Sql statements (ORACLE)

● SELECT​ - extracts data from a database

● INSERT INTO​ - inserts new data into a database
● UPDATE​ - updates data in a database
● DELETE​ - deletes data from a database
● CREATE TABLE​ - creates a new table
● DROP TABLE​ - deletes a table
● ALTER TABLE​ - modifies a table

First : Select statement

: ‫ﻟﻮ ﻋﺎﯾﺰﯾﻦ ﻧﺨﺘﺎر ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻷﻋﻤﺪة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺪول‬

SELECT​ * ​FROM​ ​table_name​;
: ‫ﻟﻮ ﻋﺎﯾﺰﯾﻦ ﻧﺨﺘﺎر أﻋﻤﺪة ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺪول‬
SELECT​ ​column1​,​ column2, …
FROM​ ​table_name​;
: ‫ﻟﻮ ﻋﺎﯾﺰﯾﻦ ﻧﺨﺘﺎر أﻋﻤﺪة ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﺑﺪون ﺗﻜﺮار ﻟﻠﻘﯿﻢ‬
SELECT​ ​DISTINCT​ ​column1​,​ column2, …
FROM​ table_name;

Where clause :
‫ ﯾﻌﻨﻲ اﻧﺎ ﻣﺶ ﻋﺎﯾﺰ ﻛﻞ اﻟﺼﻔﻮف وﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﺼﻔﻮف اﻟﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ اﻟﺸﺮط ده‬،‫ ﻷﻋﻤﺪة ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﺑﺸﺮط ﻣﻌﯿﻦ‬select ‫ﻟﻮ ﻋﺎﯾﺰﯾﻦ ﻧﻌﻤﻞ‬
.‫ﺑﺲ‬
SELECT​ ​column1​,​ column2, …
FROM​ table_name
WHERE​ condition;

: Where ‫اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﻠﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻧﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺮط ال‬

 Operator Description

= Equal

<> Not equal. Note: In some versions of SQL this operator may be written
as !=

> Greater than

< Less than

>= Greater than or equal

<= Less than or equal

BETWEEN Between an inclusive range

LIKE Search for a pattern

IN To specify multiple possible values for a column

NOT displays a record if the condition(s) is NOT TRUE.

OR ‫ أو‬AND ‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻧﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ أﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮط وﻧﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﯿﻨﻬﻢ ب‬

SELECT​ column1, column2, ...
FROM​ table_name
WHERE​ condition1 ​AND​ condition2 ​OR ​condition3 ...;
(Null = ‫ )ﻣﺶ‬IS NULL ‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺪول ﺑﻨﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬Null ‫ﻣﻬﻢ ﺟﺪا ﻟﻮ ﻋﺎﯾﺰﯾﻦ ﻧﺨﺘﺎر اﻟﻘﯿﻢ ال‬
SELECT​ ​column_names
FROM​ ​table_name
WHERE​ ​column_name​ ​IS​ ​NULL;

ORDER BY keyword :
ً
columns ‫ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ أو ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬column ‫ﺗﻨﺎزﻟﯿﺎ ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ً
‫ﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪﯾﺎ أو‬ ‫ﻟﻮ ﻋﺎﯾﺰﯾﻦ ﻧﺮﺗﺐ اﻟﻘﯿﻢ اﻟﻠﻲ ﻫﺘﻈﻬﺮ‬
‫ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﺎزﻟﻲ‬DESC ‫ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺎﻋﺪي أو‬ASC ‫وﻧﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﯿﻬﺎ إﻣﺎ‬
SELECT​ ​column1​,​ column2, …
FROM​ table_name
ORDER​ B
​ Y​ column1, column2, ... ​ASC​|​DESC​;

SELECT​ * F ​ ROM​ Customers

ORDER​ ​BY​ Country ​ASC​, CustomerName ​DESC​;
 ‫‪Second : Insert into statement‬‬

‫ﻟﻮ ﻋﺎﯾﺰﯾﻦ ﻧﺪﺧﻞ ﻗﯿﻢ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺪول‪ ،‬وﻟﻬﺎ ﻃﺮﯾﻘﺘﯿﻦ‬

