What Was the Real Reason for Building the Great Pyramid?

Hans Hermann Otto

Materials Science and Crystallography, Clausthal University of Technology,

Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Lower Saxony, Germany

E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

An ancient intelligence has built the Great Pyramid at Giza, showing a fantastic just mystic
knowledge at that time. Recently, it was shown that in the region of Pyramid’s chambers
electromagnetic energy can be collected and concentrated. And little before it was shown that
the ratio of the in-sphere volume of the Pyramid to the Pyramid’s volume itself yields ∙ ,
√
where = is the golden mean. The same is valid for the surface ratio. On the other
hand, the fifth power of the golden mean governs phase transitions from particle to cosmic
scale and is a fundamental number that describes entanglement. We just try to understand,
why the mass constituents of the universe are also related to this fifth power of the golden
mean and to superconductivity, too. It seems that we are dealing with this special pyramid in
some way with a form of energy concentration (or transmission) facility. So we are turning
back to Tesla’s dream of energy management combining new golden mean mathematics with
the not only symbolic but real power of energy production today.

Keywords: Great Pyramid, Golden Mean, Fifth Power of the Golden Mean, Geometric
Ratios, Energy Concentration, Tesla’s Dream, Mass Constituents of the Universe, Nuclear
Fusion, Black Hole, Teleportation, Pyramidal Arrays.

1. Introduction

In an eminent paper Balezin et al. studied some electromagnetic properties of the Great
Pyramid and showed that energy concentration in the region of Pyramid’s chambers takes
place [1]. This was an old hypothesis and poses the question anew about the real reason for
the building of the Pyramid. The present author had studied the golden geometry of the
Pyramid before [2] [3] and showed that some relations exhibit the fifth power of the golden
mean, a characteristic and fundamental number that governs phase transitions from particle to
cosmic scale [4]. Just recently, in addition to these findings, it was confirmed that the mass
constituents of the universe are intimately related to this number [6] [7]. So it may be not
opportune to assume that the ancient intelligence that had built the Great Pyramid or had
given support, had possibly another idea, not even presenting a monument to guarantee the
king eternal life after death. At best eternity may be realized with the involved fundamental
numbers and their simplest infinitely continued fractions, the golden mean and its fifth power.

1
In this short contribution the result of a sophisticated geometrical calculation is summarized
and supplemented with some new results and ideas for energy harvesting using pyramidal
entities.
2. Great Pyramid and the Fifth Power of the Golden Mean

Figure 1 shows the golden mean encoded section profile of the Great Pyramid, where is the
golden mean
√
= = 0.6180339887 (1)

√
Big denotes = = =1+ (2)

If the base is chosen as = 2, then the height of the Pyramid yields ℎ = .

Figure 1. Cut through the middle of a Great Pyramid’s face down the apex with yellow
displayed in-sphere projection. Big denotes the inverse of φ: = = 1 + [2] [3].
The length of the red secant yields 2 ∙ .

We derive further for the angle

= arctan" # = 51.82729° (3)

cos( )= (4)

,
and in-sphere radius * = tan + - . = //
= = 0.485868 (5)

For the angle an approximation is given using the curious angle 234567"89 # [4]

,-
= 25.91365° ≈ 5 ∙ arcsin( ) = 25.86690° (6)

2
We can derive another beautiful relation for r in a concise form (see also the Appendix)

?
<= =− = =− 8 (7)
=

This is a further example for a reciprocity relation [5]. If we truncate the Great Pyramid above
the in-sphere, the cut small apex pyramid would have a height of and a base length of
2 ∙ / = 0.4721358. It yields (see also the Appendix)

@ AB
= = 0.6360098 ≈ = 0.6366197 (8)
∙AC D

Interestingly, the distance ∆ between the red secant in Figure 1 and the sphere midpoint
yields
∆= 89 (9)

Furthermore, the acute angle between Pyramid faces resulted in

F = 180 − 2 ∙ = 76.345415° (10)

and cos" F# = 0.23606797 … = /

(11)

Let’s look at an image section of Figure 1 as reproduced in Figure 2, and applying the
Pythagorean formula, we get in full glory

* = /
= H
+ (12)

Figure 2. Image section from Figure 1 representing a special Kepler triangle.

