ABSTRACT

The Agricultural Portal is an innovative platform designed to improve crop production by

providing farmers with easy access to agricultural information, resources, and tools. The portal
offers a wide range of features including weather forecasts, pest and disease management tips, soil
health assessment, crop planning tools, and market prices. This technical paper outlines the
development and implementation of the Agricultural Portal, highlighting its features and
functionalities. The paper also explores the benefits of the portal for farmers, including increased
productivity, improved decision-making, and enhanced profitability. The portal is built on a robust
technology platform that is scalable and adaptable to the needs of farmers of different sizes and
geographies. It is designed to be user-friendly and accessible on multiple devices, including mobile
phones and tablets. The Agricultural Portal represents a significant step forward in the use of
technology in agriculture. By providing farmers with easy access to information and resources, it
has the potential to transform the way they farm and improve crop production across the globe.
Keywords-Agricultural portal, crop production, farmers, user friendly.

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 Table of Contents

Page No.
Acknowledgement i
Abstract ii
Table of Contents iii
List of Figures iv
Chapter 1 Introduction 1-2
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Overview 1-2
1.3 Machine Learning Algorithms 2

Chapter 2 Literature Review 3-4

Chapter 3 Requirement Specification 5-6

3.1 Functional Requirements 5
3.2 Non-Functional Requirements 6
3.3 Software Requirement 6
3.4 Hardware Requirement 6

Chapter 4 System Design 7-15

4.1 Introduction to system design 7
4.2 Problem Statement of the proposed system 7
4.3 The objective of the application 7
4.4 Flowchart 8
4.5 Methodology of the system 9-15
4.4.1 Steps in Methodology 9-10
4.4.2 Methodology-preprocessing 11-12
4.4.3 Modules 12-15

Chapter 5 Result 16-26

Chapter 6 Conclusion and future enhancements 27

References 28
Conference Certificate 29

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 List of Figures

Figures Page No.

Figure 4.1 Flowchart of the portal 8

Figure 4.2 methodology 9
Figure 4.3 Methodology-preprocessing 11
Figure 4.4 Farmer module 13
Figure 4.5 Customer module 14
Figure 4.6 Admin module 14
Figure 5.1 Home Page of the application 16
Figure 5.2 Farmer Login 16
Figure 5.3 Farmer Profile 17
Figure 5.4 Update crop stock 17
Figure 5.5 Crop recommendation 18
Figure 5.6 Fertilizer prediction 18
Figure 5.7 Crop prediction 19
Figure 5.8 Yield prediction 19
Figure 5.9 Rainfall prediction 20
Figure 5.10 Customer login 20
Figure 5.11 Customer profile 21
Figure 5.12 Buy crops 21
Figure 5.13 Payment test mode 22
Figure 5.14 Payment details 22
Figure 5.15 Crop availability 23
Figure 5.16 Admin login 23
Figure 5.17 Admin features 24
Figure 5.18 Customer list 24
Figure 5.19 News feed 25
Figure 5.20 Weather forecast 25
Figure 5.21 Chatbot 26
Figure 5.22 Feedback 26

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Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
Agriculture is the backbone of any country, and it has become the most significant growing
sector all over the world because of increasing the population. About 60% of our country's
population works in agriculture which contributes more to our country's GDP and employment.
The main challenge in the agriculture industry is to improve farming efficiency and quality to
fulfill the speedily increasing demand for food. Apart from the mounting population, the climate
circumstance is also a huge challenge in the agricultural industry. In our project, we will make
use ofML algorithms to assist farmers to know future crop yield predictions and favorable
weather predictions. It also assists the farmers to sell the crops directly to the customers.

