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Chapter (3) - Section 1

kk; iuliuy

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11 views27 pages

Chapter (3) - Section 1

kk; iuliuy

Uploaded by

Abdallah Safi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Chapter (3)

Descriptive Statistics
Section (1) - MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY: UNGROUPED DATA
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
The focus of Chapter 3 is the use of statistical techniques to describe data,
thereby enabling you to:
1. Apply various measures of central tendency—including the mean, median,
and mode—to a set of ungrouped data.
2. Apply various measures of variability—including the range, interquartile
range, mean absolute deviation, variance, and standard deviation (using
the empirical rule) - to a set of ungrouped data
3. Compute the mean, median and mode of grouped data
4. Describe a data distribution statistically and graphically using skewness.
5. Use computer packages to compute various measures of central tendency,
variation, and shape on a set of data, as well as to describevthe data
distribution graphically
Introduction
Chapter 2 presented graphical techniques for organizing and displaying data. Even
though such graphical techniques allow the researcher to make some general
observations about the shape and spread of the data, a more complete
understanding of the data can be attained by summarizing the data using statistics.
This chapter presents such statistical measures, including:
• Measures of central tendency,
• Measures of variability,
• and measures of shape (Skewness)
3.1 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY:
UNGROUPED DATA
Measures of central tendency yield information about the center, or
middle part, of a group of numbers.
The measures of central tendency for ungrouped data are:
• the mode,
• the median,
• the mean,
• percentiles,
• And quartiles.
3.1 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY:
UNGROUPED DATA
Mode:
The mode is the most frequently occurring value in a set of data.

The mode is $19.00 because the offer price that


recurred the most times (four) was $19.00.
Organizing the data into an ordered array (an ordering
of the numbers from smallest to largest) helps to
locate the mode.
3.1 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY:
UNGROUPED DATA
Mode:
3.1 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY:
UNGROUPED DATA
Example:
3.1 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY:
UNGROUPED DATA
Example:
3.1 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY:
UNGROUPED DATA
The mode is the only measure of central tendency that can be used in finding the
most typical case when the data are nominal or categorical.
Example:
3.1 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY:
UNGROUPED DATA
Median:
The median is the middle value in an ordered array of numbers, is the
halfway point in a data set.
Before you can find this point, the data must be arranged in ascending
or descending order. When the data set is ordered, it is called data
array.
3.1 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY:
UNGROUPED DATA
Median:
For an array with an odd number of terms, the median is the middle number. For
an array with an even number of terms, the median is the average of the two
middle numbers.
The following steps are used to determine the median:
STEP 1. Arrange the observations in an ordered data array.
STEP 2. For an odd number of terms, find the middle term of the ordered array. It is
the median.
STEP 3. For an even number of terms, find the average of the middle two terms.
This average is the median.
3.1 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY:
UNGROUPED DATA
Example:
3.1 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY:
UNGROUPED DATA
Example:
3.1 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY:
UNGROUPED DATA
3.1 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY:
UNGROUPED DATA
Mean:
The arithmetic mean is the average of a group of numbers and is
computed by summing all numbers and dividing by the number of
numbers.
3.1 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY:
UNGROUPED DATA
Mean:
Example:
3.1 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY:
UNGROUPED DATA
Example:
3.1 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY:
UNGROUPED DATA
3.1 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY:
UNGROUPED DATA
Percentiles:
Percentiles are measures of central tendency that divide a group of data into 100 parts.
There are 99 percentiles because it takes 99 dividers to separate a group of data into 100
parts.
The nth percentile is the value such that at least n % of the data are below that value and
at most (100 - n) % are above that value.
Percentiles are widely used in reporting test results.
Example:
If the instructor says that your score is at the 80thpercentile, then this means that at least
80% of the students scored below your score or at most 20% of the students scored above
you.
3.1 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY:
UNGROUPED DATA
Steps in Determining the Location of a Percentile:
3.1 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY:
UNGROUPED DATA
Example:
3.1 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY:
UNGROUPED DATA
Quartiles:
Quartiles are measures of central tendency that divide a group of data into four subgroups or parts. The three
quartiles are denoted as Q1, Q2, and Q3.
The first quartile,Q1, separates the first, or lowest, one-fourth of the data from the upper three-fourths and is
equal to the 25th percentile.
The second quartile, Q2, separates the second quarter of the data from the third quarter. Q2 is located at the
50th percentile and equals the median of the data.
The third quartile, Q3, divides the first three-quarters of the data from the last quarter and is equal to the
value of the 75th percentile.
3.1 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY:
UNGROUPED DATA
Example:

Solution
3.1 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY:
UNGROUPED DATA
Example:

Solution
3.1 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY:
UNGROUPED DATA
Example:

Solution
3.1 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY:
UNGROUPED DATA
Example:
3.1 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY:
UNGROUPED DATA

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