‫اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻧﺪﺧﻞ ﻗﯿﻢ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ أﻋﻤﺪة اﻟﺠﺪول ‪:‬‬
‫‪INSERT​ ​INTO​ ​table_name‬‬
‫‪VALUES​ (v​alue1,‬‬ ‫‪​ ​ value2,‬‬
‫‪​ ​ value3,‬‬
‫;)‪​ ...‬‬

‫أو اﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺨﺘﺎر أﻋﻤﺪة ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ أو ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﻟﻸﻋﻤﺪة ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻨﺎ‬

‫)ﻻزم ﯾﻜﻮن ال ‪ primary key‬ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﻓﻲ اﻷﻋﻤﺪة اﻟﻠﻲ ﻫﻨﺨﺘﺎرﻫﺎ(‬
‫‪​ NTO​ ​table_name​ (​column1​,​ column2​,​ column3,‬‬
‫‪INSERT​ I‬‬ ‫)‪​ ...‬‬
‫‪VALUES​ (​value1,‬‬ ‫‪​ ​ value2,‬‬
‫‪​ ​ value3,‬‬
‫;)‪​ ...‬‬

‫‪Third : Update statement‬‬

‫ً‬
‫ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ ﺑﻨﺴﺘﺨﺪم ‪Update‬‬ ‫ﻟﻮ ﻋﺎﯾﺰﯾﻦ ﻧﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﻌﺪﯾﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﯿﻢ دﺧﻠﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺪول‬
‫‪UPDATE​ ​table_name‬‬
‫‪​ ​ value1,‬‬
‫= ‪SET​ ​column1‬‬ ‫= ‪​ ​ column2‬‬
‫… ‪​ ​ value2,‬‬
‫;‪WHERE​ condition‬‬

‫ﻣﻬﻢ ً‬
‫ﺟﺪا ﻟﻮ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﻨﺎش ‪ Condition‬ﻫﯿﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﺪﯾﻞ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ ﻗﯿﻢ اﻟﺠﺪول ﺑﺎﻟﻘﯿﻢ اﻟﺠﺪﯾﺪة اﻟﻠﻲ دﺧﻠﻨﺎﻫﺎ‬

‫‪Fourth : Delete statement‬‬

‫​ﻟﻮ ﻋﺎﯾﺰﯾﻦ ﻧﺤﺬف ﺻﻒ أو ‪ record‬اﺣﻨﺎ دﺧﻠﻨﺎه ﻗﺒﻞ ﻛﺪة‬

‫‪DELETE​ ​FROM​ ​table_name‬‬
‫;‪WHERE​ ​condition‬‬ ‫​‬

‫ﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﺮﺿﻮ ﻟﻮ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﻨﺎش ‪ Condition‬ﻫﯿﺘﻢ ﺣﺬف ﻛﻞ اﻟﻘﯿﻢ أو ال ‪ records‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺪول ) اﻟﻘﯿﻢ اﻟﻠﻲ ﻫﺘﺘﻤﺴﺢ ﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﺠﺪول ﻫﯿﻔﻀﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد(‬
‫;‪ ​DELETE​ * ​FROM​ ​table_name‬أو ;​‪DELETE​ ​FROM​ ​table_name‬‬
‫​‬
 ‫‪SQL Like operator‬‬

‫ﺑﻨﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ال ‪ Conditions‬ﻟﻤﺎ ﻧﺒﻘﻰ ﻋﺎﯾﺰﯾﻦ ﻧﺪور ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺒﻪ‪ ،‬ﯾﻌﻨﻲ ﺑﻨﺪور ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻣﺶ ﻓﺎﻛﺮﯾﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺲ ﻗﺮﯾﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ‪ ،‬أو ﻟﻤﺎ ﻧﺒﻘﻰ ﻋﺎﯾﺰﯾﻦ ﻧﺪور ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺘﻜﺘﺐ ﺑﻜﺬا ﺷﻜﻞ‪ ،‬زي اﺳﻢ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ‪Mohammed, Mohamed, ..‬‬
‫‪.…Mohammed, Mohamed‬‬

