristic isa straight line, which is shown in the curve AB. Speed V, Armature current characteristic (N/I,): In Series Motor Speed -~ Na (Bj/®) Na Wl Nal/ Speed V, Torque characteristic (N/T): The speed reduces when the load torque increases.° — Necessity of a Starter: The starter is not required to start a DC. Motor but it enables us to start the motor in desired, safe way. ‘Ac the starting instant the speed of the motor is zero, (IN = 0) and back emf) Ep =0 ‘The voltage equation of a de motor is, V = Ey +1 Ra At start V=LR, Therefore [y= V/ Ra So at start, motor is showing a tendency to'draw an armature current which may affect the performance of the motor and may butn oat the winding Module 3 (b); Single Phase Transformers Introduction © Transformer is a static device which transfer an electric power from one electrical circuit to another electrical circuit, with or without change of the voltage and without change of the frequency. WORKING PRINCIPLE: - A transformer works on the principle of mutual induction twantwo magnetically coupled coils,> be the number of turns in coil 1 and Np—--> be the number of turns in coil 2 When the supply Voltage *V," is applied to the coil 1 the current “I;” starts flowing in the winding, which sets an alternating flux “g’. Hence an emf *E;’ induced in the coil 1 due the Electromagnetic Induction . Le E= -N; “2 (selfInduced Emp) The part of flux “p’ links the coil 2,which induces an Emf *E2’ in coil 2 due to Mutual Induction. Hence current ‘Ia’ starts flowing coil 2. ile Er=-No 2 (mutually Induced Emf) . Therefore we will get output voltage *V;" across the coil 2. ‘CONSTRUCTION: ‘There are two basic parts of a transformer: 1) Magneticcore 2) winding * The core of the transformer is either rectangularor square in size. + The core is divided into) Yoke ii)Limb ‘Core is the Rectangular in shape which is made of thin sheets of silicon steel, which are laminated in order to reduce eddy current losses ‘The laminated sheets are overlapped so that to avoid air gap and they stamped together to form a core. ‘© The steel laminations are insulated from each other by using insulations like varnish + The.core provides low reluctance path for the flux provided by the winding ‘+ The vertical portion on which the winding is wound is called Limb. ‘¢ | The top and bottom horizontal portion is called Yoke. ‘The core forms the magnetic circuit There are 2 windings i) Primary winding ii) Secondary winding which formsthe Electric circuit, made up of conducting material like copper. The winding which is connected to the supply is called primary winding andhaving ‘Nu number of turns. * The winding which is connected to a load is secondary winding and having'N2" number of turns. A Primary cor” ac supply VED ‘Seconvary cellTYPES OF TRANSFORMER: 1) _ Based on Construction the transformer is divided into: a) CORE TYPE b) SHELL TYPE. Core type transformer: > Itis rectangular in shape. > It consists of 2 limbs on which the windings are wound. > Since the windings are placed on the outer limbs of the core they can be easily removed for maintenance. > The windings encircle the core. > Ithas single magnetic circuit. > It used for used for low voltage application. Core Type Transformer ] omatreestudy.com Shell type transformer: Icis rectangular in shape. © It consists of 3 limbs and both the windings are wound on a central limb of the core. © Since the windings are placed on the central limb of the core they cannot be easily removed for maintenance. © The core encircles the winding, © ‘Ithas double magnetic circuit. © cused for used for high voltage application Primary Core Flux ecconliney Winding WindingT1) Based on of turns in primary and secondary winding the transformer is divided into: a) STEP UP TRANSFORMER b) STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER c) ONE-ONE TRANSFORMER Step up transformer When N2> N1 then (V2> V1) the voltage is raised on the output side and is known as ‘Step up transformer ‘Step down transformer When N2< N1 then (V2 < V1) the voltage level is lowered on the output side and is, known as Step