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IOT Based Home Automation System

A Major Project Report Submitted

In Fulfilment of the requirement
for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
In
Electronics and communication
Engineering

Submitted By

S.no Name Roll number

1 Sanjay Balodi 20EC59CL
2 Sonali Solanki 20EC56CL
3 Ayush Kumar 20EC87CL
4 Aditya Singh 20EC57CL

Under the Supervision of

Ms. Uma Yadav

Department of Electronics and

communication Engineering
Lingaya’s Vidyapeeth
Faridabad(Haryana)
Session 2021-2024
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Certificate

This is to certify that the project report entitled “IOT Based Home Automation System” being
submitted by Aditya Singh, Ayush Kumar, Sonali Solanki and Sanjay Balodi for the partial fulfill-
ment of the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in ELECTRONICS AND
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING by Lingaya’s Vidyapeeth, Faridabad is a record of a bonafide
work carried out by them under my supervision during the year 2023.

The contents of this report have not been submitted to any other University or institute for award of
any degree or diploma.

Dr. Dinesh Kumar Javalkar Ms. Uma Yadav

(Head of Department) Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics and Department of Electroniccs
Communication Engineering and communication Engineering
Lingaya’s Vidyapeeth Faridabad Lingaya’s Vidyapeeth Faridabad
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DECLARATION

I Aditya Singh (20EC57CL), Ayush Kumar (20EC87CL), Sonali Solanki (20EC56CL) and
Sanjay Balodi (20EC59CL), the student of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and
communication Engineering during session 2022-2023 at Lingaya’s Vidyapeeth, Faridabad,
Haryana, hereby declare that the work presented in this report entitled “IOT Based Home
Automation System” is the outcome of our own bonafide work and is correct to the best of my
knowledge and this work has been undertaken taking care of Engineering Ethics.
It contains no material previously published without referring or written by another person nor
material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or
other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text.

Submitted by:
Sanjay Balodi 20EC59CL
Sonali Solank 20EC56CL
Ayush Kumar20EC87CL
Aditya Singh 20EC57CL
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank my guide, Ms. Uma Yadav (Assistant Professor) for her very valuable
guidance, support, and critical suggestions throughout the completion of our project.
It was a privilege to study under her supervision. Her vision and broad knowledge played an
important role in the project work. I also like to thank her for pushing us to the stage that I
thought I could never accomplish.
Allow me to express my sincere gratitude to Mr. Dinesh Kumar (HOD), for his tremendous and
selfless support in design of the project and time management skills while fabricating the product.
It is my great honor to have had the opportunity to work with these great minds and their remarkable
characters. Their spirit of enthusiasm and commitment even in the times when we students found
it hard to do is commendable.

Submitted by:
Sanjay Balodi 20EC59CL
Sonali Solank 20EC56CL
Ayush Kumar20EC87CL
Aditya Singh 20EC57CL
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Abstract

Automation in home equipment such as lights, fans, and other appliances is critical to save energy
requirements due to the following reasons:

Efficient control: Automation enables precise control over the operation of devices, allowing
homeowners to turn them on/off or adjust settings remotely or automatically based on pre-set
schedules, occupancy, or ambient conditions.

Eliminating wasteful usage: By automating devices, unnecessary energy consumption can be

avoided, preventing lights or fans from being left on when no one is present in the room.

Optimization through integration: Automation allows for integration with smart sensors, occupancy
detectors, and environmental data to optimize energy usage. For example, lights can be programmed
to dim or turn off when natural light is sufficient, and fans can adjust speed based on temperature
or humidity levels.

Smart algorithms and learning capabilities: Advanced automation systems can learn from user
behavior and preferences, adapting to optimize energy consumption over time. They can make
intelligent decisions on when to operate devices, ensuring energy is used efficiently.

Reduced reliance on manual intervention: With automation, homeowners don't have to remember
to switch off lights or adjust fan speeds constantly. The system takes care of these tasks
automatically, reducing human error and promoting energy-saving habits.