The distance indicated in red is 89 .

In this way we are for the first time, in connection with the Great Pyramid, confronted with a
relation of the fifth power of the golden mean being a fundamental number. 89 was found
besides 89 in relations concerning phase transformations [4]. Relation (12) is more detailed
described in the Appendix A2.

3
For the volume of the in-sphere and the pyramid itself, and for the volume ratio, we get [2] [3]

H −1/2
IJKL = / ℎ=/ (13)

H H
IMJN = */ = O/
(14)
/ /

PQRS
PRT<
= U ∙ 89 = 0.283277 (15)

This relation combines two of the most evolutionary fundamental numbers, besides the golden
ratio itself. Also the ratio of the in-sphere surface to the surface of the Pyramid yields U ∙ 89
[2) [3]. The entire surface of the pyramid is composed of the outer surface and the base
surface yielding
VJKL = 4 +4 =4 (16)

The surface of the in-sphere is

VMJN = 4 * = 4 /
(17)

Then the surface ratio is calculated to be

WXYZ
= (18)
WY[\

Relations for the in-ellipse case of the Great Pyramid with an application example are given in
detail in reference [3]. The in-ellipse was displayed in the Figure 3 below.

Figure 3. Cut through the middle of a Great Pyramid’s face down the apex with yellow
displayed in-ellipsoid projection. Big denotes the inverse of φ: = = 1 + [3].

4
One has to work with ellipsoid half-diameters *] = *^ − ∆_`a and *a = *^ + ∆_`a / . Now
∆_`a is calculated to be
A
∆_`a = *^ = 0.4046162 ∙ *^ (19)
/

giving for the half diameters

C
*a = / "1 + # = 0.735934838, *] = / b "1 + # = 0.28927809 (20)

and for its ratio k respectively eccentricity ε

Ld A H A
c= Le
= = 0.393075688, f = √1 − c = = 0.919506 (21)

Then the volume Ig results in

H h
Ig = + . b (1 + )/ ∙ = 0.6562705 (22)
/

i
The ratio ij numerically resulted in
Y
ij H
iY
= k
H
(1 + )/ ∙ = 0.386946 (23)

3. Self-Similarity Approach Applied to the Great Pyramid

It is interesting to relate the positions of the Great Pyramid’s chambers with the positions of
the in-scribed sphere respectively ellipsoid. However, the original relative positions have to
be corrected for the missing outer stone block shell. Do we have any exceptional energy
concentration of electromagnetic radiation at these positions?

Figure 4. Illustration of pyramidal self-similarity using the first terms of relation (24).
The red circle marks the position of h/3.

5
If we apply a self-similarity approach to the Great Pyramid, placing a smaller reversed
pyramid with half the base inside the Great Pyramid, and then repeat this process to infinity
(see Figure 4), we get a known number sequence that represents the relative distance from the
ground
−H+l− m
+/ ∓⋯=/ (24)

@
This position of /
= 0.4240 is too high to represent the place of King’s chamber. The
@
King’s chamber could be found at the relative height of about H
= 0.31800 ≈ =
@
0.3183 above the ground (center of the Pyramid), the Queen’s chamber at about =
@
0.25440, and the subterranean chamber at the same distance underground. H
represents the
@
center of the Pyramid. If we disregard dimensions, the fraction corresponds to the ratio of
H
Pyramid height to Pyramid base = 2 . On the other side, the reciprocal value
approximates the circle constant π, because it holds

H
= 3.1446 ≈ (25)
@

May be that the ancient builder of the Pyramid simply used as Pyramid’s height to base
ratio and also as relative position for the chamber of the King.

4. Four Leading Principles of Constructing a Housing for the Sun

In the roll of an ancient builder of the Pyramid I would consider four leading principles.
1. There is first the sun as giver of light and life, constructed as a sphere.
2. There is the principle of eternity, which may be expressed by a number that represents
infinite repetition. It is the golden ratio.
3. There is finally harmony. It may be realized by the Pythagorean theorem used in
connection with the golden ratio. It is like music.
4. The principle of reciprocity is intimately connected with golden mean mathematics.