down transformer Gi One-one transformer When N2= Ni then V2=V1 the voltage is same on both side Losses ina Transformer The transformer has two types of losses + Core or fron losses [constant losses] * Copper losses {cu losses} sforme ILosses Eddy Current Losses Hysteresis Losses Iron Losses (Pi) Iron losses are caused by the alternating flux in the core of the transformer as this loss occurs in the core it is also known as Core loss. Iron loss is further divided into hysteresis, and eddy current loss. Once the core is manufactured the losses occurs in the core are constant. Hence the name constant losses Due to the alternating flux setup in the core of the transformer, it undergoes a cycle of magnetization and demagnetization. Due to hysteresis effect there is a loss of energy in this process which is called hysteresis loss The hysteresis loss can be minimized by using silicon steel material for the construction of core2 Eddy Current Loss The EMF induced in the winding sets up an eddy current in the core, the losses due to the eddy current is called eddy current losses. The eddy current loss is minimized by making the core with thin laminations. Copper losses (Pu) ‘The copper losses are the power wasted in the form of I? R loss due to the resistance of primary and secondary winding. The copper loss depends on the magnitude of current flowing though the windings When the load is connected across the transformer the current 1; and Ip starts flowing in the primary and secondary winding. The losses can be minimized by designing the winding with low resistance conducting. material Thus total losses in the transformer = iron losses + copper losses = Pi+Pcu EME cquation of a single phase transformer Let Nj- be the no. of turns of the primary winding Ne— be the no, of tums secondary winding £— Frequency in Hz ® ~ flux in weber E)-be the RMS value of emf induced in the primary E,~be the RMS value of emf induced in the secondary When tlie supply Voltage is applied to the primary winding which sets an alternating flux *g° Hence an EMF ‘El’ and *E2’ are induced in the primary and secondary winding respectively ~ (i) Consider a one cycle of EMF Let us consider 1/4th cycle of EMFThe change in flux in 1/4" cycle is d= Dn —-0= Dm The time taken to complete 1/4" of cycle is dt= Wat Substituting dé and dt in equation I we get Wwe know that Erms= 1.11 x Eavg Therefore Enns= 1.11 X 4¢ Om Ems = 4.44f Om induced per turn If Ny be the number of turns in primary then If Nz be the number of turns in secondary then Transformer ratio Voltage Ratio WKtE, = 4.44 fomN, Ez, =444fomNo —E2 444fomN2 __ yy, Taking a ratio = = Ey, 4.44fpmNy M The transformer rating is done in VA( volt ampere) (power)VA rating of a transformer= V1i=Vol2 a “uh Therefore K (transformer ra £1 =4.44 f Om N; volts E2=4.44 f Om N; voltsIt is the ratio of the output power to the input power of a transformer Power output y= Power Input Power input = Power output + losses = Power output + Poy + Pj = Vob coso + Pou + Pi Wkt Par = F'Ro a A cosO+ nti * 1? The efficiency of a transformer is given by n= Power output Power Input Power input = Power output. + losses = Power output + Pex + Pj = Valo 0089 # Pay + Pi wkt Pas =PR VI, cosD therfore = ————_—__ x 100 V1, COSO +17 R,+ Pi Diff w.rt lp and equating to zero dy _ yl cos B+ 12 R,+ PIIIV cos BI-V}, cosBIV, cos +27 RI _ g an cos i [Wyly cos Or Ry Pil [Vly cosO+ IZ Ry + Pil {Mz c0sB} = VacoeB[I2[Vz cos B+ 217 Ra] [oly cosO+ IZ Ry + Pi] =[Vzly cos + 23 Ry] 12 €08B8+ I} Ry + Pi — Volz cos B— 217 Ry =0List of formulas for problems © E1=4.44fomN1 © E2=4.44fomn2 © Flux density Bm= gmv/a_wb/m? ah Moh © Transformer ratio ens via hh Power © Primary(VA rating) = V1/1 = E11 © Secondary (VA rating) = V2I2 = E212 entree and p= estas * Efficiency WArating) cos = ae "= (Va rating)cos +P, + 12R * 10° If nis fraction of load [n=1 for full load and n=0.5 for 50% (half)load etc | _ n(VArating) cos@ N= ax Fating) coso TP + W272R x 100 Atmaximumeffictency Pj-Peu=l?RBasic Electrical Engineering ITELE 15/25 Problems on EME fgualton &£ fans ¥ ate » A Single Phase . QOKVA dnantioree