24

ul23
5 Wite and explain he algosthm for a
velocahng larde
fo a Std Macine
ans
Begin
get PROGADDR Fron
wile not end d lnput do
beqin
Ycad nert ecod
wile Tecord
od type + '¬ do
wie
bjin
get Cong Hh= Second data
mask oit (M) as Hid data
for Ciro; ie lngth, it)
M;=l Hhen
add
PROGADDR locahion
PRO CoADDR t specficd acahon
ebe
move
obect Cocle bom necord to locahon
PROGADp2 + speuied locahon
Yead next e Covc
end
ent
End

> Explanahoni
The adolyes
statiny ie, he PRO ADDR is katcen
Bom the qpeahiny ytcm "The 7eCONds ae
ae Hll he end Tecord
vd for each text veecvd
and nask bit
Hhu ungth and are
Scanneo . And \a
 for all text eCad, etnif Hhe mak bit
be coms tha PROGAODR 1s addod to Hhe
P
Speufied locahon else hehe obect
obect Cocte is
to locahon were PROGADDR + SpeciAed locahicn qives

6 what he data Stuctuves

ave

(oader . Ex plain Hhe punpose c

wedl a
Lintóng
loader
anu! data shuchres wsed o an

(() ESTAB
() PROG AD DR
Gi) Cs ADpR
() EstAB
The main data stuctuve o the loadey s
an
extenal Smbol table (esTAB) · t is linking
analogous to
table (sYMTAB) 1t stores the name and addesCs
et each Syml nin Con bol Sectionabo indicates in
wich Canhol Secion

Contol
Sechon Addres
name

() PROGADDR

Pogam stlainy
Proqram chould be
in memory where Hu inked
Loaded is vae i suppied to the
loader kby Hhe Operating Syatem it's a Vaviale
abu also
 (U) CSADDR
Contains the slanting address dd he En assighed
to he Conbol Sectioyn wich ave curently being
Hhe PROGADDR lor Hh
GCanned The cs ADpR ic Same as
Contol Section. and |he is
chango
d He previdus Conhal seche,
dirpendid he

7) wite and explain he for Pass l o 2 pas

Loader2
ans' Pas I

Bagin
gct paooADPR Rom Opoaliny syate
Set Cs ADDR o PROGA DDR [For fist Conhol Section
wile net end st lnput do

Yead next input re cord [Headeu vecod fer cs

Set CSLTH o Conbol Sechon
Search ESTAS by Conbol Secion name
if found then
Set emoN
Ray iduplicke estomal symblf
ese
enter conbol Sechion nae inb ESTAB with
Vaue CSADPR
while recvd

fead net input Ye Covd

if Tecosd type - 'o' hen
fos each symbol jin the vecovd do
Seach EsTAB kN Symb name
 found hen
Set
else
enter Symtcl into
Symbol into EsTAB with Valua
(cSADD2 t ndicated Addvess )

add CS LTH to (SADPR

end flokike not Eof

end fpasl }
-> Explanation
Pro ceving externl symbe), Assign addves o
all extenal seFevence tn the Symbol table an
entor hem inte EsTAB We avc ce fined
ecevd and iavtasxehan headev Yecor: (Contol
Secton adcves)
 Discus he features cf davice cbivers ?
Tuesda
Device dives ar eserial Sotlwarc Componnt
hat faciitates municaton oetwecn compile, perain
8ytem and hovdLwave dvices
Key features incluce :
hardware :
Devices act as a bidye allowiny he
intoract with van ous haidware compenents tt u
qaphc Card ov ctovag cevices
i) Absbachon
Devias abstaut hadure Comple xities, provcing
Standaci2ed inte,face for he Os. is abstyactiorn enab
twave applicathions to Communicate wit nard ware
without nuding to tndeshnd Hhe
indialk details
) Erro handng
Divers ten include muchanism fo Cmo detechon
and
hand ling Tg Can vepeat isues issues toto 0s,'helein
to main tain. sytem slaloi ity arel veiabuy
w) lnterupt handling :
Devie dlvers mana_e handwove interupk hich
ave
signal genealed hand wYe Component to gven
CPu's
altenhon efiienti intemupt handling cucal
vesponve and smoo Hh
ytem openahoru
) Poauer Managmnt
Many dnvers suppol pouer manas ments Feateres allaum
he
Os to Conhol he powe slate of cevicesThis hep
Consevng enegy and exlending kalteny ufe
ufe on mdoile divico
 vi) Pluy and play support
pives Conti bute to the ply-and- a-play
kanchonality enabiny the System to aubmabcally de tef
hard wane olevices withaut
ond con igut neuy conncted had
monual iniventon.
vi) Compatibuty
Dives are baiat
talet tailored to speáhe hard ore
componnks eniing compalblity beween civerse duvies
and os They trans late genene 0s Compo nentb into
nshuction that he had ware ndenstond
vi) Optimizaion
welldtsigned duvie divers ophuse Hhe pet fomane
ef hancduoTe deices by implemnhny efhient algothms
and strateqs o handle data transfer and othe ophors
ix) Secumty
Doives play a nele in syatem scunty bg enfocing
alles Conhols and
ensuing that hardwoTe intevations
adhere o eskasished seuny poiieu - Vulneablity in daices
Can
pose Secuny yick co their dugn
deign and implementaion
ave (ucial.