A unique and simple combination of the Pythagorean theorem and the golden ratio is the
approach given in relation (9) with square root terms of succeeding powers of the golden
ratio. When now constructing a sphere around the resulting triangle with the radius of
*= / and building the 4 faces and the basis perpendicular to the radii, the Pyramid is

finished as housing for the sun.

4. A Visionary View

A visionary view is to use the shape of the Great Pyramid in miniature form to concentrate
energy as previously proposed for cold fusion experiments [8] suggesting that the special
Pyramid seems to be a form of mysterious energy concentration and transmission facility. So
6
we are turning back to the dream of the great inventor Tesla [9]. Only elaborated experiments
can tell whether such a vision is close to the truth. If you look at Figure 1 you could have the
impression that the sun is inside the Great Pyramid transmitting giant energy from there, an
idea that Nicola Tesla (1856 *, 1943 †) was reportedly obsessed with in a similar context.
However, obsession or more founded, nobody has tried as yet to realize an array of such
(smaller) pyramids with in-sphere construction to harvest dark energy. Here the Casimir
effect may come into play (Hendrik Casimir, 1909 *, 2000 †). Since Jules Verne (* 1826, †
1905) it should be clear that everything that can be thought could be realized, after a
sufficiently long time has been gone.
Conspiracy theories are completely different from this view. Again and again it was
engineers, many from the Orient, who enriched the knowledge of mankind. The present
author recommends studying the book of Scott Olsen and cowriters (The Golden Four) about
a Grand Unification of the Science, Arts & Consciousness [10].
Let’s go back to our time, recently we ask the question whether a relationship between
superconductivity and dark energy exists [6] [11] [12]. Both are controlled by the fifth power
of the golden mean. Dark energy may be the ether, a helical wavy entity of paired elementary
energy granules with a possible golden mean dominated structure. The maximal hole doping
pq of high-Tc superconductors can be expressed by [11] [12] 13]

l
pq ≈ D (26)

In this context we may remember that Hardy’s maximum quantum entanglement probability
of two quantum particles exactly equals the fifth power of φ [14] [15].
Once we dare to leave the purely geometric meaning of the circle constant π and replace it by
the cosmologically influenced term [6] [16]

,
≈ rs (27)
t

where α is the famous Sommerfeld constant [17] and uv is Guynn’s galactic velocity [18], we
can recast relation (26) by
st
pq ≈ 8 ∙ ∙r, (28)

In the same way we can get for the volume ratio of in-sphere volume to Pyramid’s volume an
indeed magic relation composed of three fundamental numbers [19]

PQRS ,
≈r ∙ (29)
PRT< st

If we dwell on the galactic dimension of this ‘constructed’ relationship, then the orientation of
the center line of the Pyramid in ancient times directed towards the Orion or towards the
massive black hole housing inside, the closest known black hole to Earth at 1,300 light-years
away, gave rise to speculation about sucking energy or information from there along a
7
superluminal channel. Modern physics hypothesizes about wormholes, predicted shortcuts on
microscopic levels that could reduce distance respectively travel time. You may also think
about reversible dislocations in the ‘ether lattice’ that heal suddenly and transport thereby
energy [7]. About a multi-twisting thought experiment see the Appendix A4. All this
shouldn’t stop us from thinking about the physical feasibility of such hardly believable
possibilities of energy and information teleportation and the associated dangers, using nature
for inspiration. A similarity of quantum teleportation and wormholes is evident. Whereas the
information decoding can’t be faster than the speed of light, the ‘spooky action’ itself can
happen superluminally and instantaneously without any delay. May be it needs a stricter
definition of what quantum entanglement actually means. New ideas of P. N. Bhandari and N.
Bhandari could help to understand superluminal behavior and entanglement [20]. Their
external source of energy, which is supposed to power our universe, can be compared to the
ether postulated in other theories. According to the authors, our 3-D universe is analogous to
biological systems. This statement is equivalent to the hypothesis of the present author that
nature uses again and again well-known hierarchical strategies. Most interesting is their
gravity approach, which I have just commented and varied [21] [22].
Another golden ratio governed relationship, just reformulated by the present author, describes
phase transition of the specific heat of black holes, connecting their mass M with angular
momentum J. Amazingly, in this relation the factor is involved

wb @ z z
x
≈ sy
∙ { = 1.4688 ∙ { (c| ∙ } ∙ ~ ) (30)

