THE SELF  Anthropological – rooted from

cultural grounding/ background

Different Perspectives in defining the
of individuals.
SELF:

 Psychological – rooted from the

 Philosophical – rooted from the
cognitive construct, as well as
question/s about our existence.
affective and behavioural
manifestations of the self.

 Sociological – rooted from the

formation of the self as a result
Eastern and Western Thoughts –
of different factors Different
Differences and similarities of the self
Perspectives in defining the
from the western to the oriental
SELF:
characterization.

 Philosophical – rooted from the

WHO AM I?
question/s about our existence.
The question “who am I?” was
first asked during the age of
 Sociological – rooted from the enlightenment, a movement in Europe
formation of the self as a result known as the century of philosophy.
of different factors in the
Scholars wondered about the
society.
existence of things which pre-
dominated the thought about meaning
and truth.
 Anthropological – rooted from
cultural grounding/ background Philosophers greatly argued
of individuals. about the substance/ essence making
up thought, reality, experience and
beliefs.
 Psychological – rooted from the
cognitive construct, as well as
affective and behavioural SOCRATES
manifestations of the self.
The self….
 is an immortal soul which exists
Eastern and Western Thoughts – over time.
Differences and similarities of the self  is the source of all knowledge.
from the western to the oriental Examination of one’s self is very
characterization in the society. important.
 is made up of the BODY and the
SOUL
 He believed that for someone to achieve true understanding of eternal
know the self, he must be able to truth.
understand its essence.
Plato, illustrated his definition of the
He believed in “Dualism”. Physical self through the CHARIOT ANALOGY.
realm, which is in constant change,
and Ideal realm, which remains
existent over time.

PHYSICAL REALM  BODY

(imperfect, transient, changeable)
ST. AUGUSTINE

IDEAL REALM  SOUL (eternal,

unchanging, immortal) The self….
 is made up of two components.
The Body and The Soul, which
The state of the soul determines the when united together will
quality of life. complete an individual.

PLATO St. Augustine was responsible for

synthesizing Platonic views and
Christianity.
The self….
He believed that, immaterial
 is divided into three distinct reality is separate from the physical
elements (Tripartite soul). reality. That the soul is dominant over
the body. And that the soul is
immortal.
Appetite – basic biological needs
such as hunger thirst and sexual
desire. Best described as the physical Man is sinful, but by love and
needs, including sexual needs, comfort obedience to God, man may be
and pleasure. complete.
SOCRATES, PLATO AND ST.
AUGUSTINE believed in the
Spirit / Passion – basic emotions IMMORTALITY of the SOUL. That the
such as love, anger, ambition, body is only a temporary cage which
aggression, honour and power. serves as the facilitator for the true
essence of the soul.

Reason - the mind or consciousness,

which enables individuals to think SIGMUND FREUD
deeply, make wise decisions, and
The self….
 is multi-layered.

JOHN LOCKE
A. ID – Pleasure and Instinctual
Principle
The self….
 is the conscious thinking thing
Entirely unconscious. Functions  is the same thing in different
greatly for self-preservation and times and different places.
achievement of desires. Present at (Principle of Individuation)
Birth.  is one’s consciousness;
memories.

B. EGO – Reality Principle

To discover personal identity, one
must establish how it is to be a
Spans in the conscious, person. (By experiences)
preconscious and unconscious. Keeps
A person is a thinking reflecting,
the balance between ID and
analysing being. (Conscious
SUPEREGO. Functions in accordance to
knowledge)
reason, which is affected by the
external world. Develops at 6 to 8 A person is the same thing in
months. different times and places. (Consistent
self because of memories)

C. SUPEREGO – Moral Principle

Locke believed in Empiricism- an
idea that all knowledge is derived from
Present in the conscious and experiences.
partly unconscious. Works to achieve
the Ideal self. Functions to achieve
perfection. Develops at 3- 5 yrs. of GILBERT RYLE
age. May use guilt as a facilitator in
achieving ideal self.
The self….

 is the reflection of one’s

behaviour.
 is better understood as a
pattern of behaviour. The way a
 person acts with the given  Soul – Immortal; it contains
circumstances. reason, consciousness.

Ryle contradicted Descartes’  Body- temporary cage for the

theory on the separation of the body soul, but as important as the
and the soul. He believed that the soul.
body executes what the mind wills. A
direct path, rather than separated
entities. The workings of the mind are  Experiences – are foundations
not independent from the workings of of knowledge.
the body.
Ryle further believed in CARTESIAN
theory, which posits the idea that  Perception – knowledge
mental acts determine physical acts. gained from the senses.

GEORGE HERBERT MEAD’S THE

SOCIAL SELF
THE SELF IN PHILOSOPHICAL
PERSPECTIVE IS SEEN THROUGH
ITS COMPONENTS, AND Development of the Self through social
ACQUISITION/ DEVELOPMENT. interaction:

Empiricism relies with the Stages:

experiences as building blocks of the
self.
Rationalism posits the idea that Language - any symbol, sound,
reason and mental perception are the gesture, expression that convey a
basis of knowledge and self. message across individuals. First step
in the development of the social self.
Dualism - is a belief the "self" is Individuals must have shared
composed of two components and that understanding to start developing the
we are existing in two dimensions - self.
physical realm and the
ideal/immaterial realm
Play – Individual’s role plays to
assume the perspective of others.
 Essence – the element of They integrate and internalize the
being; substance as pertained sense of empathy, or feeling what
to by existence; significant others are feeling. This step is
feature invariably descriptive of important in building relationships.
the true nature of a thing.
Game - Takes into account, societal ME and My CULTURE
rules along with other perspectives.
True development incorporates the
societal rules with how one sees the  Explicit Self - aspect of the self
situation depending on his perspective that you are completely aware
and the others’. of.