1.2 Overview
A. Basic Concepts
An agricultural portal is an online platform that provides access to a variety of resources and
servicesto farmers and other stakeholders in the agriculture industry. The main objective of
such a portal is to help farmers improve their crop production and profitability by providing
them with information, tools, and services that can help them make informed decisions and
adopt best practices. Some of the basic concepts that are central to an agricultural portal for
better crop production include:
Market Intelligence: This refers to the information that farmers need to make informed
decisionsabout when to sell their crops and at what price. Agricultural portals provide farmers
with access to real-time market information that can help them get the best possible.
Weather data: Farmers must be able to plan their planting and harvesting schedules in
accordancewith the weather as it is so important to agriculture. Agricultural portals give farmers
access to weather alerts and forecasts, which can aid them in making decisions regarding pest
control, irrigation, and other tasks. exemplary practices.
Best Practices: Farmers must stay current on the most recent best practices and procedures
becauseagriculture is a complicated and ever-evolving industry. It gives farmers access to a
varietyof tools and materials that can assist them advance their agricultural methods.
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B. Proposed System
The suggested system is a web application built using HTML and Bootstrap4 that allows
farmersto sell their products directly to consumers without the use of a middleman. The
process aids in product development and testing. When working on the front end, we are
concerned with how itappears. After creating it, we test it and discuss what to do next and how
it can be made better. In order to give farmers and customers quick access to important data
and tools that can aid in better decision-making, increased production, and improved
livelihoods, we have developed an online platform.

1.3 Machine Learning Algorithms

For our project, we are using various kinds of Machine learning algorithms. They are Decision
Tree, Naive Bayes Gaussian, K Nearest Neighbor, and Random Forest. Decision tree gives
the highest accuracy of all.

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Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

[1] According to analysis, the most used features are temperature, rainfall, and soil type, and the
most applied algorithm is Artificial Neural Networks in these models. The author used
parameters like State, district, season, and area. The user can predict the yield of the crop in which
year the user wants. The paper uses advanced regression techniques like Kernel Ridge, and Lasso
to predict the yield and uses the concept of Stacking Regression for enhancing the algorithms to
give a better prediction.

[2] In this paper, the author says, yield prediction was performed by considering farmers'
experience on a particular field and crop. Different Data Mining techniques are used and
evaluated in agriculture for estimating the future year's crop production. This is achieved by
applying association rule mining on agriculture data. This research focuses on the creation of a
prediction model which may be used for future prediction of crop yield. This paper presents a
brief analysis of crop yield prediction using a data mining technique based on association rules
for the selected region.

[3] The author describes how the old farming data can be utilized to depict the future expectation
of harvests and yield. It likewise proposes to the ranchers what kind of yield can be developed
utilizing the climate station data and gives the appropriate data to incline toward the precise
season for cultivating. The curse on the harvest yield is broken down by utilizing different
ecological elements and Regression Analysis (RA), Linear Regression (LR) Algorithms
utilizing the various data mining strategies how to improve harvest production.

[4] This paper uses machine learning algorithms, direct relapse demonstrated from insights, and
two enhancement techniques, the Normal condition strategy, and the Gradient plunge technique
to anticipate the weather based on a couple of parameters. this work utilizes the ordinary
condition model's speculation and contrasts it and the angle plunge model to give a superior
thought of the productivity of the models. This paper is about the use of machine learning

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algorithms, direct relapse demonstrates from inside, and two enhancement techniques.

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[5] We describe an approach to yield modeling that uses a semiparametric variant of a deep neural
network, which can simultaneously account for complex nonlinear relationships in high-
dimensional datasets, as well as the known parametric structure and unobserved cross-sectional
heterogeneity. We show that this approach outperforms both classical statistical methods and fully
nonparametric neural networks in predicting the yields of years withheld during model training.
Our approach is less pessimistic in the warmest regions and the warmest scenarios.

[6] This paper predicts the yield of almost all kinds of crops that are planted in India. This script
makes novel by the usage of simple parameters like State, district, season, area and the user can
predict the yield of the crop in which year he or she wants to. The paper uses advanced regression
techniques like Kernel Ridge, Lasso, and ENet algorithms to predict the yield and uses the concept
of Stacking Regression for enhancing the algorithms to give a better prediction.

