International Journal of Biomedical Research

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DEPRESSANT ACTIVITY OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF CISSUS QUADRANGULARIS Mundada S.J. 1*, Agrawal A.M.2, Dewade D.R.3, Ade H. R.3
1

Department of Pharmacognosy, Bharati Vidyapeeths College of Pharmacy, CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra.
2

Department of Pharmacovigilance, Tata Consultancy Services (Astrazeneca), Mumbai, Maharashtra

Department of Pharmacology, S.G.S.P.S. Institute of Pharmacy, Kaulkhed, Dist: Akola, Maharashtra.

Corresponding author*: [email protected]

ABSTRACT The research work deals with the screening of aqueous extracts of Cissus quadrangularis (CQ) stem for central nervous system (CNS) depressant activity. The CQ leaves and stems contain resveratrol, piceatannol, pallidol perthenocissin derivatives as chemical components and are reported to have anticonvulant activity. The extract of plant showed GABAAbenzodiazepine receptor binding activity we made an attempt to study its CNS depressant effect. The different activities studied were test for locomotor activity, effect on muscle coordination, antiaggressive and antianxiety activities. The result of the study reflected that aqueous extract of the stem (150 mg/kg, p.o) decreased locomotor activity, produced muscle relaxation and showed antianxiety and antiaggressive activity KEY WORDS: Antianxiety, Antiaggressive ,Cissus quadrangularis, Muscle coordination.

INTRODUCTION Cissus quadrangularis Linn. a climber in the family Vitaceae, is one of the most frequently used medicinal plants in India. Pharmacological studies revealed the bone fracture healing property, this plant reported the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of the extract from Cissus quadrangularis (CQ) commonly known as bone setter, is frequently used as a common food item in India. The extract of

plant showed GABAA- benzodiazepine receptor binding activity1. Its antiinflammatory effect could be produced by the flavonoids especially luteolin, and by _-sitosterol. The venotonic effect of CQ may also be postulated to be due to the effect of flavonoids present in the extract which act in the same way as that of diosmin and hesperidin. As diosmin and hesperidin are used in combination to treat hemorrhoid, the extract which produced the same activities (anti-inflammatory and

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venotonic) can also be used as antihemorrhoidal drug2. The antiosteoporotic activity of CQ maybe justifiably is attributed to the steroids present which probably act as phytoestrogens to effectively prevent or reduce bone loss3. Ethanlic extract of CQ inhibits gastric damage by enhancement in antioxidant defence enzymes in gastric mucosal tissues. In addition, ulcer protection was confirmed by histoarchitecture, which was comprised of reduced size of ulcer crater and restoration of mucosal epithelium4, produced significant immunomodulatory effect, antioxidant activity along with the ability to modulate PG synthesis and upregulation of the growth factors5. Besides these effects, the present study showed that CQ also possesses analgesic effect, which can be very useful in painful hemorrhoid. The aqueous extract of CQ was reported to have anticonvulsant and sedative property6. Phytochemical studies of CQ found several phytochemical constituents such as flavonoids, triterpenoids, stilbene derivatives and many others, e.g. resveratrol, piceatannol, pallidol perthenocissin, and phytosterols. MATERIAL AND METHODS EXTRACT PREPARATION: Fresh stems of Cissus quadrangularis were collected and authenticated by Mr. Sanjay Nandanwar, from an area in Punjabrao Krushi Vidyapeeth, Akola. (MH) India. The stems were washed and cut in to pieces and air dried. The powder (250 g) was macerated for 3 days in 2.5 l of distilled water at room temperature. The mixture was filtrated with a Watman n1 filter paper and the filtrate was evaporated using a Rota vapor at a temperature of 70C. The quantity of aqueous extract of

Cissus quadrangularis (ACQ) obtained after evaporation was 16 g that represent a 6.4% yield, before use, the extract was dissolve in distilled water for administration orally. ANIMALS: The male Spragua dwaley rats weighing 180 5 g were selected for this study [Approved by the institution animal ethical committee (Reg.No.KMCP/08/3-23)]. The rats were housed in clean polypropylene cages having 6 rats per cage and maintained under temperature controlled room (272 C) with photoperiod of 12h light and 12h dark cycle. The animals were fed with commercially available food pellet diet and water ad libitum. DRUGS AND CHEMICALS: Diazepam (Ranbaxy laboratories ltd., Mumbai) was used as a standard anxiolytic agent. The other entire chemicals were of analytical grade. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD ELEVATED PLUS-MAZE TEST6,7 (EPM):The EMP consisted of two open arms (355 cm) crossed with two closed arms (35520 cm). The arms were connected together with a central square of 55 cm. the apparatus was elevated to the height of 25 cm in a dimly illuminated room. Rats were treated with ACQ (50, 100, and 150 mg/kg) 6,7, diazepam (1 mg/kg, i.p), or vehicle 30 min before being placed individually in the centre of the EMP, facing a closed arms was recorded for 5 min. The numbers showed significant increase in exploratory activity (P < 0.01). OPEN FIELD TEST8,9,10: The apparatus consisted of wooden box (606030 cm).