Overall energy savings: By minimizing energy waste and optimizing usage, automation in home
equipment leads to significant energy savings, contributing to a more sustainable and eco-friendly
living environment.
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Introduction

Energy saving is crucial in today's world, where the demand for energy is continuously increasing
while resources are depleting. Conserving energy helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions, mitigate
climate change, and promote sustainable development. Automation plays a vital role in achieving
energy savings by providing efficient control and management of various systems. By automating
devices like lights, thermostats, and appliances, energy consumption can be optimized through
features like scheduling, occupancy detection, and adaptive algorithms. Automation eliminates human
errors and ensures that devices operate only when needed, reducing wasteful usage. It also allows
for integration with renewable energy sources, enabling homeowners to harness clean energy
efficiently. Moreover, automation systems can provide real-time energy usage data, empowering users
to make informed decisions and modify their consumption patterns. By combining convenience,
efficiency, and sustainability, automation is a powerful tool in the pursuit of energy conservation and a
greener future.

Fig.1 Room Light Control working sequenc

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Objective of study

The aim of implementing an automatic room lighting system with a Passive Infrared (PIR) sensor is
to achieve enhanced energy efficiency, convenience, and a more sustainable living environment. By
integrating PIR sensors into the lighting infrastructure, the following objectives can be accomplished.

One of the primary goals is energy conservation. The PIR sensor detects motion and presence within
the room, triggering the lights to turn on automatically. This ensures that lights are active only when
needed, eliminating the possibility of lights being left on in unoccupied spaces and significantly
reducing energy wastage.

Another important aim is cost reduction. By minimizing unnecessary energy usage, homeowners can
benefit from reduced energy expenses over time. The automation provided by the PIR sensor ensures
that lights are not inadvertently left on for extended periods, resulting in significant cost savings and
increased financial efficiency.

Convenience and ease of use are also key objectives. Occupants no longer need to manually switch
lights on or off when entering or leaving a room. The lights respond to their presence, creating a
seamless and effortless lighting experience. This feature is particularly useful in areas with frequent
occupancy changes, such as hallways, bathrooms, or common rooms.

Furthermore, the implementation of PIR sensor-based automatic lighting aligns with environmental
sustainability goals. By conserving energy, the system reduces carbon emissions associated with
electricity generation. This contributes to the preservation of natural resources, minimizes
environmental impact, and supports a greener future.

Lastly, an aim of the system is to extend the lifespan of lighting equipment. Automatic lighting
control prevents lights from operating unnecessarily for extended periods. This not only conserves
energy but also extends the lifespan of bulbs and other lighting equipment. By reducing the frequency
of replacements, resources are saved, and maintenance costs are lowered.

In conclusion, the aim of incorporating PIR sensors in an automatic room lighting system is to
achieve energy efficiency, cost reduction, convenience, environmental sustainability, and increased
longevity of lighting equipment. By automating lighting based on occupancy, this technology offers
a significant step towards creating smarter and more sustainable homes.
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Component & Tools used in the project

Components
Components Name Quantity
Lithium Polymer Battery 1qty, 4.7 volt , 4700mAh
PIR Sensor 1
Push Button 1
Transistor 1
LED strip 1
PCB board or Breadboard 1
Connecting wires As required

Tools

Tools Name Quantity

Soldering Iron 1
Soldering wire 1
Soldering flux 1
Soldering stand 1
Multimeter 1
Wire cutter 1
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Components Description

The key components are - Lithium Polymer Battery, PIR Sensor, Push Button, Transistor & A Roof Light.

1) Lithium Polymer Battery  A lithium polymer (LiPo) battery is a rechargeable battery commonly used in
various electronic devices due to its high energy density and lightweight nature. It consists of multiple cells,
each containing a positive electrode (cathode), a negative electrode (anode), and a separator. The electrolyte
in LiPo batteries is a polymer gel or solid, which enhances safety and flexibility.

The description is  lithium polymer battery with a voltage rating of 4.7 volts and a
capacity of 4700mAh (milliampere-hours). The voltage rating indicates the potential
difference across the battery terminals, while the capacity represents the amount of charge
the battery can store and deliver over time.

LiPo batteries find applications in a wide range of electronic devices.

2) PIR Sensor  A Passive Infrared (PIR) sensor is a type of electronic sensor that detects infrared
radiation emitted by objects within its field of view. It is commonly used for motion
detection in various applications. Here are some key points about PIR sensors:

Working Principle: PIR sensors detect changes in infrared radiation caused by the
movement of objects. They consist of pyroelectric sensors that generate an electrical
signal when exposed to infrared radiation. The sensor includes multiple detection zones,
and when a moving object enters or exits these zones, it triggers the sensor to activate.

a. Motion Detection: PIR sensors are primarily used for motion detection in security systems, lighting
control, and automation. They can detect human presence or movement within a designated area by
sensing the heat emitted by the body. When motion is detected, the PIR sensor sends a signal to a
connected device or system, such as turning on lights or triggering an alarm.