[7] In this paper, we can predict the things like rainy, windy, sunny, stormy, floods and variations
in temperature, etc. Nowadays, the weather is making a bad impact, as society is growing more
and more, causing much damage, injury, and loss of life for farmers. Weather forecasting is very
important for agriculture and terrace gardening. Weather forecasting will help remote areas for
better cropproduction. Inthis paper, a low-cost solution for weather forecast prediction is discussed.

[8] This paper uses algorithms such as Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, Weather, and K
Nearest neighbor, which are used for better performance results for each selected weather
parameter. We also use soil and weather parameters such as soil type, soil fertility, maximum
temperature, minimum temperature, and rainfall are used to identify suitable crops for specified
farms or land. Ethiopia consolidates both remotely detected information (RSD) and agrarian
overview information for a considerable beneficiary of specially appointed imported nourishment
help.

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Chapter 3
REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION

3.1 Functional Requirements

1. Farmer should be able to:

● Get recommendations for crop and fertilizers.
➢ Under the recommendation option, crop recommendation and fertilizer
recommendation will tell which crop to be grown and which fertilizer to be used.
● Get predictions for crop, yield, and rainfall.
➢ Under the prediction option, crop prediction will predict the crop to be grown,
yield prediction will predict the yield of the crop, and rainfall prediction will predict
the rainfall for that area in millimeters.
● Do trading.
➢ The farmer will be able to trade crops, check the crop stocks and see the selling
history.
● Able to access additional tools.
➢ This consists of a chatbot, news feed, and weather forecast which will help the
farmer.
2. Customer should be able to:
● Check crop stocks.
➢ Stock for each crop is visible to the customer so that he can buy accordingly.
● Buy crops.
➢ The customer can select the crop and the quantity needed and buy it online.
3. Admin should be able to:
● See the customer’s list.
➢ A list of all the registered customers is visible to the admin.
● See the farmer’s list.
➢ A list of all the registered customers is visible to the admin.
● See the queries.
➢ A list of all the queries is visible to the admin to answer them.

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3.2 Non-Functional Requirements

3.2.1 Performance requirements

Response time should be minimum. The application should be responsive.

3.2.2 Security requirements

User information should be kept secure. Unauthorized users should not be able to access the
data.OTP-based authentication is provided to register through a mobile number.

3.2.3 Usability requirements

The interface should be user-friendly. The application environment should be easy to use. It
shouldbe adaptable to all kinds of platforms.

3.2.4 Reliability requirements

The system should behave consistently in a user-acceptable manner when operating within
theenvironment for which the system is intended.

3.3 Software Requirement

● Operating system: Windows10 or above.
● Browser: Chrome.
● Other softwares: Visual studio code, XAMPP, PyCharm, Postman, Jupyter notebook.
● Frontend: HTML5, CSS3, JavaScript, Bootstrap4, jQuery.
● Database: MySQL.
● Backend: Apache, php.

3.4 Hardware Requirement

● Processor speed: 2.50GHz-2.71GHz.
● RAM size: 512MB and above.
● User Interface: Mouse and Keyboard.
● Storage Capacity: 1GB (minimum).

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Chapter 4
SYSTEM DESIGN
4.1 Introduction to system design
The system design controls the major structural characteristics of the system. It as a major impact
on the testability and modifiability of the system, and it affects its efficiency. Much of the
designing software is spent in creating the system design. In the first level of the design process,
the focus is on deciding which modules are needed for the system, the specification of these
modules, and how the modules should be interconnected. This is called the system design or top-
level design.
The design activity begins when the requirement documents for the software to be developed is
available. The goal of the design process is to produce a model or representation of the system,
which can be used later to bind the system. The produced model is called design of the system. A
structured design is a top down approachto minimize complexityand make a problem manageable
by sub dividing it into smaller segments. The most creative and challenging phase of the system
development of life cycle is system design. The design phase is translation from user oriented
document to document oriented programmers.

4.2 Problem Statement of the proposed system

Below are the problems faced by the farmers these days:
1. Weather prediction
2. Yield prediction
3. Crop selection
4. Difficulty in selling the crop at the right time to the customers.
Our project aims at minimizing these problems and looks forward to easing the activities of
thefarmers.