‫ال ‪ Like‬ﺑﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺎ ﺣﺎﺟﺘﯿﻦ ‪ '%' :‬و '_' ﻋﺸﺎن ﻧﻔﻬﻢ اﻟﻜﻤﺒﯿﻮﺗﺮ اﯾﻪ اﻻﺳﻢ اﻟﻲ ﻋﺎﯾﺰﯾﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻈﺒﻂ او ﻫﻮ ﻗﺮﯾﺐ ﻣﻦ اﯾﻪ‬
‫‪ %‬ﺑﯿﺘﺤﻂ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻟﻌﺪد ﻻ ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺮوف‬
‫_ ﺑﯿﺘﺤﻂ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺣﺮف واﺣﺪ ﺑﺲ‬

‫اﻟﺠﺪول ده ﻣﻬﻢ ﻧﻔﻬﻤﻪ!‬

‫‪SELECT​ * ​FROM​ Customers‬‬
‫;​'‪WHERE​ CustomerName ​LIKE​ ​'a%‬‬

‫‪Sql in operator‬‬

‫ﺑﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم ‪ condition‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ column‬واﺣﺪ ﺑﻘﯿﻢ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬

‫ﺑﺪل ﻣﺎ ﻧﻌﻤﻞ ‪ OR‬ﻛﺬا ﻣﺮة ﺑﻨﺴﺘﺨﺪم ‪ IN‬ﺑﺲ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ أﻧﻪ ‪ column‬واﺣﺪ ﻓﻘﻂ‬
‫‪SELECT​ * ​FROM​ table_name‬‬
‫;)​‪WHERE​ column_name ​IN (​'value1'​, ​'value2', ...‬‬

‫‪Sql Between operator‬‬

‫ﺑﻨﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻧﻜﻮن ﻋﺎﯾﺰﯾﻦ ﻧﻌﻤﻞ ‪ condition‬ب ‪ range‬ﻣﻌﯿﻦ‬

‫ً‬
‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺑﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ال ‪Salary‬‬
‫‪SELECT​ * ​FROM​ table_name‬‬
‫;​‪WHERE​ column_name ​BETWEEN ​1000 ​AND​ 2000‬‬
 Sql : Alias

ً select ‫ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﻣﺆﻗﺖ واﺣﻨﺎ ﺑﻨﻌﻤﻞ‬Column ‫ أو‬table ‫ﺑﻨﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻧﻜﻮن ﻋﺎوزﯾﻦ ﻧﺴﻤﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻼ ﻋﺸﺎن ﯾﺒﻘﻰ واﺿﺢ ﻟﯿﻨﺎ‬
.‫ اﻻﺳﻢ ﯾﺨﺘﻔﻲ‬select statement ‫ ﻓﻘﻂ ﯾﻌﻨﻲ ﻣﺠﺮد ﻣﺎ اﺧﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ‬Query ‫وﺑﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة أﺛﻨﺎء ال‬

SELECT​ ​column_name​ ​AS​ ​alias_name

FROM​ ​table_name;
: ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
SELECT​ ​column_name​ ​AS​ ​my_column
FROM​ ​table_name;

:‫وﻟﻠﺠﺪول‬
SELECT​ column_name(s)
FROM​ table_name ​AS​ alias_name;

ً ‫ﻟﻮ ﻗﺎﻟﻚ‬
: Proper name ‫ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ﺑﺲ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ واﺿﺢ‬customer ‫ ﺑﺘﺎع‬Location ‫ﻣﺜﻼ ﺗﻌﺮض ال‬

SELECT​ Address + ​', '​ + PostalCode + ​' '​ + City + ​', '​ + Country ​AS​ Address

: ‫ﻓﺎ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻫﯿﺒﻘﻰ زي ﻛﺪة‬

Obere Str, 12209 Berlin, Germany
‫ و ﻓﺎﺻﻠﺔ وﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ اﻟﺒﻠﺪ‬city ‫ ﺑﻌﺪﯾﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ وﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ اﺳﻢ ال‬postalcode ‫ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﻌﺪﯾﻦ‬, ‫ ﺑﻌﺪﯾﻦ‬address ‫اﻟﻌﻨﻮان‬
: ‫ ﻫﯿﻜﻮن اﺳﻢ اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‬As address ‫ ﻟﻮ ﻣﻜﺘﺒﻨﺎش‬،‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻈﺒﻂ‬select ‫زي ﻣﺎ ﻛﺘﺒﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ال‬
Address + ​', '​ + PostalCode + ​' '​ + City + ​', '​ + Country
.‫ وﻫﯿﺒﻘﻰ ﺳﻬﻞ وواﺿﺢ‬address ‫ ﻫﯿﺒﻘﻰ اﺳﻤﻪ‬As address ‫ﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬

Sql Join statement

ً
‫اﻋﺘﻤﺎدا ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﻢ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ‬ ‫ ﻟﻮ ﻋﺎﯾﺰﯾﻦ ﻧﺪﻣﺞ ﺟﺪوﻟﯿﻦ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ‬Join ‫ﺑﻨﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬
foreign key ‫ و‬primary key ‫ﯾﻌﻨﻲ ﯾﻜﻮن ﺑﯿﻨﻬﻢ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ و‬
SELECT​ Orders.OrderID, Customers.CustomerName, Orders.OrderDate
FROM ​Orders ​JOIN ​Customers
ON​ Orders.CustomerID=Customers.CustomerID;

‫أو‬
SELECT​ Orders.OrderID, Customers.CustomerName, Orders.OrderDate
FROM ​Orders, Customers
WHERE ​Orders.CustomerID=Customers.CustomerID;
 ON ‫ وﻧﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ‬JOIN ‫ أو ﻧﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﯿﻨﻬﻢ ب‬WHERE ‫ﯾﺎ اﻣﺎ ﻧﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﯿﻨﻬﻢ ﺑﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ وﻧﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻌﺪﻫﺎ‬

‫ ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺑﯿﻨﻬﻢ‬condition ‫ ﻣﺎ ﺑﯿﻨﻬﻢ وال‬join ‫ ﻷﻋﻤﺪة ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ ﺟﺪوﻟﯿﻦ ﺑﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬select ‫ﯾﻌﻨﻲ ﻟﻮ ﻃﻠﺐ ﻧﻌﻤﻞ‬
Where First_table.primary_key = second_table.foreign_key; ‫ أو‬ON

Sql Aggregate functions

● COUNT()​ - ​the number of rows that matches a specified criteria.

● Avg()​ - ​the average value of a numeric column.
● SUM() ​- ​ the total sum of a numeric column.

Count ‫ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع اﻟﺼﻔﻮف‬

Avg ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬
Sum ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮع‬

​ , ​AVG​(​column_name​), ​SUM​(​column_name)
SELECT​ ​COUNT​(​column_name) ​
FROM​ ​table_name
WHERE​ ​condition​;

Group by statement :

‫ ﺑﺠﺪول او اﻛﺘﺮ‬result ‫ ﻟﻞ‬Group ‫ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻧﺤﺐ ﻧﻌﻤﻞ‬Aggregate functions ‫ﺑﻨﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ال‬

group ‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺪول ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ وﺑﻌﺪﯾﻦ ﺣﺒﯿﻨﺎ ﻧﻌﻤﻞ‬Customers ‫ ﻟﻌﺪد ال‬Count ‫ ﻟﻮ ﺟﺒﻨﺎ‬: ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ‬
‫ ﺑﺘﺎﻋﺘﻬﻢ‬Country ‫ﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺐ ال‬

SELECT​ ​column_name(s)
FROM​ ​table_name
WHERE​ ​condition
GROUP​ ​BY​ ​column_name(s)
ORDER​ B​ Y​ column_name(s);

: ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
SELECT​ ​COUNT​(CustomerID), Country
FROM​ Customers
GROUP​ ​BY​ Country;

‫ ﻓﯿﻬﺎ‬customers ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻫﯿﺒﻘﻰ اﺳﻢ ﻛﻞ اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ وﻋﺪد ال‬

HAVING statement :

where ‫ ﻣﺶ‬having ‫ ﺑﻨﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬Aggregate function ‫ﻟﻮ ﺣﺒﯿﻨﺎ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺷﺮط ﻣﻊ ال‬

Group by ‫وﺑﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﺑﻌﺪ‬
SELECT​ ​column_name(s)
FROM​ table_name
WHERE​ condition
GROUP​ B
​ Y​ column_name(s)
HAVING​ condition
ORDER​ B​ Y​ column_name(s);