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The floor of the box was divided into 16 squares (1515 cm). The apparatus was illuminated with a 40-W lamp suspended 100 cm above. Rats were treated with ACQ (50, 100 and 150 mg/kg) 8,9,10 or vehicle. After 30 min, they were placed individually in one of the corner squares; the numbers of squares crossed were counted or 5 min. Diazepam (1 mg/kg, i.p.), was used as the positive control drug. LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY7,8 : The locomotor activity was measured using an actophotometer. The movement of the animal interrupts a beam of light falling on a photocell, at which a count was recorded and displayed digitally. Each rat was placed individually in the actophotometer for 10 min and the basal activity score was obtained. Subsequently, the animals were divided into groups, each consisting of six animals. ACQ (50, 100, and 159 mg/kg) 8,9,10, vehicle, or diazepam (1 mg/kg, i.p) was administered and after 30 min the mice were placed again in the actophotometer for recording the activity score. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The statistical analysis was performed using the one- way ANOVA followed by students Newman Keul's Multiple range test. Results are expressed as mean S.E.M. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Results indicate that ACQ (100 and 150 mg/kg) and diazepam (1 mg/kg) induce significant (P < 0.01) increase in the occupancy in the open arm. However, ACQ in the dose of 50 and 100 mg/kg did not cause a significant decrease in the

time spent in the closed arm (Table 1). In open field test ACQ and diazepam brought about a significant (P < 0.01) and dose dependant increase in the number of squares transverse (Table 2). ACQ in doses of 100 and 150 mg/kg produced significant (P < 0.01) reduction in locomotor activity as compared to the control animals (Table 3). On considering most anxiety disorders their etiology is not yet fully understood, but the picture becoming beat of clear in recent past. As it is well known Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are durg of choice and relatively safe widely used anxiolytic agents. In anxiety role of GABA is well established. Undoubtly, these agents are known to act through the BZD-GABA receptors. Despite the widespread traditional use of Cissus quadrangularis for treating various disorders no reports on its pharmacological effects. The present work demonstrated that the aqueous extract of CQ had anti anxiety, locomotor activity, effect on muscle co-ordination and antiaggressive effect in several behavioral parameters, like elevated pluse maze, open field and light/dark paradigms. The EMP is one of most popular animal test for researcher on behavioral pharmacology of anxiety. In EMP, animal will normally prefer to spend much of their allotted time in the closed arms. This preference reflects an aversion towards open arms that is generated by fear of open spaces. Drugs that increases open arms exploration are considered as anxiolytic effect. In our study, we observed that ACQ (100 and 150mg/kg) induced significant increases in the both the number of entries and time spent in open arms. The number of entries and the time spent in closed arms were

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reduced in the extract treated group as compared to the control group. The result obtained in the open field test showed that ACQ administration significantly increases rearing, assisted rearing, and number of squares transverse, which supports the anxiolytic like activity of ACQ. The light and dark paradigm is based on thenatural aversion of anio brightly lit places. Anxiolytic reduce the natural aversion to light ad increase the time spent in lit compartment. In this model, compared to vehicle, ACQ produced significant increase in the time spent in lighted box and decrease in the tme spent in the dark box, thus showing its anxiolytic activity. Locomotor activity, an index of alertness and its decrease indicates sedativehypnotics action of the BZDs make them most the most preferable and important GABAA-modulating drugs. The mechanism of anxiolytic action of ACQ might involve an action on GABAergic mechanism of transmission. However, as crude extract administered for screening of CNS depressant activity of ACQ, further studies are needed to ascertain these activities of active constituent of CQ solely responsible for this. CONCLUSION Concluding from earlier chemical constituent reported on plant CQ having several phytochemical such as flavonoids, triterpenoids, stilbene derivatives and many others, e.g. resveratrol, piceatannol, pallidol perthenocissin, and phytosterols. The results obtained in this study suggest that the extract of the stems of Cissus quadrangularis possesses anxiolytic

