INF102D: Programming

Lecture 6
Lecture Outline
• Arrays
• Accessing array elements
• Processing Arrays
• Parallel Arrays
• Multidimensional Arrays
Introduction
• Arrays are used to store multiple values in a single variable,
instead of declaring separate variables for each value.
• Suppose a class has 30 students, and we need to store all their
grades. Instead of creating 30 separate variables, we can simply
create an array.
double grades[30];
• Here, the name of the array is grades. The array can hold a maximum
of 30 grades (double).
• The size and type of arrays cannot be changed after its
declaration.
Arrays
• An array simply refers to a collection of variables of the same
type and referenced by the same name.
• It is a series or list of values in computer memory, all of which have
the same name and data type but are differentiated with special
numbers called subscripts.
• For example, a shopping list may include: milk, bread, wheat,
rice, gari, flour, …
• A subscript, also called an index, is a number that indicates the
position of a particular item within an array.
How Arrays Occupy Computer Memory
• When an array is created, you declare a structure that contains
multiple data items but with the same name and same data
type
• Each item in an array is one element that occupies an
area/space in memory next to or contiguous the other.
• You indicate the number of items with the size of the array:
datatype array_name [ size ];

data Item 1 Item 2 Item 3 … Item N

index 0 1 2 … (size – 1)
Single Dimensional Arrays
• To declare a single dimensional array:
• define the variable data type
• specify the name of the array followed by square brackets
• specify the number of elements it should store
datatype array_name [ size ];
• An array’s size declarator must be a constant integer expression
with a value greater than zero.
• E.g.: float temperatures [ 100 ]; // Array of 100 floats
int units [ 10 ]; // Array of 10 integers
string stu_Name [ 200 ]; // Array of 200 strings
Memory Requirements of Arrays
• The amount of memory used by an array depends on the array’s
data type and the number of elements.
• The size of an array can be calculated by multiplying the size of an
individual element by the number of elements in the array.
• Example: int scores [ 5 ];
• Number of elements: 5
• Size of each element: 4 bytes
• Size of array: 5 * 4 = 20 bytes
Accessing Array Elements
• The individual elements of an array are assigned unique
subscripts/index.
• These subscripts are used to access a specific element within the
array.
• The first element is assigned the subscript 0, the second
element is assigned 1, and so forth.
array_name [ index ]

data Item 1 Item 2 Item 3 … Item N

index 0 1 2 … (size – 1)
Example: Accessing Array Elements
int hours [ 5 ]; // Create an array of 5 elements
hours [0] = 12; // Assign 12 to first subscript
hours[ 0 ] hours[ 1 ] hours[ 2 ] hours[ 3 ] hours[ 4 ]
data 12 ? ? ? ?
index 0 1 2 3 4

hours [ 2 ] = 20; // Assign 20 to third position

hours [ 4 ] = 45; // Assign 45 to fifth position
hours[ 0 ] hours[ 1 ] hours[ 2 ] hours[ 3 ] hours[ 4 ]
data 12 ? 20 ? 45
index 0 1 2 3 4
 Inputting and Displaying Array Elements
• Array elements may be used with the cin and cout objects like
any other variable.
#include <iostream> // Display the numbers
using namespace std;
cout << x [ 0 ];
int main ( ) {
int x [ 5 ]; cout << x [ 1 ];
cout << “Enter five numbers: ”; cout << x [ 2 ];
cin >> x [ 0 ]; cout << x [ 3 ];
cin >> x [ 1 ];
cout << x [ 4 ];
cin >> x [ 2 ];
cin >> x [ 3 ]; return 0;
cin >> x [ 4 ]; }
 Inputting and Displaying Array Elements
• It is also possible to initialize an array during declaration.
#include <iostream> #include <iostream>
using namespace std; using namespace std;
int main ( ) { int main ( ) {
// declare and initialize and array // declare and initialize an array
int x [ 5 ] = {19, 10, 17, 9, 15}; int x [ ] = {19, 10, 17, 9, 15};
// Display the numbers // Display the numbers
cout << x [ 0 ]; cout << x [ 0 ];
cout << x [ 1 ]; cout << x [ 1 ];
cout << x [ 2 ]; cout << x [ 2 ];
cout << x [ 3 ]; cout << x [ 3 ];
cout << x [ 4 ]; cout << x [ 4 ];
return 0; return 0;
} }
 Inputting and Displaying Array Elements
#include <iostream> #include <iostream>
using namespace std; using namespace std;
int main ( ) {
int main ( ) {
int numbers [ 5 ] ;
int numbers [ 5 ] = {7, 5, 6, 12, 35};
cout << ”Enter 5 numbers: ";
cout << "The numbers are: ";
for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i ) {
// Printing array elements cin >> numbers [ i ];
for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i ) { }
cout << numbers [ i ] << " "; cout << "The numbers are: ";
} for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i ) {
return 0; cout << numbers [ i ] << " ";
} }
return 0;
}
Array Out of Bounds
• If we declare an array of size 10, then the array will contain
elements from index 0 to 9.
• However, if we try to access the element at index 10 or more
than 10, it will result in Undefined Behavior.
C++ Array Size
• To get the size of an array, you can use the sizeof( ) operator:
• The sizeof( ) operator returns the size of a type in bytes.