ً ‫ﺑﻨﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﻮ ﺣﺒﯿﻨﺎ‬
‫ ﻣﺜﻼ‬5 ‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﻠﺪان زي اﻟﻤﺜﺎل اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺲ ﺑﺸﺮط ان اﻟﻌﺪد ﯾﻜﻮن اﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ‬customers ‫ﻣﺜﻼ ﻧﺠﯿﺐ ﻋﺪد ال‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻈﺒﻂ‬WHERE ‫ زي‬conditions ‫وﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﯿﻬﺎ‬
SELECT​ ​COUNT​(CustomerID), Country
FROM​ Customers
GROUP​ ​BY​ Country
HAVING​ ​COUNT​(CustomerID) > 5
ORDER​ ​BY​ ​COUNT​(CustomerID) ​DESC​;
5 ‫ ﻓﯿﻬﺎ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ‬customers ‫ ﺑﺲ اﻟﻠﻲ ﻋﺪد ال‬،‫ ﻣﺘﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﻸﻗﻞ‬،‫ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺑﻠﺪ‬customers ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﺪد ال‬

Fifth : Create table

: ‫ﻋﺸﺎن ﻧﻌﻤﻞ ﺟﺪول‬

CREATE​ ​TABLE​ ​ able_name (
t ​
column1 datatype​,
column2 datatype,​
column3 datatype, ​
....
);

: ‫ﻋﺸﺎن ﻧﻌﻤﻞ ﺟﺪول ﻧﺴﺨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪول ﺗﺎﻧﻲ‬

CREATE​ ​TABLE​ ​table_name

AS SELECT ​column1, column2, …
FROM ​another_table
WHERE ​condition;
(another_table ‫ )اﻟﻲ ﻫﻮ‬FROM ‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺪول ﺑﻌﺪ‬As ‫ ﺑﺎﻷﻋﻤﺪة اﻟﻠﻲ اﺧﺘﺮﻧﺎﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ‬table_name ‫ﻛﺪة ﻫﯿﻌﻤﻞ ﺟﺪول اﺳﻤﻪ‬
 Sixth : Drop table

‫ﻟﻮ ﺣﺒﯿﻨﺎ ﻧﻤﺴﺢ اﻟﺠﺪول ﺧﺎﻟﺺ‬

DROP​ ​TABLE​ ​table_name​;

‫وﻟﻮ ﺣﺒﯿﻨﺎ ﻧﻤﺴﺢ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻠﻲ دﺧﻠﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺑﺲ وﻧﺨﻠﻲ اﻟﺠﺪول‬

​
TRUNCATE​ ​TABLE​ ​table_name;
‫أو‬
DELETE​ ​FROM​ ​table_name;

Seventh : Alter table

We use alter to :
● Add column
● Drop column
● Modify column

Add column : ‫ﻋﺸﺎن ﻧﻀﯿﻒ‬

ALTER​ ​TABLE​ ​table_name
ADD​ ​column_name datatype;​

Drop column : ‫ﻋﺸﺎن ﻧﻤﺴﺤﻪ‬

ALTER​ ​TABLE​ t
​ able_name
DROP​ ​COLUMN​ c​ olumn_name​;

Modify column : ‫ﻋﺸﺎن ﻧﻌﺪل ﻋﻠﯿﻪ‬

ALTER​ ​TABLE​ ​table_name
MODIFY COLUMN​ ​column_name datatype​;

Sql Constraints

‫ﻫﻲ ﻗﯿﻮد أو ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﺑﻨﺤﻄﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺪول ﺑﺘﺎﻋﻨﺎ‬

● NOT NULL​ - Ensures that a column cannot have a NULL value

● UNIQUE ​- Ensures that all values in a column are different
● PRIMARY KEY ​- A combination of a NOT NULL and UNIQUE. Uniquely identifies each
row in a table
 ● FOREIGN KEY ​- Uniquely identifies a row/record in another table
● CHECK ​- Ensures that all values in a column satisfies a specific condition
● DEFAULT ​- Sets a default value for a column when no value is specified

Constraints ‫ﻓﻲ ﺛﻼث ﻃﺮق ﻋﺸﺎن ﻧﻌﻤﻞ‬

● Column level
● Table level
● Alter

COLUMN LEVEL ‫ ﻟﻠﺠﺪول‬create ‫اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ أﺛﻨﺎء ﻋﻤﻞ‬

​
CREATE​ ​TABLE​ ​table_name (
column1 datatype​ ​constraint​,
column2 datatype​ ​constraint​,
column3 datatype​ ​constraint​,
....

