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CHAPTER

5 MAGNETISM
AND MATTER
Bar magnet, bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid (qualitative treatment
Syllabus only), magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along
its axis and perpendicular to its axis (qualitative treatment only), torque
on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field (qualitative treatment only), magnetic field
lines.
Magnetic properties of materials- Para-, dia- and ferro - magnetic substances with examples, magnetisation
of materials, effect of temperature on magnetic properties.

Revision Notes
Magnetic field intensity due to magnetic dipole (bar Magnetic dipole moment: It is the product of
magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis pole strength and separation between two poles. It
Magnetic dipole moment of bar magnet: is denoted by M.
M = m × 2l = 2ml (where m = pole strength, 2l = Magnetic intensity: It is the magnetic moment
per unit volume.
magnetic length)
Direction of magnetic dipole moment is from South Magnetic dipole: A system of two equal and
pole to North pole. opposite magnetic poles separated by small
Point lies on axial line of bar magnet: distance.
Magnetic field at point P due to:

South pole of magnet (S)
µ 0 ( −m )
B=
4 π( d + l )2


Hence, resultant at point P when 2l << d:

North pole of magnet (N)
µ0 2 M
µ0 ( +m) B=
B= 4 πd 3
4 π( d − l )2

where, M = m × 2l.

Key Words Point lies on equatorial line of bar magnet

Magnetic field at point P due to:
Magnetic length: It is the distance between
the two poles of a magnetic dipole.
North pole of magnet (direction N–P)

+m 0 ( m)
B=
4 p( d 2 + l 2 )

 The direction of t is perpendicular to plane
containing, so when B = 1 and q = 900,
t=M
Magnetic moment M of the magnet will be equal
Scan to know to the torque required to keep the magnet at
more about
this topic right angles to a magnetic field of unit magnetic
induction.
Magnetic field lines
Imaginary closed loops which continuously
Magnetism and represent the direction of magnetic field at any
matter point. Tangent at any point of these loops gives the
direction of magnetic field at that point.
Concentration of field lines gives strength of
magnetic field.
Two field lines can never intersect each other. If
they would, there would be two tangents at the
point of intersection, which means two directions of

South pole of magnet (direction P–S)
magnetic lines, which is impossible.
−µ 0 m
B= In a ‘uniform’ magnetic field, the field lines are
4 π( d 2 + l 2 ) parallel and equidistant.
Hence, resultant at point P when 2l << d: Magnetic needle placed in magnetic field:
µ M If a magnetic needle is placed in a magnetic field and
B= 0 3
4 πd left, it will experience a torque and start oscillating
where, M = m × 2l in simple harmonic motion.
Torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in uniform Time period of oscillations of magnetic needle,
magnetic field I
T = 2p
A bar magnet with length 2l and pole strength m in MB
uniform magnetic field induction B at angle q with
where, I is moment of inertia of magnetic needle.
force mB acting on North and South pole along Potential energy of a magnet in a magnetic field,

 
the direction opposite to magnetic field results as a U = - M .B
couple where torque t due to couple is
t = force × perpendicular distance Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid
t = F × NA If a solenoid of length 2l, radius a with current I
= mB × NA having n number of turns per unit length, then the
= mB × 2lsin q magnetic moment of solenoid,
= MBsin q µ 2M
M = NIA, B = 0
where, M = m × 2l 4 πd 3

Magnetic moment of a bar magnet is equal to

In vector form: magnetic moment of an equivalent solenoid that
® ® ® produces same magnetic field.
t = M´B

Properties of Dia, para and Ferromagnetic Substances:

S.No. Diamagnetic Substances Paramagnetic Substances Ferromagnetic Substances
1. These substances acquire These substances acquire feeble These substances acquire strong
feeble magnetism opposite to magnetism in the direction of magnetism in the direction of
the direction of magnetic field magnetic field when placed in magnetic field when placed in
when placed in magnetic field. magnetic field. magnetic field.
H H H
M M M
 2. Permeability is less than one Permeability is slightly greater Permeability is much greater than
(m<1). than one (m>1). one (m>>1).
3. Susceptibility is small, Susceptibility is small and positive Susceptibility is large and positive
negative, and independent of and inversely proportional to 1
and follow Curie’s Law, c µ
temperature. 1 T
the absolute temperature, c µ (Curie’s Law)
(Curie’s Law) T
At Curie temperature,
ferromagnetic substance changes
to paramagnetic substance.

Key Formulae Magnetic field due to short dipole at distance

‘d’ on equatorial line:
Magnetic field due to short dipole at distance µ M
Bequi = 0 3
‘d’ on axial line: 4 πd
µ0 2 M Torque on a magnetic dipole in uniform
Baxial =
4 πd 3 magnetic field: t = MB sin q

This question is for practice and its solution is available at the end of the chapter