b. Detection Range and Angle: PIR sensors have a specific detection range and angle of coverage. The
range can vary depending on the sensor's design and specifications, typically ranging from a few meters
to tens of meters. The detection angle typically spans around 180 degrees but can vary based on the
sensor's configuration.

c. Non-Contact Sensing: PIR sensors offer non-contact sensing, meaning they can detect motion without
physical contact. This makes them suitable for applications where physical contact or interaction may
not be desirable or feasible, such as security systems.

d. Energy Efficiency: PIR sensors contribute to energy efficiency by enabling automatic control of
lighting or devices based on occupancy. By using PIR sensors to trigger the activation or deactivation
of lights or appliances, unnecessary energy consumption is minimized as they only operate when
required.
e. Limitations: PIR sensors are most effective in detecting large, warm-bodied objects, such as humans
or animals. They may have difficulty detecting small or low-temperature objects. Additionally, PIR
sensors are sensitive to rapid changes in temperature, such as air conditioning or heating systems, which
can cause false triggers if not properly accounted for.
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3) Push Button  A push button is a simple mechanical switch that is activated by pressing it down and released
by releasing the pressure. It is one of the most common types of switches used in various electronic and
electrical systems. Here are some key points about push buttons:

a) Construction: A typical push button consists of a button cap or actuator, a

switch mechanism, and electrical contacts. The actuator is the visible part of the
button that is pressed by the user. When the button is pressed, it engages the
switch mechanism, which in turn closes or opens the electrical contacts.

b) Types: Push buttons can be categorized based on their functionality and design. Some common types
include momentary push buttons (normally open or normally closed), latching push buttons (maintain
the on/off state), illuminated push buttons (incorporating LED indicators), and reset buttons (used to
reset devices or systems).

c) Functionality: Push buttons are used to control various functions, such as turning devices on/off,
initiating actions, or triggering events. When pressed, they provide a momentary connection or
disconnection in an electrical circuit, allowing the flow of current or interrupting it, depending on the
button's design and configuration.

d) Applications: Push buttons find widespread use in a range of applications. They are commonly found
in consumer electronics, appliances, industrial machinery, control panels, automotive systems, gaming
devices, and many other electronic systems. They serve as user interfaces, providing a tactile and
convenient way for users to interact with devices or control systems.

e) Design Variations: Push buttons come in different shapes, sizes, and colors to suit various
applicationrequirements. They can have different actuator shapes, including round, square, or
rectangular. Some push buttons also feature protective caps or guards to prevent accidental presses or
provide added durability.

f) Reliability and Durability: Push buttons are designed to withstand repeated use and provide reliable
operation. They are often built with robust materials, such as metal or high-quality plastics, to ensure
durability and longevity. Additionally, they may incorporate features like sealed housings to protect
against dust, moisture, or environmental conditions.

4) Transistor  A transistor can be used as an electronic switch in many applications. When used as a switch,
the transistor operates in either an "on" state (conducting) or an "off" state (non-conducting)
based on the input signal. Here's how a transistor functions as a switch:

a. Transistor Types: The most commonly used transistors for switching applications are
bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) and field-effect transistors (FETs). BJTs are available as
NPN and PNP types, while FETs include MOSFETs and JFETs.
1. Transistor Modes: Transistors have three modes of operation: cutoff, saturation, and
active. In switch applications, they are primarily operated in the cutoff and saturation
regions.
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b. Transistor as an ON Switch: When the base (for a BJT) or gate (for a FET) receives a sufficient voltage or
current input, it activates the transistor, allowing current to flow through the collector-emitter (for BJT) or
drain-source (for FET) path. This is known as the ON state of the transistor, where it acts as a closed switch,
allowing current to flow.

c. Transistor as an OFF Switch: When the base/gate receives a low or zero voltage or current input, the
transistor is deactivated, cutting off the current flow through the collector-emitter/drain-source path. This is
the OFF state of the transistor, acting as an open switch, preventing current from passing through.

d. Switching Speed: Transistors can switch ON or OFF rapidly, making them suitable for high-speed switching
applications. The switching speed depends on the characteristics of the transistor, such as its gain bandwidth
product, capacitance, and turn-on/turn-off times.

e. Driving Transistors: To operate a transistor as a switch, it often requires a driving circuit. For BJTs, a current-
limiting resistor is typically connected to the base to control the base current. For FETs, a voltage or current
source is used to drive the gate.

f. Switching Applications: Transistors as switches find applications in various fields, such as digital logic
circuits, power control, motor control, LED lighting, and relay driving. They provide efficient and reliable
switching capabilities with low power consumption and compact size.
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Circuit Diagram

Fig.1 Circuit Diagram Of Automatic Room Light Control

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Working Principle

The working principle of an automatic room light control system using a battery, PIR sensor, transistor,
push button, and light involves the following steps:

I. Power Source: The system is powered by a battery, which provides the electrical energy required for the
operation of the components.

