Computer Applications Reviewer • Variable name can be combination of

letter and number

Matlab
• Matlab is case sensitive (myvar is
• a mathematical and graphical software different from Myvar or MYVAR, etc).
package with numerical, graphical and • Use variable name that makes sense.
programming capabilities
>>who (shows defined variables)
• extremely powerful higher level
programming language with built-in >>whos (shows more information on the
tools defined variable)
• shorter name for “Matrix Laboratory”
>>clear (clears out all variables)
Hardware Requirements of Matlab
>>clear XXXX (clear only variable named XXXX)
Matlab 2020a
>>clear XXX1 XXX2 ... (clears variable named
• latest version XXX1, XXX2,...)
• with Intel or AMD processors with at
>>format short (display default 4 decimal
least four logical cores,
places)
• 4 GB of RAM (Random Access Memory)
• 3Gb of harddisk space2 >>format long (display 15 decimal places)

MATLAB 2012b >>format loose (default line spacing in the

command window)
• To support older computers with lower
specifications >>format compact

>> (referred to as the prompt and can be found ... (3 dots) = continuation operator used for
in the command window) very long expression to continue on the enxt
line
>> demo (will show examples and help in
aseparate window) Random number

>> help XXXX (will show help for the function >>rand (generates a random number in the
XXXX) open interval (0,1))

>> quit >>round(rand*10) (generates a random

number in the open interval (0,10)
>>exit (quit or exit will exit Matlab)
Character- denoted by a singke quote.
Matlab Windows:
ex. ‘a’
• command window
• current folder window String- A series of Characters
• workspace windows ex. ‘hello world’
• command history window
The For Loop
How to store data (values) in Matlab
• necessary to repeat statement/s in a
Variables- stores value or data script/function.
>> variablename = value or expression General Form of For Loop:
Semicolon- the output will not be displayed

ans- default variable name

arrow up- scroll to previously used commands

arrow left- modify the expression

Naming Variables:

• Variable name should start with a letter

Nested For Loops-the action of a loop is • commands are interpreted rather than
another loop complied.
• Matlab Scripts knows as Matlab Code
Files (M-flies, with a file extension of
.m) consists of a sequence of Matlab
instructions.
• Scripts can be executed (run) by
entering the name of the script (the M-
file without the .mextension)

Two ways of viewing a script

While Loops
1. opening the M-file in the editor
• conditional loop 2. use the type command.
• to repeat action when ahead of time it >>type scriptname
is not known how many times the
action will be repeated. Running/Executing a Script

General form of while loop >>scriptname

while condition Input Function

action • prompts the user to neter the necessary

inputs.
end
>>variablename(‘Your input instruction or
Multiple Conditions in a while Loop parameter statement here’)

• If the input is a string, “s” must be

added as the second argument,

>>variablename(‘Enter a character: ‘, ‘s’)

Algorithms- sequence of steps, sequential lines
of codes needed to perform a certain operation Note: Space is considered a character.
or solve a particular problem. Output Statements- displays the results of the
Basic Algorithm consist of 3 basic steps: command/expressions

1. Get the input/s disp - display the output of an expression or

command.
2. calculate the reslt/s

3. Display the results

Computer Program – a sequence of

instructions, written in a particular language
written to accomplish a task.

Execute/run a program – the computer follows

the instruction (lines of codes) in the given fprintf function – used for formatted output
sequence. display. It uses place holders, new line character
• Original lines of instructions are and many more.
referred to as source code Place holders:
• executable program output of the
compiler is referred to as the object %d integer (decimal integer)
code, %f float real numbers)
• line by line
%c character (one character only)
Matlab Scripts
%s string of characters
New line Character (\n) action2

-the next output will be moved to the next line elseif condition 3

action 3

end

The Switch statement -can be used when an

expression is tested to see whether it is equal to
one of several possible values

More Types of User-defined Functions

• Functions that returns more than one

value

If Statements- chooses whether another

statement or group of statements is executed
or not.

if condition

action

end

Condition – a relational expression that is

conceptually or logically true or false.

action statement – will be executed if the

condition is true
Matlab Program Organization
If-Else Statements -the if statement chooses
whether or not an action is executed. • Modular Programs- solution is broken
down into muddles each implemented
if condition as a function.
action 1 Subfunctions
else • Primary function –the function calling a
subfunction
action2
• Both primary and subfunction are
end stored in the same code file
action 1 is executed if true Applications of Matlab
action 2 is executed if condition is false • Images as matrices
Nested if-else statements -used to choose from Image Processing Toolbox convention is to
more than two options display 0 as black and 1 as white.
the elseif statement- another way of nesting if- • Reading images
else statement to choose from more than two
options

if condition1

action 1

elseif condition2
imread(‘filename’) Image types
• intensity images- grayscale
>> f = imread(‘baga.jpg’)
• binary images- black and white
>>imshow(f) %shows the image • indexed images- grayscale
• RGB images- 3 matrices that overlaps
>>imshow(f, [low high])
Converting between image types
ex.1

>> imshow(f, [100 200])

this means that all values 0-99 are replaced by

100 and all values 201-255 are replaced by 200

ex. 2 displays both images

>>imshow(f), figure, imshow(f,[50 200])

This example shows how to automatically

shows the original img shows the processed img
detect circles or circular objects in an image
andvisualize the detected circles.
ex. 3
Step 1: Load Image
>>imshow(f, [ ])
rgb = imread('coloredChips.png');
the brackets sets the lowest and highest value imshow(rgb)
in the matrix
Step 2: Determine Radius Range for Searching
>>pixval %specifies the value of each Circles
pixel
Find the appropriate radius range of the circles
>>size(f) %shows pixel length and width using the drawline function.
>>whos(f) %shows additional info d = drawline;

To save the file:

>>imwrite(f, ‘filename’)

>>imwrite(f, ‘filename.jpg’,’quality’,q)

whereas ‘q’ sets the quality of the image, 100

being the highest quality.

Data Classes
The length of the line ROI is the diameter of the

chip.

pos = d.Position;

diffPos = diff(pos);

diameter = hypot(diffPos(1),diffPos(2))

diameter = 45.3448

Step 3: Initial Attempt to Find Circles

gray_image = rgb2gray(rgb);

imshow(gray_image)
parameter 'ObjectPolarity'- set to bright or the strong edges (higher gradient
dark values) to be included
• low value (closer to 0) is more
parameter 'Sensitivity'- higher 'Sensitivity'
permissive and includes even the
value sets the detection threshold lower and weaker edges
leads to detecting more circles.

Step 4: Increase Detection Sensitivity

Step 5: Draw the Circles on the Image

function viscircles-to draw circles on the image.

Step 11: Draw 'Dark' and 'Bright' Circles
Together

Step 6: Use the Second Method (Two-stage) for

Finding Circles

Step 7: Why are Some Circles Still Getting

Missed?

The yellow chips do not have strong contrast

with the background.

imshow(gray_image)

Step 8: Find 'Bright' Circles in the Image

Step 9: Draw 'Bright' Circles with Different

Color

-Draw the bright circles in a different color, by

changing the 'Color' parameter in viscircles.

Step 10: Lower the Value of 'EdgeThreshold'

• uses only the edge pixels in the image

• controls how high the gradient value at
a pixel has to be before it is considered
an edge pixel
• A high value (closer to 1) for this
parameter will allow only