WILLIAM JAMES  Implicit Self - aspect of the

self that is not immediately
available to the consciousness
SELF: ME vs. I
The self is an active process,
THE SELF IS ILLUSORY
not a mere reflection of societal
influence. people construct a series of self-
representations that are based on
selected cultural concepts or persons
I - represents the subjectivity of the and selected chains of personal
person. It is spontaneous and memories.
expresses impulses and drives;
enables a person to express
individualism. The I understand when INDEPENDENT CONSTRUCT
to bend rules in certain situations.
characteristic of individualistic
Me - represents the objectivity of the culture; emphasizing on the
person. This is a product of the social connection between an individual to
interaction of the person. Learned other people.
Behaviours, thoughts, expectations.
James theorized the
components of the self, which he Culture can affect how much
divided into two categories: “Me” and individual views:
“I.” The “Me” is a separate individual a
person refers to when talking about
their personal experiences. ... The A) Relationship - how someone may
material self consists of what belongs view and maintain a relationship.
to a person, such as the body, family,
B) Personality Traits - how someone
clothes, or money
value traits as humility, resilience,
politeness, self-esteem and others.

ANTHROPOLOGY
concerned with the study of the C) Achievement - how someone
human condition in its cultural aspect define success
with reference to the past an
D) Emotional Expression - how  Conservation - the
someone is affected by emotions; and ability of the child to
how someone may express one self. understand that the
change in form of a
substance does not equal
PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW OF THE to change in its volume or
SELF content.

Self is what makes someone an  Classification - it is the

individual. ability to identify the
properties of categories,
to relate categories or
Cognition - the ability that we have to classes to one another
assimilate and process the information and to use categorical
that we receive from different sources information to solve
(perceptions, experience, beliefs, etc.) problems.

JEAN PIAGET’S THEORY OF  FORMAL OPERATIONAL

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT STAGE

 as an individual
demonstrates the ability
 SENORI-MOTOR STAGE
to think abstractly, which
goes beyond what is seen
as concrete.
SCHEMA - building blocks of
knowledge. Mental organization that
individuals use to understand their
CONSTRUCTIVISM - a learning theory
environment and designate action.
where people construct their own
understanding and knowledge of the
world, through experiencing things
 PREOPERATIONAL STAGE and reflecting on those experiences.

 child uses symbols and

language, including
WILLIAM JAMES
letters and numbers in
forming schemes. The self has two elements
Conservation marks the
end of preoperational
stage. 1) I-self–subjective self which is
aware of its action.
 CONCRETE OPREATIONAL
STAGE
a) A sense of being the agent initiator feeling of being truly present
of behaviour and alive.
o
b) Sense of being unique
EASTERN THOUGHTS ABOUT SELF
c) A sense of continuity
According to Eastern
d) A sense of awareness
philosophy, the self as an essence
does not exist and this is due to our
ignorance of the true nature of the
2) ME-self- “object” aspect of the self. world. According to Western
This could be defined based on philosophy, the self does exist, but the
verifiable observations or experiences. views on the topic are pluralistic.
In Eastern philosophy, the self is
a) Material-physical appearance and often treated as an illusion. That is,
extensions the idea that people are separate
entities from each other and the world
b) Social-social skills and intrapersonal is not considered a reality in Eastern
relationships thought.
c) Spiritual-personality, character,
values
ADDITIONAL INFORMATIONS:

CARL ROGERS
 In Buddhist belief (Eastern
o Ideal self - include notions Self), they follow the four noble
influenced by parents, truths and eightfold path.
values/behaviours/traits that
you admire in others.  Scarring in women on some
tribes (Karo tribe) correspond to
beauty and sexual desirability.
o Real self - the person you
actually are. How you think, feel
and act at person.  Shaving of heads and insertion
of different materials to pierce
D. WINNICOTT’S PSYCHOLOGICAL and stretch their lobes
THEORY ON FALSE AND TRUE SELF correspond to beauty for the
Masai Tribe.
o Winnicott contends that
everyone is divided into these
two selves, and that people  Dr. Frank Johnson categorized
develop a false self to protect the self in respect t to
their inner, more vulnerable contemporary western ideology
true self. The true self refers to – Being Analytical means the
a sense of self based on tendency to seek reality as an
authentic experience, and the aggregate of parts; Monotheism
 means involving toward unity  Social comparison is a process
explanations of phenomena and by which people come to know
closed system view of the self themselves by evaluating their
after a unitary, omnipotent own intrapersonal processes in
power; Individualistic where comparison with others.
self-expression and self-
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actualization are important in
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establishing who one is as well
as finding satisfaction in the
word. And; Materialistic which
tends to discredit explanations
that do not use analytic –
deductive modes of thinking.

 Charles Horton Cooley

theorized The Looking Glass Self
as a process of shaping oneself
based on other peoples’
perception of them/ on how
other people see them.

 Social Cognitive theory of

Walter Mischel (1930-Present)
seeks to explain that people
have the ability of self-
regulation—that is they can
influence their own actions to
produce desired consequences.

 Delocalized self-corresponds to
Dehumanization of the self.

 Language Stage is the same

as Preparatory stage.

 According to G.H. Mead,

people develop self-image
through interactions with other
people, hence his theory on
social interactions, social
networks and social groups.