•y √/
where c is the speed of light, G is the gravitational constant, and uq = z
= is the velocity,
at which the difference between galactic rotation velocity and Thomas precession is equal
[18]. The reader may also study the contribution of Davies [23], and may follow an Azimuth
blog discussion with important contributions of Cesar Uliana [24]. Relation (30) connects
merely formal a black hole with the geometry of the Great Pyramid.
However, we should always consider the words of the great thinker Boris Menin:
‘understanding the “foggy” vision of the world around us, not forgetting that science is
inherently uncertain’ [25]. We are all inspired to do as in the German version of an old
Swedish hiking song by Olof Thunman was advised: “Wir sind hinaus gegangen, den
Sonnenschein zu fangen, kommt mit und versucht es doch auch einmal”.

5. Sphere Splitting Approach and Great Pyramid Geometry

An interesting connection can be seen between the geometry of the Great Pyramid and an
approach where a parent sphere is split into two spheres of half volume. This approach may
explain the frequently observed entity pairing strategy of nature (pairing law). From Figure 5
we can confirm the following near golden mean relations. The starting sphere volume is
denoted as Iq respectively the half volume I . Then we get the trivial results

H
Iq = / *q/ (31)

8
 iy H H L /
I = = / */ = / +C y . (32)
√

Ly
cos( )= (33)
L€

= 50.9527898° (34)
,€
= 0.141535527 ≈ − 3 = 0.141592653 (35)
/mq

,€
lq
= 0.28307105 ≈ ∙ = 0.283277368 (36)

ℎ = 0.61640938 ∙ *q ≈ ∙ *q (37)

Figure 5. Splitting of a parent sphere into two sphere each of half volume

Interestingly, we find similar angles α1 and α respectively an approximation for ∙

contrasting the exact value of the in-sphere to pyramid volume ratio of the Great Pyramid.
The reciprocal of Sommerfeld’s structure constant can be related to the base angle of the
Great Pyramid and to the angle

H
= 137.0360 = ( + ) = 137.0417 (38)
/

The universal number α respectively its reciprocal value connects life, physics and cosmos.
Also the gyromagnetic factor of the electron can be approximated by using both magic angles

H A
|g ≈ r ( + ) = 2.0023116 … (39)
/ /

6. Design of Inertial Confinement Nuclear Fusion Facility

In a media release of First Light Fusion (FLF), a Spin-Off of Oxford University, UK, you can
read ‘physics is not enough, the world needs a technology that can scale’ [26]. The company
successfully uses the new inertial confinement nuclear fusion facility. So we may help to
9
scale. The form of a ‘golden ratio’ designed hollow double cone as confinement amplifier can
one day help to achieve technical progress to enhance the shock-driven cavity collapse by
chaotic excessive resonances (see Figure 6) [8]. The cone design tolerates small offsets in the
relative shot (respectively fuel) coordinates. A combined and precisely timed action of cavity
collapse by projectile impact besides ultrasonic energy loading focused at the impact locus
together with an effective rear wall design should soon guarantee sustainable success. The
energy load with shockwave focusing could be further diversified when the truncated cone as
rear wall would be mechanically accelerated in opposite direction to the shot one.
As in the case of the pyramid, we can determine the ratio of the in-sphere volume IMJN to the
volume of the double-cone I•z

H H
IMJN = / * / = /
O/
(40)

D D
I•z = 2 ∙ / = /
/
(41)

iXYZ
=2 = 0.763932 (42)
i‚ƒ

The cone angle ß, not confuse with the Mach cone angle, is

u = arcsin( ) = 38.17271° (43)

Figure 6. Projection of a golden hollow double cone as possible design for a shockwave
confinement chamber. The projectile travels along the vertical axis through holes in the
apices(truncated double cone) and hits the fuel at the circle center. The blue Kepler triangle
has side length of small , and 1 (see also the Appendix A2).

