Chapter 6 Chemicals and Chemical Changes

C. Short answer questions.

1. What do you mean by a chemical substance? Name its two types.
Ans-Any material with a specific chemical composition is called a chemical substance. There are
two types of substances, namely, pure substances and mixtures.

2. How do you write the chemical formula of a compound?

Ans-A chemical formula describes the types of atoms and their numbers in an Element or a
compound. Two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen combine to form a water molecule.
Therefore, H2O is the chemical formula for water.

3. What are the favourable conditions for rusting ?

Ans-The chemical name of rust is iron oxide which is formed from the reaction of air and water
on iron. Oxygen and water are the two essential conditions for rusting. This is a chemical change
because rusting is permanent.
Iron + Oxygen (air) + Water → Iron oxide (rust).

4. Differentiate between combination reaction and decomposition reaction.

Ans- The chemical reaction in which two or more simple substances (reactants) Combine to
form a complex compound is called a combination reaction. The Burning of magnesium ribbons
in the presence of oxygen (air) is an example Of combination reaction , However, a reaction in
which a compound breaks down into two or more simple Substances is called a decomposition
reaction. These reactions require energy Which is given in the form of heat and electricity. For
example, when you heat Up lime to a certain temperature, it produces calcium oxide or quick
lime and Carbon dioxide.

5. Differentiate between Endothermic and Exothermic reactions.

Ans- The reactions in which energy is released are called exothermic reactions. For Example,
formation of water from hydrogen and oxygen is an exothermic Reaction. The reactions in which
energy is absorbed are called endothermic Reactions. For example, the dissolution of
ammonium chloride in water is and Endothermic reaction.

6. Give an example of decomposition reaction.

Ans-An example of a decomposition reaction is the process of electrolysis. When current is
passed through water, it gives off its constituent elements, i.e., hydrogen and oxygen in their
gaseous states. This process is called electrolysis.
Water → Hydrogen + Oxygen
 7. Give an example of displacement reaction.
Ans-An example of a displacement reaction is the reaction between aluminium and Iron
sulphate. Aluminium, being more reactive than iron, replaces iron from iron Sulphate solution
and forms aluminium sulphate.
Iron sulphate + Aluminium → Aluminum sulphate + Iron

8. What is Barrier protection?

Ans-Iron surface can be coated with layers of oil, grease or paint which prevents Exposure of
iron to air and water. This protects iron from rusting. This kind of Protection is called barrier
protection.

9. How can we obtain crystals of copper sulphate?

Ans-Crystals of copper sulphate can be obtained by preparing its solution in which no more
copper sulphate can be dissolved. Heat the solution and leave it overnight. Next morning, you
will find beautiful blue crystals of copper sulphate separated out at the bottom of the solution.

10. How do you prepare hydrochloric acid?

Ans-When hydrogen sulphide gas is passed through zinc chloride solution, hydrochloric acid is
formed and black coloured zinc sulphide precipitates out. If we filter out the precipitate, we can
obtain hydrochloric acid from the product solution.
Hydrogen sulphide + Zinc chloride → Zinc sulphide + Hydrochloric acid

11. In chemistry, what are reactant and products?

Ans-The changes in which new substances with different properties are formed are called
chemical changes. In a chemical change or reaction, the interacting substances are called
reactants. The new substances that are formed as a result of a chemical change are called
products.

D. Long Answer questions.

1. Explain precipitation reaction with suitable examples.
Ans- There are some chemical reactions that lead to the formation of an insoluble
substance that settles down at the bottom of the test tube. This insoluble
substance is called precipitate and such reactions are called precipitation
reactions. A precipitate is represented by a downward arrow. For example,
when hydrogen sulphide gas is passed through zinc chloride solution,
hydrochloric acid is formed and black coloured zinc sulphide precipitates out.

Hydrogen Sulphide+ Zinc Chloride → zinc Sulphide + Hydrochloric acid

2. Give the chemical formula of the following compounds.

 a) Vinegar- CH₃COOH
b) Sugar- C6H12O6
c) Table Salt – NaCl
d) Carbon dioxide – CO2

3. What does a chemical formula represent? Explain with suitable examples.

Ans - A chemical formula is used to describe the types of atoms and their numbers in an element or
a compound. For example, ‘H’ represents one atom of hydrogen and ‘O’ represents one atom of
oxygen. If we want to represent two atoms of hydrogen, instead of writing H-H, we write H2 .The
subscript ‘2’ means that two atoms of the element hydrogen have joined together to form a
molecule. A subscript is only used when more than one atom is being represented. Two atoms of
hydrogen and one atom of oxygen combine to form water molecule. Therefore, H2O is the chemical
formula for water.

4. Complete the following:

a. Water electrolysis → Hydrogen + Oxygen
b. Magnesium + Oxygen → magnesium oxide
c. Iron + water + Air → Iron Oxide (rust)

5. With suitable examples, differentiate between Exothermic and Endothermic reaction.

Ans- The reactions in which energy is released are called exothermic reactions. For example,
formation of water from hydrogen and oxygen is an exothermic reaction. The reactions in which
energy is absorbed are called endothermic reactions. For example, the dissolution of ammonium
chloride in water is an endothermic reaction.

6. State the characteristics of chemical reactions.

Ans- All reactions have the following characteristics:
a. Change in energy: All reactions are accompanied by energy changes. Energy, usually in the form
of heat, is either given out and/or absorbed in a reaction; i.e., a reaction can be exothermic or
endothermic.
b. Change in state: In many chemical reactions, the physical state of the substance gets changed.
For example, when calcium carbonate is heated, it gives off carbon dioxide which is a gas.

c. Change in colour: When a reactant changes to a product, the latter may have a different colour.
For example, when zinc powder is added to copper sulphate solution, the blue colour of copper
sulphate solution fades away due to the formation of zinc sulphate which is colourless.

d. Release of gas: In a chemical reaction, the products formed may be in the gaseous state. If the
reactants are in liquid state (solution), the gaseous product is released in the form of bubbles.

e. Formation of precipitates: Some chemical reactions lead to the formation of an insoluble

substance that settles down at the bottom of the test tube. This insoluble substance is known as a
precipitate.
7. Explain the process of crystallisation.
Ans-The process of forming crystals of a solid substance from its solution is known as Crystallisation.
In order to obtain the crystals of table salt, you can dissolve some Salt in boiling water. The more
you heat the water, the more the salt dissolves. Dissolve the maximum amount of salt that is
possible in the given amount of Water. Now filter the solution to remove impurities that are not
dissolved in water. Now keep the solution in a cold place and leave it undisturbed for a few hours.
You will observe that crystals of salt are formed at the bottom of the solution.

8. Briefly state the process of rusting of iron.

Ans- The reddish-brown layer formed on the iron bolt or iron screw left in open air or in rain is called
rust, and the process of its formation is called rusting. The chemical name of rust is iron oxide which
is formed from the reaction of air and water on iron. Oxygen and water are the two essential
conditions for rusting.
Iron + Oxygen (air) + Water Iron oxide (rust)
The process of rusting becomes faster in humid atmosphere and in saline water

9. Differentiate between elements and compounds with suitable examples.

Ans- A substance which is made up of a particular set of atoms is called an element. For example,
iron is an element. Scientists have discovered 118 elements so far. An element cannot be broken
down into simpler substances. However, a substance that is formed by the combination of two or
more elements is called a compound. Millions of compounds can be formed by the combination of
different elements. If you break down a molecule of a compound, you will get atoms of its
constituent elements. For example, hydrochloric acid is made up of hydrogen and chlorine and can
be broken down into its constituents.