II. PIR Sensor: A Passive Infrared (PIR) sensor is placed in the room to detect motion and presence. The
PIR sensor has a built-in pyroelectric sensor that detects changes in infrared radiation caused by the
movement of objects.

III. Transistor as a Switch: A transistor, such as a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) or a field-effect transistor
(FET), is used as a switch to control the flow of current to the light. The base (for BJT) or gate (for FET)
of the transistor is connected to the output of the PIR sensor.

IV. Initial State: When there is no motion detected by the PIR sensor, it sends a low or zero voltage signal to
the base/gate of the transistor. This keeps the transistor in the off state, preventing current flow to the light,
thus keeping it off.

V. Motion Detected: When the PIR sensor detects motion or the presence of someone in the room, it sends
a high voltage signal to the base/gate of the transistor. This turns the transistor on, allowing current to flow
from the battery to the light.

VI. Light Activation: Once the transistor is turned on, current flows through it and the light, causing the light
to turn on and illuminate the room.

VII. Automatic Control: The light remains on as long as the PIR sensor continues to detect motion. If there
is no motion detected for a specific period, the PIR sensor sends a low voltage signal to the base/gate of
the transistor, turning it off and interrupting the current flow to the light. Consequently, the light turns off.

VIII. Manual Control: To provide manual control, a push button is incorporated in the system. Pressing the
push button overrides the automatic control and directly activates the light. Releasing the button returns
the system to automatic control.

Overall, the system utilizes the PIR sensor to detect motion, a transistor to control the current flow, a push button
for manual control, and a battery as the power source. It automatically turns on the light when motion is detected
and turns it off when there is no motion, providing energy-efficient and convenient room lighting control.
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Cost Analysis

Components Name Quantity Cost

Lithium Polymer Battery 4.7 volts, 4700mAh 145
PIR Sensor 1 80
Push Button 1 10
Transistor 1 10
LED strip 1 15
PCB board or Breadboard 1 -
Connecting wires As required in the circuit -
Total Cost Incurred diagram 260
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Applications

The automatic room light control system described above has several practical applications, including:

a. Energy Efficiency: By automatically turning on the lights only when motion is detected, the
system helps save energy by preventing lights from being left on in unoccupied rooms. This
application is particularly beneficial in residential and commercial buildings where lights are
often inadvertently left on, leading to unnecessary energy consumption.

b. Home Automation: The project can be integrated into a larger home automation system,
allowing for seamless control of lighting. It can be connected to a central control unit or smart
home hub, enabling users to monitor and control the lights remotely via a mobile app or voice
commands.

c. Security and Safety: The system enhances security by automatically illuminating rooms when
motion is detected, deterring potential intruders. It also improves safety by providing adequate
lighting when someone enters a room, reducing the risk of accidents or falls in low-light
conditions.

d. Convenience: The automatic room light control system adds convenience by eliminating the
need for manual light switches. When occupants enter a room, the lights are automatically
turned on without requiring any physical interaction, providing a seamless and effortless
lighting experience.

e. Cost Savings: The energy-efficient operation of the system leads to cost savings by reducing
electricity bills associated with lighting. By minimizing unnecessary energy consumption,
users can save significant amounts of money over time.

f. Extended Lifespan of Light Bulbs: The controlled usage of lights through motion detection
helps extend the lifespan of light bulbs. By reducing the time lights are left on when not needed,
the system minimizes the frequency of bulb replacements, reducing maintenance costs and
contributing to environmental sustainability.

g. Commercial Applications: The automatic room light control system is applicable in various
commercial settings, such as offices, conference rooms, hotels, and retail stores. It ensures
lights are only active when necessary, optimizing energy usage and providing a comfortable
and efficient environment for occupants.

Overall, the project finds utility in a wide range of residential, commercial, and industrial applications,
offering benefits such as energy savings, convenience, enhanced security, and cost reduction. Its
versatility and adaptability make it a valuable addition to any lighting control system.