7. Non-Space-Filling Pyramidal Origami Patterns and Pyramidal Arrays

The model of the Great Pyramid as special golden mean based body can inspire the design of
non-space-filling pyramidal origami patterns that could have interesting mechanical or optical

10
properties resulting from the intrinsic geometric frustration that causes multi-resonator
properties at special frequencies with attention to chiral components. A proposal will be
presented soon. Asymmetric light scattering was recently observed in pyramidal silicon
nanoparticles, and applications were proposed [27]. In silicon PV’s, an enhancement in the
generated short-circuit current of about 40% was described by embedding periodic arrays of
square pyramidal-shaped nanoparticles as multi-resonators [28]. The optimum of current gain
was observed with a pyramidal aspect ratio of about 2, but what gain would be possible with
an aspect ratio similar to that of the Great Pyramid?
The aspect ratio given as height to base of the Great Pyramid is

N √„
= = A
= 0.636009824 ≈ D = 0.63661977 (44)

When we search for an inorganic material that approximated the Great Pyramid’s golden
geometry, we will first consider an ideal octahedron that is lying on its edge. A sheet structure
composed of such diagonally placed octahedrons deliver the following ideal lattice parameter
ratio (see Figure 7)
z
`
= / = 0.66667 (45)

Figure 7. Crystal structure of rutile, tetragonal TiO2.

Titanium atoms yellow, oxygen atoms red, unit-cell magenta.

Such structure is realized in the tetragonal TiO2 modification of rutile. However, the edge-
sharing of octahedrons causes strong periodic bonding down the chain axis c, leading to a
remarkable reduction of the c to a ratio (lattice parameters from PDF card #00-021-1276)

z .O lk
`
= H. O/k
= 0.6441 (46)

In this way, we approach the aspect ratio of the Great Pyramid. Better adapted to the aspect
ratio of the Great Pyramid is the lattice parameter ratio of stishovite, the rutile modification of
SiO2 (high pressure modification)

11
 z .mm
`
= H. kk
= 0.63801 (47)

Whereas stishovite as high pressure phase is hardly accessible, we recommend research on

rutile as interesting electronic material.
The habitus of the mineral rutile is dominated by three morphological forms, {101}, {100}
and {110}. The pyramid (bi-pyramid) {101} is the form we were interested in. Although
crystals with strong bonding strength in c direction tend to grow in form of rods or needles,
we can expect at the beginning of material deposition pyramidal growth without surfactant
support. So it is recommended to try the growing of TiO2 micro-pyramids or nano-pyramids.
For TiO2 deposition we should use a KBr (100)-substrate. KBr has a lattice parameter of a =
`
6.597 Å, The separation of = 4.665 Å is only slightly larger as the lattice parameter for
√
rutile of a = 4.5937 Å. The resulting strain is wanted. It causes an increase of the lattice
parameter a respectively a reduction of the lattice parameter c for the deposited rutile. In this
way we can indeed reach a ratio of the strained lattice parameters that is adapted to the golden
mean aspect ratio of the Great Pyramid by retaining the original unit-cell volume of rutile

z .O/H
`
= H.m /
= 0.63603 (48)

A (100)-cut crystal substrate of KBr with dimension 10mm x 10mm x 2mm can be obtained
from the manufacturer MSE Supplies LLC.
However, in order to adapt an aspect ratio of about 2 as was pointed out in reference [2], the
pyramidal half-octahedral form with Miller indices {h0l} = {301} must be grown. In this case
the shape has to be controlled by the use of appropriate surfactants.
The application prospect of such rutile-based nano-pyramidal arrays as anode material for Li-
ion batteries (LIBs) depends on the electric conductivity. We expect indeed an enhanced
electric conductivity of such arrays in contrast to other deposited TiO2-based anode sheets.
In nano-scaled pyramids the displacement of extern energy fields should be considered as
explained by the Casimir effect [29]. The Casimir effect is the dominant interaction between
nano-scale objects, where the omnipresent quantum electromagnetic vacuum energy in parts
is displaced between, for instance, two perfectly conducting parallel plates.

