Computer Applications Reviewer • Variable name can be combination of
letter and number
Matlab
• Matlab is case sensitive (myvar is
• a mathematical and graphical software different from Myvar or MYVAR, etc).
package with numerical, graphical and • Use variable name that makes sense.
programming capabilities
>>who (shows defined variables)
• extremely powerful higher level
programming language with built-in >>whos (shows more information on the
tools defined variable)
• shorter name for “Matrix Laboratory”
>>clear (clears out all variables)
Hardware Requirements of Matlab
>>clear XXXX (clear only variable named XXXX)
Matlab 2020a
>>clear XXX1 XXX2 ... (clears variable named
• latest version XXX1, XXX2,...)
• with Intel or AMD processors with at
>>format short (display default 4 decimal
least four logical cores,
places)
• 4 GB of RAM (Random Access Memory)
• 3Gb of harddisk space2 >>format long (display 15 decimal places)
MATLAB 2012b >>format loose (default line spacing in the
command window)
• To support older computers with lower
specifications >>format compact
>> (referred to as the prompt and can be found ... (3 dots) = continuation operator used for
in the command window) very long expression to continue on the enxt
line
>> demo (will show examples and help in
aseparate window) Random number
>> help XXXX (will show help for the function >>rand (generates a random number in the
XXXX) open interval (0,1))
>> quit >>round(rand*10) (generates a random
number in the open interval (0,10)
>>exit (quit or exit will exit Matlab)
Character- denoted by a singke quote.
Matlab Windows:
ex. ‘a’
• command window
• current folder window String- A series of Characters
• workspace windows ex. ‘hello world’
• command history window
The For Loop
How to store data (values) in Matlab
• necessary to repeat statement/s in a
Variables- stores value or data script/function.
>> variablename = value or expression General Form of For Loop:
Semicolon- the output will not be displayed
ans- default variable name
arrow up- scroll to previously used commands
arrow left- modify the expression
Naming Variables:
• Variable name should start with a letter
Nested For Loops-the action of a loop is • commands are interpreted rather than
another loop complied.
• Matlab Scripts knows as Matlab Code
Files (M-flies, with a file extension of
.m) consists of a sequence of Matlab
instructions.
• Scripts can be executed (run) by
entering the name of the script (the M-
file without the .mextension)
Two ways of viewing a script
While Loops
1. opening the M-file in the editor
• conditional loop 2. use the type command.
• to repeat action when ahead of time it >>type scriptname
is not known how many times the
action will be repeated. Running/Executing a Script
General form of while loop >>scriptname
while condition Input Function
action • prompts the user to neter the necessary
inputs.
end
>>variablename(‘Your input instruction or
Multiple Conditions in a while Loop parameter statement here’)
• If the input is a string, “s” must be
added as the second argument,
>>variablename(‘Enter a character: ‘, ‘s’)
Algorithms- sequence of steps, sequential lines
of codes needed to perform a certain operation Note: Space is considered a character.
or solve a particular problem. Output Statements- displays the results of the
Basic Algorithm consist of 3 basic steps: command/expressions
1. Get the input/s disp - display the output of an expression or
command.
2. calculate the reslt/s
3. Display the results
Computer Program – a sequence of
instructions, written in a particular language
written to accomplish a task.
Execute/run a program – the computer follows
the instruction (lines of codes) in the given fprintf function – used for formatted output
sequence. display. It uses place holders, new line character
• Original lines of instructions are and many more.
referred to as source code Place holders:
• executable program output of the
compiler is referred to as the object %d integer (decimal integer)
code, %f float real numbers)
• line by line
%c character (one character only)
Matlab Scripts
%s string of characters
New line Character (\n) action2
-the next output will be moved to the next line elseif condition 3
action 3
end
The Switch statement -can be used when an
expression is tested to see whether it is equal to
one of several possible values
More Types of User-defined Functions
• Functions that returns more than one
value
If Statements- chooses whether another
statement or group of statements is executed
or not.
if condition
action
end
Condition – a relational expression that is
conceptually or logically true or false.
action statement – will be executed if the
condition is true
Matlab Program Organization
If-Else Statements -the if statement chooses
whether or not an action is executed. • Modular Programs- solution is broken
down into muddles each implemented
if condition as a function.
action 1 Subfunctions
else • Primary function –the function calling a
subfunction
action2
• Both primary and subfunction are
end stored in the same code file
action 1 is executed if true Applications of Matlab
action 2 is executed if condition is false • Images as matrices
Nested if-else statements -used to choose from Image Processing Toolbox convention is to
more than two options display 0 as black and 1 as white.
the elseif statement- another way of nesting if- • Reading images
else statement to choose from more than two
options
if condition1
action 1
elseif condition2
imread(‘filename’) Image types
• intensity images- grayscale
>> f = imread(‘baga.jpg’)
• binary images- black and white
>>imshow(f) %shows the image • indexed images- grayscale
• RGB images- 3 matrices that overlaps
>>imshow(f, [low high])
Converting between image types
ex.1
>> imshow(f, [100 200])
this means that all values 0-99 are replaced by
100 and all values 201-255 are replaced by 200
ex. 2 displays both images
>>imshow(f), figure, imshow(f,[50 200])
This example shows how to automatically
shows the original img shows the processed img
detect circles or circular objects in an image
andvisualize the detected circles.
ex. 3
Step 1: Load Image
>>imshow(f, [ ])
rgb = imread('coloredChips.png');
the brackets sets the lowest and highest value imshow(rgb)
in the matrix
Step 2: Determine Radius Range for Searching
>>pixval %specifies the value of each Circles
pixel
Find the appropriate radius range of the circles
>>size(f) %shows pixel length and width using the drawline function.
>>whos(f) %shows additional info d = drawline;
To save the file:
>>imwrite(f, ‘filename’)
>>imwrite(f, ‘filename.jpg’,’quality’,q)
whereas ‘q’ sets the quality of the image, 100
being the highest quality.
Data Classes
The length of the line ROI is the diameter of the
chip.
pos = d.Position;
diffPos = diff(pos);
diameter = hypot(diffPos(1),diffPos(2))
diameter = 45.3448
Step 3: Initial Attempt to Find Circles
gray_image = rgb2gray(rgb);
imshow(gray_image)
parameter 'ObjectPolarity'- set to bright or the strong edges (higher gradient
dark values) to be included
• low value (closer to 0) is more
parameter 'Sensitivity'- higher 'Sensitivity'
permissive and includes even the
value sets the detection threshold lower and weaker edges
leads to detecting more circles.
Step 4: Increase Detection Sensitivity
Step 5: Draw the Circles on the Image
function viscircles-to draw circles on the image.
Step 11: Draw 'Dark' and 'Bright' Circles
Together
Step 6: Use the Second Method (Two-stage) for
Finding Circles
Step 7: Why are Some Circles Still Getting
Missed?
The yellow chips do not have strong contrast
with the background.
imshow(gray_image)
Step 8: Find 'Bright' Circles in the Image
Step 9: Draw 'Bright' Circles with Different
Color
-Draw the bright circles in a different color, by
changing the 'Color' parameter in viscircles.
Step 10: Lower the Value of 'EdgeThreshold'
• uses only the edge pixels in the image
• controls how high the gradient value at
a pixel has to be before it is considered
an edge pixel
• A high value (closer to 1) for this
parameter will allow only
