Abella, Rico Jay C.

Assessment in Learning 2
BSE ENGLISH 3 BLOCK 3 E325
Meaning of Statistics
What is statistic?

In Math, Statistics is a method of interpreting, analyzing and summarizing the data. Hence, the types of
statistics are categorized based on these features: Descriptive and inferential statistics. Based on the
representation of data such as using pie charts, bar graphs or tables, we analyze and interpret it.

Statistics is the application of Mathematics, which was basically considered as the science of the
different types of state. For example, the collection and interpretation of data about a nation like its
economy and population, military, literacy, etc.

In terms of mathematical analysis, the statistics include linear algebra, stochastic study, differential
equation and measure-theoretic probability theory.

Who are the persons connected with statistics?

The birth of statistics is often dated to 1662, when John Graunt, along with William Petty, developed
early human statistical and census methods that provided a framework for modern demography. He
produced the first life table, giving probabilities of survival to each age.

A statistician is a person who works with theoretical or applied statistics. The profession exists in both
the private and public sectors. It is common to combine statistical knowledge with expertise in other
subjects, and statisticians may work as employees or as statistical consultants.

Where can you see statistics?

Statistics is part of our everyday life and it can be seen everywhere. Statistics is used in every aspect of
life, such as in data science, robotics, business, sports, weather forecasting, and much more.

Why we have statistics?

Statistics plays a vital role in every fields of human activity. Statistics are used to analyze what is
happening in the world around us. As we all know that today we live in the Information Age full of
internet around us, where every single activity of ours can be monitored, know more about impact of
using too much of Social Media. Statistics holds a key position in almost every field such as
Manufacturing, Research, Innovation, Commerce, Trading, Physics, Chemistry, Economics, Mathematics,
Biology, Botany, Psychology, Astronomy etc. That why we have statistics it helps us in its own way.

How to do statistics?

A statistic is a number that represents a property of the sample. For example, if we consider one math
class to be a sample of the population of all math classes, then the average number of points earned by
students in that one math class at the end of the term is an example of a statistic.
What are the branches of statistics?

The two main branches of statistics are descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Both of these are
employed in scientific analysis of data and both are equally important.

Descriptive statistics deals with the presentation and collection of data. This is usually the first part of a
statistical analysis. It is usually not as simple as it sounds, and the statistician needs to be aware of
designing experiments, choosing the right focus group and avoid biases that are so easy to creep into
the experiment

Inferential statistics, unlike descriptive statistics, is the attempt to apply the conclusions that have been
obtained from one experimental study to more general populations. This means inferential statistics
tries to answer questions about populations and samples that have not been tested in the given
experiment.

Who are the persons connected with the branches of statistics?

The birth of statistics is often dated to 1662, when John Graunt, along with William Petty, developed
early human statistical and census methods that provided a framework for modern demography. He
produced the first life table, giving probabilities of survival to each age.

Where can you see branches of the statistics?

Statistics is part of our everyday life and it can be seen everywhere. Statistics is used in every aspect of
life, such as in data science, robotics, business, sports, weather forecasting, and much more.

Why we have branches of statistics?

We have two branches of statistics because Descriptive statistics forms a basis for analysis and
discussion in such diverse fields as security trading, the social sciences, professional sports so on. We are
going to see the next one of the branches of statistics. Inferential-statistics: It analyses sample data to
draw conclusion about population.

How to do two branches of statistics?

Descriptive Statistics

CONCEPT The branch of statistics that focuses on collecting, summarizing, and presenting a set of data.

EXAMPLES The average age of citizens who voted for the winning candidate in the last presidential
election, the average length of all books about statistics, the variation in the weight of 100 boxes of
cereal selected from a factory's production line.

Inferential Statistics

CONCEPT The branch of statistics that analyzes sample data to draw conclusions about a population.

EXAMPLE A survey that sampled 2,001 full-or part-time workers ages 50 to 70, conducted by the
American Association of Retired Persons (AARP), discovered that 70% of those polled planned to work
past the traditional mid-60s retirement age. By using methods discussed in Section 6.4, this statistic
could be used to draw conclusions about the population of all workers ages 50 to 70.
What is data in statistics?