8. Stone Age Gunung Padang Pyramid

In 1890, a stony relict was discovered in Gunung Padang, West-Java, Indonesia. Just
recently, this object was again investigated by Indonesian archeologists, and evidence was
given that it is the oldest engineered pyramid stonework, build by Stone Age individuals
before 16000 – 27000 years. The pyramid of about 95 m in height has two chambers inside.
What was the reason for Stone Age men to build such monument, and which cognitive
abilities and spiritual beliefs had once made such megalithic stonework possible? Of course
ancient people also get to know volcanoes, but they couldn’t explain the phenomenon. They
may have modified an extinct volcano cone by encasing stonework in form of a pyramid to
tame the once fire-breathing volcano, and later this site became a sanctuary. However, our
knowledge about the real reasons of the ancient builders is next to nothing. We constantly
12
underestimate the abilities of deep ancient civilizations and overestimate our own abilities,
which all too often results in destructive violence. We also underestimate the ability to pass
on such building procedures over millenia and their spreading across the world. With the
dating of the Gunung Padang pyramid it was time enough to pass the knowledge to the
American continents via ice-free Canadian arctic routes. Finally, the ancient Egyptians tried
to capture the sun.

9. Conclusion

The Great Pyramid has been once more an object for scientific research. But the obtained
results can be differently interpreted. An old conjecture was recently proven that
electromagnetic radiation can obviously be concentrated along the chamber region as
topological channel within the Pyramid. The special golden mean related shape of the
Pyramid was shown to be connected with the fifth power of the golden mean in the ratio of in-
sphere volume to Pyramid volume. However, the fifth power of the golden mean is intimately
connected with phase transition from particle to cosmic scale, with the mass constituents of
the universe and with superconductivity. Had an ancient intelligence as the builder of the
pyramid already such extensive knowledge, and could we apply the special shape of the
Pyramid to make possible technological progress, for instance in the science of nanoparticles
designed to harvest energy or in the construction of golden hollow cones as shockwave
amplifier for Inertial Nuclear Fusion application? We can design micro- or nano-pyramids
from an inorganic material such as rutile, grown as a pyramid array onto a substrate like KBr.
Once the laws of the cosmos are fully understand, the mankind will have access to infinite
reserves of usable energy. The time is ripe to answer such questions seriously.

Acknowledgement

This contribution is devoted to the music multi-talent Esperanza Spalding for her sound
energy for eternity.

Conflicts of Interest

The author declares no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

References

[1] Balezin, M., Baryshnikova, K., Kapitanova, P., and Evlyukhin, A. B. (2018) Electromagnetic
properties of the Great Pyramid: First multiple resonances and energy concentration. Journal of
Applied Physics 24, 034903.
[2] Otto, H. H. (2020) Magic Numbers of the Great Pyramid: A Surprising Result. Journal of Applied
Mathematics and Physics 8, 2063-2071.
[3] Otto, H. H. (2021) Ratio of In-Sphere Volume to Polyhedron Volume of the Great Pyramid
Compared to Selected Convex Polyhedral Solids. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics 9, 41-
56.