*) updates and Maintenanu -

Manufachure reuase diver updates to imprve pefamanes
fix and enhance

impotant te ensure
Compatia
hat cevies
l ty Rglor updatea are

Hhe Latest sottwore operale teamuly with

12) oishinguisk behueen Charachter and block device dives

BLOCK CHARACTER
* Block denes ane havdwave * Chaachey evices
cleias wich Yandomly aLs aesed as a stream
ixed si2cd Chuok ot dak Sequnhial data One
yte
ctey another
possibu
Sekiny seeing is net porsiblu
* Reads and wite cloene wnte )
* The Yead ()
by buPfer cace mechanSm Calls de not Yetun wh
by bread C), bwnte (). unil me operahorn is omplete
These vequesk may be
asyoch ronouw
* More complex han * uss Complea
Chavachte
htes devices
* The kesnal coes have to * The kernel doesn't have to
Provee a n entire
o bck devies
subsyetem provide an entireceicessubsytem
to chavachnte
Had oisk, pendive kegboavd, deuce Senal
pak

wih a neat
diagm outine he shucture t a text cditor

Cormmand ong age

6emanHc vouines - pe, form
procesior aceps Command s user
unetions Such s citing and
veioing The semanic Touhnes inveves tEyave ling, edihy
 ditoy
editov
bulfere caiing
Component
Command Tiovel ing
Lnpul langnge componuits Main
Procesor mumay
Veiwing
Compchant bufer
Pi(ter

pispla
oukput
deias
Cemponuntb
Conbel
Paging
ouhnu
--lata

Syptom
* The
command lang uage pacae aeps input Fom the uie's
input dleuccs and analyses He to ken and Synhehie struckves
Commands That is it funchons Ule xical and
syntahie phaso t a compile.
Compiler It invowu he sem antic outines
drcly Thu Cormmand languageLanquage proceao alio pretuces an
inte, mudiate epresentaion d he desincd edihng openationdThis
eprcsen tation îs used clleocled an
interpretex that involvee
the appropiate Semantic Voutines

Eduting Componunks - ln a
docament, the start of tha
avea to be eoi ted is dla teined he cuYYent
pointes maintined
he eiting component Eai ting conmpneat
s a callee tion ct madales clealiny uith editing tasks
(avvent ecihng pointer Can be set o eset de to net

etc
pogaph paste
 * Tavaling Componnts posfom he
seling he Current

ecli ting and vewing pointers and ths ditem ne he poin

at wich he
veiing otiing lteiny begine
filter ; when he wer 1SSUe8 an Command
flter-Tis
Hhe ectitin tompeneat invakes the
Com ponens Rlte he document! to genesate new

buffey lbad on the Crrent edihng pointe

well as da on h edi hiny ilte poramatos
Coniist t Selehion o Con inous characktes
Fiteig at the cuYert point

Veiwing Comporun: The sant ot the area to be Veiwed

is catemined by veiwing pointea . This ponter is
maintincd by the veciuing Componant ino inv. king the
veiaing ilte Thus Com ponent Piltes Hhe documint to

geneaie veilwing buffer:

bu

piplay veiwing buter ie then pased

(ormponont ? The
!Hhe display conmponant tstwch pratucessubset of te
e mappng Hne ber a to vetarg alor
Called windows
 mode d
f cback
14 (ompare iabgay lnduchon
debga"y ?
lnduchon

ln nduchion one pioueds Kom hu pastielar b

sympto dt the
he whole, ie By staving with Hhe
move test cases
in he Tesult cne o

laoking Fo Telationrhip s among the sympms

*Rlatonuhips among he sympomd
() locate he pentinent data : Consicder
Conside all he anailable
data
osmplerms about probum
) Orqanise He clata i Pesinent dlata is structed o allow
one
ve paeN ct parhcalar impotance and
Seaych fov Con bacictions

(ü) Device a hypo thenis

(iv) Peve he hypo thesis

small bakbactig
pgams Hhe method of baek

*
moe
To wse
eFective
is mihod
to Locate eors taling
start at he place In
whene an incoweet Yesult Prgpam
prducd and
backwavd in Hhe Prgyam One sBep at a hme
1his is
deive
execuing the programn in
Yevese Order to
he Vals al awlaae vañables in
he previows step hen eNo can be locatel
 Fncions and lapabilla ?
15. Explain dbugging fnchons
ene important equirement o any lp' is unit tet
fanchons Speeihel by he preqyamer " Such funcions clealy
with
exeruhon Seqen
Con hol o Hhe flow t
wich is he cbsevahen and
execution
he proqram may be suspened alter a hxed not
insbuehonn aYe executed
’funethons
Tiaang Can be wed to tyaelk h Pow ot execution
toqic and clatu mocú hcahons . The Contl tos Can be
braed at diffevert level s t cetail proccdure, bainch
tndividualinztuctian and so on. Trae baek can shew
Hhe pah by wich the cument statement in he preqram
was Teached

’ Capabi ithes :
should have
Pregnamm- display capaaita i Adeloe
gouc pregm - cisplay Capabilites
*A debuggny syem should Consice he
langy
wich he clebugged is witen
Program being
* The dubugging syetem should
should be abe to deal it
optimizod Coce
d vaiables