effect, locomotor activity, and effect on muscle co-ordination, antiaggressive effect in rats in several behavioral parameters, like elevated plus-maze, open field, and locomotor activity which is possibly mediated through the GABAABZD mechanism. This study provides further scientific evidence of antideperssent activity of aqueous extract of CQ stems on oral admistration of crude extract. It further proposed that at it shows anxiolytic and antiaggressive effect it contributes to possess sedative and anticonvulsant properties. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors are thankful to Prof. Nitin S. Bhajipale, Principal, S. G. S. P. S. Institute of Pharmacy, Akola, India and Prof. Nilesh M. Mahajan HOD of Pharmaceutical Department, S. G. S. P. S. Institute of Pharmacy, Akola, India. We are grateful to the Pushparaj K. Singh for his generous help. REFERENCES 1. Ayyanar M and Ignacimuthu S. Pharmacological actions of Cassia auriculata L. and Cissus quadranularis Wall.: A Short Review. Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology 2008, (3): 213-221. 2. Panthong A, Supraditaporn W, Kanjanapothi D, Taesotikul T, Reutrakul V. Analgesic, antiinflammatory and venotonic effects of Cissus quadrangularis Linn., Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2007, (110): 264270. 3. Shirwaikar A, Khan S, Malini S. Antiosteoporotic effect of ethanol extract of Cissus quadrangularis Linn. on ovariectomized rat, Journal of

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Ethnopharmacology, 2003, (89): 245 250. Jainu M, Srinivasulu C, Devi S. Gastroprotective action of Cissus quadrangularis extract against NSAID induced gastric ulcer: Role of proinflammatory cytokines and oxidative damage, ChemicoBiological Interactions, 2006, (161): 262270. Jainu M, Mohan KV. Protective role of ascorbic acid isolated from Cissus quadrangularis on NSAID induced toxicity through immunomodulating response and growth factors expression, International Immunopharmacology, 2008, (8):17211727. Bum E N, Ngoupaye GT, Talla E, Dimo T, Nkantchoua GCN, et al. The anticonvulsant and sedative properties of stems of Cissus quadrangularis in mice, African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 2008, (2): 042047. Cruz-Morales SE, Santos NR, Brandao ML. One-trial tolerance to midazolam is due to enhancement of

fear and reduction of anxiolyticsensitive behaviors in the elevated plus-maze retest in the rat, Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 2002, (72): 973978. 8. Torres C, Escarabajal MD. Validation of a behavioral recording automated system in the elevated plus-maze test, Life Sciences, 2002, (7): 17511762. 9. Kumar A, Padmanabhan N and Krishnana MRV. Central Nervous System Activity of Syzygium cumini seed, Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 2007, 6, 698-700. 10. Rex A, Voigt J P, Voits M and Fink H. Pharmacological Evaluation of a Modified Open-Field Test Sensitive to Anxiolytic Drugs, Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 1998, 59: 677683.

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Table1: Effect of ACQ on animals stay in the open and closed arms of the elevated plus maze Time spent in open arm(s) 30.86.4 107.012** 36.509.3 89.8 8.9 117.07.1** Time spent in enclosed arm(s) 243.58.8 169.013.1** 218.78.5 216.89.6 177.28.6** Entries in to open arm 8.31.26 20.51.9** 7.31.4 9.21.3 17.51.7** Entries in to closed arm 14.71.0 9.70.9** 11.51.3 10.71.4 10.51.0

Treatment Vehicle Diazepam ACQ(50 mg/kg, oral) ACQ(100 mg/kg, oral) ACQ(150 mg/kg, oral)

N=6 for open arm, N=6 for closed arms, **P<0.01 Vs vehicle (One way ANOVA followed by students Newman Keul's Multiple Range test) Table 2: Effect of ACQ on rearing and locomotion in the open field model Treatment Vehicle Diazepam ACQ(50 mg/kg, oral) ACQ(100 mg/kg, oral) ACQ(150 mg/kg, oral) Rearing Assisted rearing No. of square traversed 894.7 169.57.9** 125.27.5** 140.58.2** 158.78.1**

4.01.0 11.51.2 16.01.5** 21.73.3** 12.01.2 13.21.2 22.5 4.5** 20.51.8* 30.32.5** 20.82.0* N=6 *P<0.05, **P<0.01 Vs vehicle (One way ANOVA followed by students Newman Keul's Multiple Range test) Table 3: Effect of ACQ on a locomotor activity in rats, assessed using the actophotometer Treatment Locomotor activity (score) in 10 min Before treatment After treatment

% Change in activity

Vehicle Diazepam ACQ(50 mg/kg, oral) ACQ(100 mg/kg, oral) ACQ(150 mg/kg, oral)

207.5219.50 201.09.44 187.5020.09** 90.309.77** 55.07** 230.3023.59 97.1616.55 67.41 217.3230.80** 141.033.89 29.85 214.8322.48** 39.6714.6** 84.27 N=6 **P<0.01 Vs vehicle (One way ANOVA followed by students Newman Keul's Multiple Range test)

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