13
[4] Otto, H. H. (2020) Phase Transitions Governed by the Fifth Power of the Golden Mean and
Beyond. World Journal of Condensed Matter Physics 10, 135-159.
[5] Otto, H. H. (2020) Reciprocity as an Ever-Present Dual Property of Everything. Journal of Modern
Physics 11, 98-121.
[6] Otto, H. H. (2022) Galactic Route to the Strong Coupling Constant αs(mz) and Its Implication On
the Mass Constituents of the Universe. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics, Volume 10,
3572-3585.
[7] Otto, H. H. (2023) Mass Constituents of the Universe: A Mathematical Chameleon Suggests New
Physical Insights. ResearchGate, 1-7.
[8] Otto, H. H. (2021) Nuclear Fusion Research and Development Need New Relativistic Mass and
Energy Corrections Given by the Information Relativity Theory. Journal of Applied Mathematics and
Physics 10, 1813-1836.
[9] El Naschie, M. S. and He, J.-H. (2018) Tesla’s dream from a modern quantum spacetime view
point. Nonlinear Science Letters A 9, 36-43.
[10] Olsen, S., Marek-Crnjac, L., He, J. H., and El Naschie, M. S. (2021) A Grand Unification of the
Sciences, Arts & Consciousness. Published by Scott Olsen, Ocala, Fl, USA., 145 pages.
[11] Otto, H. H. (2016) A Different Approach to High-Tc Superconductivity: Indication of
Filamentary-Chaotic Conductance and Possible Routes to Superconductivity above Room
Temperature. World Journal of Condensed Matter Physics 6, 244-260.
[12] Otto, H. H. (2023) Does a Relationship Between Superconductivity and Dark Energy Exist?
ResearchGate.
[13] Otto, H. H. (2019) Super-Hydrides of Lanthanum and Yttrium: On Optimal Conditions for
Achieving near Room Temperature Superconductivity. World Journal of Condensed Matter Physics 9,
22-36.
[14] Hardy, L. (1993) Nonlocality for Two Particles without Inequalities for Almost All Entangled
States. Physical Review Letters 71, 1665-1668.
[15] Mermin, N. D. (1994) Quantum mysteries refined. American Journal of Physics 62, 880-887.
[16] Otto, H. H. (2022) Comment to Guynn’s Fine-Structure Constant Approach. Journal of Applied
Mathematics and Physics 10, 2796-2804.
[17] Sommerfeld, A. (1919) Atombau und Spektrallinien. Friedrich Vieweg & Sohn, Braunschweig.
[18] Guynn. P. (2018) Thomas precession is the basis for the structure of matter and space. viXra:
1810.0456, 1-27.
[19] Otto, H. H. (2020) A Primer of Important Natural Numbers and Revisited Fundamental Physical
Constants. ResearchGate.net
[20] Bhandari, P. N. and Bhandari, N. (2022) Fundamental forces are not fundamental as our 3-D
Universe is driven by an external energy source. International Journal of Physics and Applications 6,
167-179.
[21] Otto, H. H. (2023) Comment to Bhandari and Bhandari: Fundamental forces are not
fundamental as our 3-D Universe is driven by an external energy source. viXra:2306.0109, 1-
5.
[22] Otto, H. H. (2024) Reciprociry Relation between Alternative Gravity Formulas. Journal
of Applied Mathematics and Physics 12, 1432-1440.
[23] Davies, P. C. W. (1977) The thermodynamics of black holes. Proceedings of the Royal Society
London A 353, 499-521.
[24] Uliana, C. (2013) Black Holes and the Golden Ratio. Azimuth Blog Posts.
[25] Menin, B. (2023) Unleashing the Power of Information Theory: Enhancing Accuracy in
Modeling Physical Phenomena. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics 11, 760-779.

14
[26] Media Release of First Light Fusion (FLF) (2023). Oxford Industrial Park, Kidlington OX5 1QU,
UK.
[27] Terekhov, P. D., Evlyukhin, A. B., Shalin, A. S., and Karachevsky, A. (2019) Polarization-
depend asymmetric light scattering by silicon nanoparticles and their multipole resonances. Journal of
Applied Physics 125, 173108.
[28] Yassin, H. M., El-Batawy, Y., Soliman, E. A. (2022) Enhancement of Plasmonic Photovoltaics
with Pyramidal Nanoparticles. Research Square, 1-26.
[29] Casimir, H. B. G. (1948) On the attraction between two perfectly conducting plates. Proceedings
of the Koningklijke nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen B51, 793-795.
[30] Otto, H. H. (2022) Golden Quartic Polynomial and Moebius-Ball Electron. Journal of Applied
Mathematics and Physics, Volume 10, 1785-1812.
[31] Jackson, J. J. (1966) From Alexander of Aphrodisias to Young and Airy. Physics Reports 320,
27-36.