4.3 Objective of the application

The objective of our project is to build a project which helps the farmers to carry out better
farming. Help the farmers to predict the weather and climatic changes. To enable easy
communication between the farmers and the customers for selling crops.

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4.4 Flowchart

Figure 4.1 Flowchart of the portal

The above figure 4.2 is the design of our project Farmer’s assistance portal for better crop
production. The Farmers and customers can login to the portal and make use of various options
available in their respective domain.

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4.5 Methodology of the system

4.5.1 Steps in methodology

Figure 4.2 Methodology

The methodology of developing and deploying a machine learning model, which typically
involvesthe following steps: data acquisition and preprocessing, model development, model
training, modeltesting, and deployment.
1. Data Acquisition and Preprocessing:
 Identify the problem statement and the type of data required to solve it.
 Collect the necessary data from various sources such as databases, APIs, or web
scraping.
 Clean the data by removing any irrelevant or inconsistent entries, handling missing
values, and dealing with outliers.
 Preprocess the data by performing tasks like normalization, feature scaling, feature
engineering, and encoding categorical variables.
2. Model Development:
 Choose an appropriate machine learning algorithm or a combination of algorithms
basedon the problem type (classification, regression, clustering, etc.) and the nature of
the data.
 Split the preprocessed data into training and validation sets. The training set is used
to train the model, and the validation set is used to tune its parameters and evaluate
performance during development.
 Define the model architecture or structure, including the number and type of layers
(in the case of neural networks) or the configuration of the algorithm.
 Set hyperparameters, such as learning rate, regularization strength, and batch size,
which

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control the learning process.

 Implement the model using a suitable programming language or a machine learning
library/framework.
3. Model Training:
 Feed the training data into the model and use an optimization algorithm (e.g.,
gradientdescent) to update the model's parameters iteratively.
 Monitor the model's performance on the validation set during training to detect
overfittingor underfitting and adjust hyperparameters accordingly.
 Continue training until the model achieves satisfactory performance on the validation
setor converges to a stable state.
4. Model Testing:
 Once training is complete, evaluate the trained model's performance on a separate,
unseentest dataset.
 Calculate various evaluation metrics (accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, etc.) to
measure the model's performance and assess its suitability for the problem at hand.
 Analyze the model's performance and make any necessary adjustments or
improvementsbased on the evaluation results.
5. Deployment:
 Prepare the model for deployment by packaging it in a format suitable for the chosen
deployment environment (e.g., a serialized model file or a containerized application).
 Integrate the model into the target system, which may involve writing code to
handleinput/output, data preprocessing, and interacting with other components of the
system.
 Test the deployed model thoroughly to ensure it functions correctly in the
productionenvironment.
 Monitor the model's performance and collect feedback from real-world usage to
continuously improve and update the model if necessary.

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4.5.2 Methodology-preprocessing:

Figure 4.3 Methodology-preprocessing

The preprocessing step in machine learning involves several important tasks to prepare the
data formodel training. Let's break down each task:
1. Acquiring Dataset:
 Determine the data sources that are relevant to your problem statement.
 Gather the required data from these sources, such as databases, APIs, or web scraping.
 Ensure that the collected data is in a structured format, such as CSV, JSON, or a database
table.
2. Handling Missing Values:
 Identify any missing values in the dataset, represented as NaN (Not a Number) or null
values.
 Decide on an appropriate strategy to handle missing values based on the nature of the data
and the missing data patterns.
 Some common strategies include:
 Removing the rows or columns with missing values if they are few and the loss of
information is acceptable.
 Imputing the missing values by filling them with a statistical measure like the mean,
median, or mode of the respective feature.
 Using more advanced imputation techniques such as regression or machine learning
algorithms to predict missing values.
3. Handling Outliers:
 Detect and handle outliers, which are data points that significantly deviate fromthe normal
range or distribution of the dataset.