int myNumbers [ 5 ] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};

sizeof ( myNumbers );

• To find out how many elements an array has, you have to divide the size
of the array by the size of the data type it contains:
int myNumbers [ 5 ] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
int getArrayLength = sizeof( myNumbers ) / sizeof( int );
cout << getArrayLength;
Partial Array Initialization
• When an array is initialized, it is possible to initialize part of the array.
• Example: int x [ 10 ] = {20, 9, 16, 12};

array x [0] x [1] x [2] x [3] x [4] x [5] x [6] x [7] x [8] x [9]
Data 20 9 16 12
Index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

• When an array is initialized, it is possible to initialize part of the array.

• Example: int score [ 10 ] = {20, 9, 16, 12};
Parallel Arrays
• Sometimes it’s useful to store related data in two or more
arrays.
• It’s especially useful when the related data is of unlike types.
• Two corresponding arrays are parallel arrays if each element in
one array is associated with the element in the same relative
position in the other array
• When you use parallel arrays:
• Two or more arrays contain related data.
• A subscript relates the arrays. That is, elements at the same position
in each array are logically related.
Parallel Arrays
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main () {
string name[5] = {“Yaw”, “Kwaku”, “Pete”, “Akosua”, “Afia”};
int age [5] = {12, 17, 18, 14, 15};
for(int index = 0; index < 5; index++){
cout << “My name is ” << name[index] << “ and I am ”;
cout <<age[index] << “ years old. \n”;
}
return 0;
}
 Parallel Arrays
#include <iostream> for( int i = 0; i < SIZE; i++){
#include <iomanip> cout << “Hours worked by employee # ” << (i +
1) << “ : ”;
using namespace std; cin >> hours[i];
cout << “Hour rate for employee # ” << (i + 1)
int main () { << “ : ”;
cin >> payRate [i];
const int SIZE = 5;
}
int hours [SIZE] ;
cout << fixed << showpoint << setprecision(2);
double payRate [SIZE] ;
for( int i = 0; i < SIZE; i++){
cout << “Enter the hours worked by ”; double grossPay = hours[ i ] * payRate[ i ];
cout << SIZE << “ employees and their ”; cout << “Employee # ” << (i + 1) ;
cout << “ pay rates. \n”; cout << “ : GH ”<< grossPay << endl;
}
return 0;
}
 Arrays as Function Arguments
• To pass an array as an argument to a function, pass the name of the array.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std; void showValues (int nums [], int size) {
for (int index = 0; index < SIZE; index++) {
void showValues (int [ ], int ); cout << nums [] << ” “ ;
cout << endl;
int main () { }
const int SIZE = 5; }
int numbers [SIZE] = {2, 5, 15, 10, 8};
showValues(numbers, SIZE);
return 0;
}
Multi-dimensional Arrays
• A multi-dimensional array is a collection of elements of the same types
stored in consecutive memory locations, all of which are referenced by
the same variable name using two subscripts.

Column 0 Column 1 Column 2 … Column N

Row 0 Scores [0] [0] Scores [0] [1] Scores [0] [2] … Scores [0] [N]
Row 1 Scores [1] [0] Scores [1] [1] Scores [1] [2] … Scores [1] [N]
… … … … … …
Row M Scores [M] [0] Scores [M] [1] Scores [M] [2] … Scores [M] [N]
Multi-dimensional Arrays
• Like a normal array, we can initialize a multidimensional array in more
than one way.
• int test[2][3] = { {2, 4, 5}, {9, 0, 19}};
• int test[2][3][4] = {
• { {3, 4, 2, 3}, {0, -3, 9, 11}, {23, 12, 23, 2} },
• { {13, 4, 56, 3}, {5, 9, 3, 5}, {5, 1, 4, 9} }
• };
Multi-dimensional Arrays
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
int test[3][2] = { {2, -5}, {4, 0}, {9, 1} };
for(int row = 0; row < 3; row++ ){
for (int col = 0; col < 2; col++) {
cout << "test[" << irow << "][" << col<< "] = " << test [ row ][ col ] << endl;
}
}
return 0;
}
Multi-dimensional Arrays
#include <iostream> cout << "The numbers are: " << endl;
using namespace std; for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
for (int j = 0; j < 3; ++j) {
int main ( ) { cout << "numbers[" << i ;
int numbers [ 2 ] [ 3 ]; cout << "][" << j << "]: " ;
cout << "Enter 6 numbers: " << endl; cout << numbers [ i ] [ j ] << endl;
}
for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i) { }
for (int j = 0; j < 3; ++j) { return 0;
cin >> numbers [ i ][ j ]; }
}
}