Appendix

A1. Another Approximation for the In-Sphere Radius of the Great Pyramid

We present a based approximation to describe the radius of the Great Pyramid

H †
AB " AB #
*= − ≈+ . ≈ (49)
@ AB √

is considered besides itself as a fundamental number [19].

A2. Golden Mean and Pythagorean Theorem

The general law for powers of the golden mean is intimately connected with the Pythagorean
theorem
‡
= ‡ + ‡ (50)

Relation (50) is valid for any integer exponent n. For n = -2 we can write down

= + q
(51)

This is equivalent to = +1 (52)

√
where big = = .

With the square root terms of relation (51) in the geometric progression 1, = and = on can
construct a Pythagorean triangle respectively Kepler triangle (see Figure 8).
Its relative lengths correspond to that of the Pyramid triangle in Figure 1 and deliver the
trivial construction guidance for building the Great Pyramid, without in-sphere construction.
In contrast, the side lengths of the Kepler triangle in Figure 8 are reciprocal to the applied
lengths in Figure 6. The remarkable connection between golden mean and Pythagorean
theorem is known since the antiquity.
15
 Figure 8. Illustration of the Kepler Triangle.
The areas of the squares correspond to the values given in relation (52).

We use again the Pythagorean theorem to determine the angle g between Pyramid edge and
base
"√‰# + "√2# = ‰ + 2 = + 3 = 3.6180339887 (53)

√
cos( g) =
√„
= rA /
(54)

g = 41.969915° (55)

The numerical value of the difference angle 180° − g results close to Sommerfeld structure
constant α
180° − g = 138.030° ≈ = 137.036 (56)

Interestingly, + 3 is the circumsphere diameter of an icosahedron with unit triangle edge

length [3] [30].

Curiously, a light deflection angle around 42° is known as the rainbow angle between the
incident sunlight and the refracted and internally reflected light rays within a water drop. This
deflection depends on the refractivity Š(‹) of water. If we choose n = 1.3337448, we
calculate the main deflection angle 180 − Θ as high as g in relation (55)

a
Θ = 180 + 2 ∙ arcsin • − 4 ∙ arcsin( ‡€) (57)

180 − Θ = 41.969922° (58)

We get for the angle of incidence i

H ‡b
sin(Ž) = • = r /
(59)

16
and for the refracted angle r according to Snell’slaw of refraction

••‘(^)
Š= (60)
M‡(L)

a€
or sin(*) = ‡
(61)

The reader may study the contribution of Jackson to learn more [31]. The chosen refractivity
index n can be realized for water at 11.5°C by using yellow light of the Na-D excitation
doublet with the mean wavelength of ‹ ≈ 589 Š~.

A3. Artistic Sketch of the Great Pyramid

The high of the pyramid was originally h = 146.59 m (280 cubits) and is now about 138.75 m. Its base
is about a = 230.36 m (440 cubits). The ratio yields h/a = 0.636363… and can be approximated by
@
= 0.6360098 … (see Figure 1) respectively by D
=0.63661977…[2]. The mean of both
approximations delivers
1
4
+ ≈ 0.636315 (62)

Figure 9. Artistic sketch of the Great Pyramid designed by the author

A4. About a Multi-Twisting Thought Experiment

Suppose you have a straight line or wire of length l and curl it helically. You would reduce its
effective length considerably. Repeated multi-helical twisting reduces the length enormously.
By an infinitely repeated process you could shrink the distance between the wire ends to near
zero. If you would unfold such a tangle, you could reach any distance in the universe.
Helically twisting is nature’s favorite strategy. Multi-twisting seems to be possible up to a
certain degree. Nature’s infinite repetition effect is manifested in fundamental numbers like
the golden mean and its fifth power. The electron may serve as an example representing the
compaction of a helically twisted photonic string.

17