has 1000 printa tuens ¢ 9500 Seeondeuy turns The net Gross | Stekione) area Of ue CoretS loo cre. rohen he Primary oindling +6 connecksdto SSOV, of the flux olensity to the core id 2 induced yo the Seconda votoeting iti meric Petsoa & Steondany furber cnt: | sg Griven:— VA veting Woskva N= loo0 ten > Ny = Q50otuens a= Jp Ogre = loon Ir BINS Soy f250Kz “ay Boz? ho. bot Biot fog mkt £,> bald oN, 550 = Heth x 50% Gy X 1000 6,,= 55° <3 m = 2 eo X LeH4e X50 X1000 LHF XIO vob Bin? Om = 2HEK? © o.guq a loo xig 4 Bm= O-dhF Wb |p?Basic Electrical Engineering I7ELE 1825 tg ho. KE Vo Las ¢ vatto 18 Ex 2 Ne Ex - Q500 Ey N, 550 |000 lops Ey= 1395 voll Es = 15080 x SSB = 1345 Volt Cv QoKto? = 36.36n 550 T= 36.36 A vArating = 21, LOKIS = 1395 x Tg seas QoXKlo? = \lesh A (345 ‘Dept of EEE, SVIT Bangalore Page tfBasic Electrical Engineering ITELE 1525 Find +he oumbs of turns on the primary £ Second Stade of a 440] 930~N , SOHZ Single, Phase transtormer. if the ne Lees of Cross Section of the tore tS 380¢m 4tflur clinsrty iS wb/m* Sd Given'- € = Adov =v, Egs IS0V =V2 a f- S50 HZ, X= 30cm zRB0Kl * 1 a2 ae Mm “Kt - CP eee NK bao Ni WS, a saris ahs a> An OG eee A eS Lytle £ Pr ‘Luho s L-bu KOK goxlo& Ny Nis Hho 660.6 = 661 tung Lp Lu, XS0X Boxlo! Nic 66) Cuens molet eye belt dns ht Rox LeHLxso xX SoKIo4x Ny Dept of EEE, SVIT Bangalorefont ioowoee TELE 1825 Na = a Bue S ly Wh XSo XS0AI0 Wee 345.34 bors] = 346 ftuns bei Single Phase Lyansforous has 400 Prima 4 (000 second turns. the net Cross Sechio oven of covets 60cm . The Pazera »* wtnoling 7S connetlrel to Seow, (oon « Find vr) Peak value of Core Fiuxeche nsty 7 it) Ems roducecl tate Gecondany vo Pnoliny aN * A400 futns > fooDtusns Ve, nie oe raatm SaZ orion Oe Nic Sooy | f= 50N Qineni- Ni, = NS Ras 2 we-K-t Bw br 2 belatl Pen Ni Boos h-ey X50x Grn X 400 ben = P68 Austin 4oo brn = Sb SKIS? COL [1 Bm: $n = 5-63a167 OwBasic Electrical Engineering I7ELE 1825 Problems 00, ine (nL). % Find ane teny of I5eKVA, Single Phase kt STS iene od i) ftutl ae oe Lome ot 8 2 a ae “a loss at ful loud £s|600 & Tron loss tS 1400 #8 wootts ‘en wet = |50KVA = sox” vA Gien: Nike ghng ane wo Pou = Lé0or i) TL at Fut loasl = 2 gr vPPEL bee po-led 4, Nee WaAredting) cos wi08 * Gpreting) con§+?i Pew Dept of EEE, SVIT Bangalore Page 4LyBasic Electrical Engineering I7ELE 18/25 Loe eee = ee kh [sox x! +1400 +1600 A et 1823] vy An, 50% of load =) Cosg.= 0-8 L et TreO.87 shi» lenitiod NB . or on NLUA toiling SOS$ +-P; teu = 0-5 XUSOK IX 0-8 4 ) 4100 X loo Seven xo-k +\400 tleoo A tokVA, 1¢ transformer Aes & tee poineling of gootumns & Seconda vehi of! $50 loss , Cross Sectional area of CACM. Tt +Rt Primany voltagc #5 Ago WV at SoH, Find +R. meaxtrnum 4luxe alenstly P ote lore, Lrot induced of £N Sttondouy, At O-% lag Pf Colcutotetre eff ecienu, ot transform tt full load Coppi log tS 4oon € trom Loss i's doow.Basic Electrical Engineering Sih- @reven:- vagating = loKVA = Lox vq WELE 1523 = 300 tuans oe ~ Fs oTusns aa A= bacet > GUKIB ‘nt fe S5o0Hz2 Ea eel Pou = 40004, P; een DR hem a when Bae Pn la W Kt Gia tps Hef in Ny ion Ae U4o-s ky. bi xo eGOnSO0 ts Wit \ > ) 2 6.6 x1 coh \ Bohaxsox 300 6- 6x _ E bux 4 1403 X15 b/g Eg = loo volt WAN =? cosh = 0-8 — Prz&powall Feu > Wooraty Dept of EEE, SVIT BangaloreBasic Electrical Engineering I7ELE 1825 HNL= (vartating) C8 x loo (vavating)cosd +); 1Peu = LOKI ROK xX 100 Lond Ko-e+ Qoo +00 of N= 43-02% 6 Oe easlns, Ginn ent iaas fuPF Ole Stngle Phase seahvn Soo0i06, SOn% eis is LOY, * Defining eRe fh icen ak 4) 45% eal” 0-4 pt, ti) 50% load o mA et) ast Nod 06 Pf. NN 28 neh: VAvating = 25 KYA = QeKIo® EyrS00v, yz looov , f= SOHx ki Y SHO < psa UN gras = 1872 O18 Cosh (0860.6 3 N=0N85 a ee aed O-AF%WSKIO KO-6 + 510-2 +(0 QS VKT|O2 Malus La Were Oba Wiassubcad: Pane 19THANK YOU FOR WATCHING! For any doubts and clarification, Reach Out to us via email, [email protected] @ https://www.learnyhive.com [eg LEAFNYHIVE BF poomsnne eq oreammne Hive Your Way'to Educational Excellence [BS /company/iearnyhive Stay Tuned for more modules and resources. Follow Us on Instagram and YouTube for regular updates.