);

(column ‫ ﻟﻨﻔﺲ ال‬constraint ‫ )ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻧﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﺬا‬: ‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

CREATE​ ​TABLE​ Persons (
ID number(3) ​NOT​ ​NULL​ ​PRIMARY KEY​,
LastName varchar(255) ​NOT​ ​NULL​,
FirstName varchar(255),
Age number(2)

);

TABLE LEVEL ‫ اﻟﺠﺪول‬create ‫اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ أﺛﻨﺎء ﻋﻤﻞ‬

CREATE​ ​TABLE​ Persons (
ID number(3),
LastName varchar(255),
FirstName varchar(255),
Age number(2),
​CONSTRAINT​ constraints_name ​PRIMARY KEY​ (ID)
);

: Alter ‫اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬

ALTER​ ​TABLE​ Persons
ADD​ ​CONSTRAINT​ UC_Person ​UNIQUE​ (ID, LastName);
 : constraint ‫ﻋﺸﺎن ﻧﻤﺴﺢ‬
ALTER​ ​TABLE​ Persons
DROP​ ​CONSTRAINT ​UC_Person;

: constraints ‫ﺷﺮح ال‬

Not null :
‫ ده ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﻣﯿﻨﻔﻌﺶ ﻧﺴﯿﺒﻪ ﻓﺎﺿﻲ‬column ‫ﯾﻌﻨﻲ ﻻزم ﻟﻤﺎ ﻧﺪﺧﻞ ﻗﯿﻢ ﻧﺪي ﻟﻞ‬

Unique :
‫ﯾﻌﻨﻲ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ دي ﻣﯿﻨﻔﻌﺶ ﺗﺘﻜﺮر ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺪول ﺑﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻓﺮﯾﺪة‬

Primary key :
‫ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬unique ‫ و‬not null ‫ده ﺑﯿﺒﻘﻰ‬

Foreign key :
‫ ﺑﺘﺎع ﺟﺪول ﺗﺎﻧﻲ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ‬primary key ‫ زﯾﺎدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺪول وﺑﯿﻤﺜﻞ ال‬column ‫ده ﺑﯿﺒﻘﻰ ﻣﻔﺘﺎح أو‬

Check :
ً ‫ده ﺑﯿﺒﻘﻰ‬
‫ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ‬range ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻷرﻗﺎم ﺑﯿﺠﺒﺮ اﻟﻠﻲ ﯾﺪﺧﻞ ﻗﯿﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺪول ﯾﺪﺧﻞ رﻗﻢ ﻓﻲ‬

Default :
NULL ‫ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻠﻲ ﺑﯿﺪﺧﻞ ﻗﯿﻢ ﺳﺎﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﺿﻲ‬column ‫ده ﺑﯿﺪي ﻟﻞ‬

: foreign key ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﻟﻞ‬

CREATE​ ​TABLE​ Orders (
OrderID number(3) ​PRIMARY​ ​KEY​,
OrderNumber number(3),
PersonID number(3) ​FOREIGN​ ​KEY​ ​REFERENCES​ Persons(PersonID)
);
Persons ‫ اﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺪول‬personID ‫ ﺑﯿﻤﺜﻞ ال‬Foreign ‫ ﻣﻔﺘﺎح أﺟﻨﺒﻲ‬personID ‫ﻛﺪة‬

: check ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﻟﻞ‬

CREATE​ ​TABLE​ Persons (
ID number(3),
LastName varchar(255),
FirstName varchar(255),
Age int ​CHECK​ (Age>=18)
);

: Default ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﻟﻞ‬

CREATE​ ​TABLE​ Orders (
ID number(3),
OrderNumber number(3),
OrderDate date ​DEFAULT​ GETDATE()
City varchar(255) ​DEFAULT​ ​'Sandnes'
);

GETDATE() ‫ﻫﺘﺠﯿﺐ اﻟﺘﺎرﯾﺦ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﺒﯿﻮﺗﺮ‬

(‫ )ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺒﺎﻗﻲ‬: alter ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬

ALTER​ ​TABLE​ Persons
MODIFY​ City ​DEFAULT​ '
​ Sandnes'​;