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 Visualize the data using techniques like box plots or scatter plots to identify potential
outliers.
 Decide on an appropriate strategy based on the nature of the data and the specific problem:
 Removing outliers if they are due to data entry errors or measurement issues and have
asignificant impact on the analysis.
 Transforming the data using techniques like log transformation or winsorization to
reduce the impact of outliers.
 Applying robust statistical techniques or algorithms that are less sensitive to outliers.
4. Feature Scaling:
 Normalize or scale the features in the dataset to ensure that they are on a similar scale and
have comparable ranges.
 Common techniques for feature scaling include:
 Standardization (Z-score normalization): Transforming the data to have zero mean and
unit variance.
 Min-max scaling: Scaling the data to a specific range, typically between 0 and 1.
 Robust scaling: Scaling the data using statistical measures that are more resistant to
outliers.
 Feature scaling is important to prevent features with larger magnitudes from dominating
thelearning process and to enable algorithms to converge faster.
5. Preprocessed Dataset:
 After completing the above steps, you will have a preprocessed dataset ready for model
training.
 This dataset should be cleaned, with missing values handled, outliers managed, and
featuresappropriately scaled.
 It is advisable to save the preprocessed dataset separately for future reference and to
ensureconsistency during model development.

4.5.3 Modules
There are 3 modules in our project, farmer module, customer module and admin module.

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Farmer module:

Figure 4.2 Farmer module

The above figure 4.2 is the farmer module. First the farmer has to signup/login to the portal.
Laterthe farmer will be redirected to his/her profile. The farmer can make use of several options
that areavailable after logging in to the portal. The various options the farmer can make use of
are prediction, recommendation, trade and tools. In prediction, farmer will be getting
predictions for crop, yield and rainfall. In the recommendation, the farmer will be getting
recommendations aboutcrop and fertilizers that can be used. In trade, the farmer can enter the
crops that he/she wishes to sell and then the farmer can view the crop stocks. The farmer will
also be having history of the sales. In tools, the farmer can make use of chatbot, news feed and
weather forecast. If farmer has any queries, then he/she can clarify the doubts through chatbot.
The farmer will be getting new updates related to agriculture through news feed.

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Customer module:

Figure 4.3: Customer module

The above figure 4.3 is the customer module. First the customer has to signup/login to the portal.
Later the customer will be redirected to his/her profile. The customer can make use of several
options that are available after logging in to the portal. The various options the customercan
makeuse of are buying of crops and crop stocks. In buy crops, the customer first has to addthe
crop whichhe/she wants to buy and later the farmer has to proceed with the payment. Afterthe
successful payment, the farmer will be getting the invoice of his/her payment. In crop stocks,the
farmer can see the available crops. With the help of the crop stocks the farmer can purchasethe
required crops.

Admin module:

Figure 4.4: Admin module

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The above figure 4.4 is the admin module. First the admin has to signup/login to the portal. Later
the admin will be redirected to his/her profile. The admin can make use of several options that are
available after logging in to the portal. The various options the admin can make use of are farmers
list, customers list, crop stock and queries. In farmers list, the admin will be having access to the
list of farmers who have registered to the portal. In customers list, the admin will be having access
to the list of customers who have registered to the portal. In crop stocks, the admin can see the list
of available crops which the customers can buy. In queries, the admin will be getting the queries
which the user of the portal has sent through the contact us option.

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Chapter 5
RESULTS
Snapshots

Figure 5.1: Home Page of the application

This is the homepage of our portal which consists of options on the right such as Contact, Sign
Up, and Sign In. New farmers and customers need to sign up, whereas those already registered
can use the log in option.

Figure 5.2: Farmer Login

The farmer has to put the credentials of the login, after which he will receive an OTP to the

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email which is to be entered for confirmation, post which his profile will be visible.

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Figure 5.3: Farmer Profile

After the 2-factor authentication, the farmer’s profile will be visible, which gives all the details
regarding the farmer.

Figure 5.4: Update crop stock

After logging in, farmers have options such as Update Crop Stock, Trade Crops, and
SellingHistory.

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Figure 5.5: Crop recommendation

Crop recommendation recommends the particular crop to be grown in that particular area.

Figure 5.6: Fertilizer prediction

Fertilizer prediction will recommend the particular fertilizer suitable for that area. That fertilizer
will be helpful for the crop which is to be grown.

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Figure 5.7: Crop prediction

Crop prediction will predict different kinds of crops suitable to be grown for the area which has
been selected through the input.

Figure 5.8: Yield prediction

In yield prediction yield for the particular area which is selected is predicted, this will give
thefarmer an idea about the production of the crop.

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Figure 5.9: Rainfall prediction

Rainfall prediction will predict the rainfall for the particular region which is selected according
tothe inputs from the list. This will help farmers from incurring losses.

Figure 5.10: Customer login

The customer has to put the credentials of the login, after which he will receive an OTP to the
emailwhich is to be entered for confirmation, post which his profile will be visible.

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Figure 5.11: Customer details

After the 2-factor authentication, the customer’s profile will be visible, which gives all the
detailsregarding the customer.

Figure 5.12: Buy crops

The customer can buy crops online from the list of crops available in the portal and how much
quantity is required.

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Figure 5.13: Payment test mode

This is a test payment mode where you can do payment online by entering your card details,
post which you will receive an OTP for authentication.

Figure 5.14: Payment details

Payment details. which means an invoice will be generated here for the payment which has been
done by the customer.

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Figure 5.15: Crop availability

Here the available crops are visible to the customer which gives him an idea of which crops to
buy.

Figure 5.16: Admin login

The Admin has to put the credentials of the login, after which his profile will be visible.

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Figure 5.17: Admin features

The admin’s profile will be visible, and details of features of what he can access and manage is
visible.

Figure 5.18: Customer list

The admin also has the feature of getting a list of customers who have logged in the website
andare using it.

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Figure 5.19: News feed

The News feed gives the news ofevery news related to agriculture fromall around the world which
will be helpful for the farmers.

Figure 5.20: Weather forecast

The weather forecast predicts the weather of the coming days, which might be helpful for
agricultural purposes.

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Figure 5.21: Chatbot

The chatbot is a feature that answers the queries which are asked to it by the farmer.

Figure 5.22: Feedback

Feedback can also be given by the people who have used the service of this portal. They need
tofill in the above-mentioned details and submit it, which will be recorded.

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Chapter 6
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENT
6.1 Conclusion
This paper presents the various machine learning algorithms for predicting the yield of the crop
onthe basis of weather and other conditions. This project develops a website for predicting crop
yield,weather, and fertilizer recommendation using machine learning algorithms. The decision
tree is found to provide the most accurate predictions for crop yield, weather, and fertilizer
recommendation. The prediction system takes the inputs from the user and provides the best
and most accurate predictive analysis for crop yield. The website also provides information on
the bestcrop that is suitable and also which particular fertilizers are required for that crop.
Results also revealed that the Random Forest classifier gives the highest weather prediction and
fertilizer recommendation accuracy. These will not only help farmers maintain the proper crop
supply to grow but also in cost management also it can be helpful. It will empower farmers to
make informed decisions regarding crop selection, fertilizer usage, and overall cost
management. The robustness and reliability of our system have been validated through
experiments conducted on a reliable dataset.

6.2 Future Enhancement

As a future scope, the web-based application can be made more user-friendly by targeting more
populations by including all the different regional languages in the interface and providing a
link to upload information instead of entering the test value manually. This research work can
be enhanced to a high level by building a recommender system of agriculture production and
distribution for farmers. By which farmers can make their own decision like which season
which crop should sow so that they can get better profit. This system works for structured
datasets or databases.

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[2] E. Manjula, S. Djodiltachoumy, “Model for Prediction of Crop Yield”, International Journal
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[3] Dr. Y. Jeevan Nagendra Kumar, V. Spandana,V.S. Vaishnavi,K. Neha, “Supervised
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[6] Potnuru Sai Nishant, Pinapa Sai Venkat, Bollu Lakshmi Avinash3, B. Jabber. “Crop Yield
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