In statistics, groups of individual data points may be classified as belonging to any of various statistical
data types, e.g. categorical ("red", "blue", "green"), real number (1.68, -5, 1.7e+6), odd number(1,3,5)
etc. The data type is a fundamental component of the semantic content of the variable, and controls
which sorts of probability distributions can logically be used to describe the variable, the permissible
operations on the variable, the type of regression analysis used to predict the variable, etc. The concept
of data type is similar to the concept of level of measurement, but more specific: For example, count
data require a different distribution (e.g. a Poisson distribution or binomial distribution) than non-
negative real-valued data require, but both fall under the same level of measurement (a ratio scale).

Who are the persons connected with data?

The first major data project is created in 1937 and was ordered by the Franklin D. Roosevelt’s
administration in the USA. After the Social Security Act became law in 1937, the government had to
keep track of contribution from 26 million Americans and more than 3 million employers. IBM got the
contract to develop punch card-reading machine for this massive bookkeeping project. The first data-
processing machine appeared in 1943 and was developed by the British to decipher Nazi codes during
World War II. This device, named Colossus, searched for patterns in intercepted messages at a rate of
5.000 characters per second. Thereby reducing the task from weeks to merely hours.

Where can we see data?

We can find data in units of information, usually numeric, that are collected through observation. In a
more technical sense, data are a set of values of qualitative or quantitative variables about one or more
persons or objects, while a datum (singular of data) is a single value of a single variable.

Why we have data?

Data allows organizations to more effectively determine the cause of problems. Data allows
organizations to visualize relationships between what is happening in different locations, departments,
and systems.

What is level of measurement?

The level of measurement refers to the relationship among the values that are assigned to the attributes
for a variable. What does that mean? Begin with the idea of the variable, in this example “party
affiliation.

Who are the persons connected to level of measurement?

Psychologist Stanley Smith Stevens developed the best-known classification with four levels, or scales, of
measurement: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio. This framework of distinguishing levels of
measurement originated in psychology and is widely criticized by scholars in other disciplines. Other
classifications include those by Mosteller and Tukey, and by Chrisman.

Where can we see level of measurement?

We can see level of measurement in used to describe information within the values. Psychologist
Stanley Smith is known for developing four levels of measurement: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.
Why we have level of measurement?

We have level of measurement because the level of measurement helps you decide how to interpret the
data from that variable. When you know that a measure is nominal (like the one just described), then
you know that the numerical values are just short codes for the longer names. Second, knowing the level
of measurement helps you decide what statistical analysis is appropriate on the values that were
assigned. If a measure is nominal, then you know that you would never average the data values or do a
t-test on the data.

How to do level of measurement?

Which descriptive statistics can I apply on my data? — Levels of measurement, also called scales of
measurement, tell you how precisely variables are recorded. In scientific research, a variable is anything
that can take on different values across your data set (e.g., height or test scores). There are 4 levels of
measurement: Nominal: the data can only be categorized.

What are types of graphs?

A statistical graph or chart is defined as the pictorial representation of statistical data in graphical form.
The statistical graphs are used to represent a set of data to make it easier to understand and interpret
statistical information. The different types of graphs that are commonly used in statistics are given
below.

Who are the persons connected to types of graphs?

William Playfair Inventor of statistical graphs, writer on political economy, and secret agent for Great
Britain.

Where can we see types of graphs?

All these graphs are used in various places to represent a specific set of data concisely. The details of
each of these graphs (or charts) are explained below in detail which will not only help to know about
these graphs better but will also help to choose the right kind of graph for a particular data set.

Why we have types of graphs?

There are several different types of charts and graphs. The four most common are probably line graphs,
bar graphs and histograms, they are generally used for, and are best for, quite different things.

How to do types of graphs?

Bar graphs to show numbers that are independent of each other.

Line graphs show you how numbers have changed over time.

Cartesian graphs have numbers on both axes, which therefore allow you to show how changes in one
thing affect another.
What is Measures of central tendency (mean, median and mode)?

Measures of central tendency help you find the middle, or the average, of a data set. The 3 most
common measures of central tendency are the mode, median, and mean. Mode: the most frequent
value. Median: the middle number in an ordered data set. Mean: the sum of all values divided by the
total number of values.

Where we can see measures of central tendency (mean, median and mode)?

A measure of central tendency is a single value that attempts to describe a set of data by identifying the
central position within that set of data. As such, measures of central tendency are sometimes called
measures of central location. They are also classed as summary statistics. The mean (often called the
average) is most likely the measure of central tendency that you are most familiar with, but there are
others, such as the median and the mode. The mean, median and mode are all valid measures of central
tendency, but under different conditions, some measures of central tendency become more appropriate
to use than others. In the following sections, we will look at the mean, mode and median, and learn how
to calculate them and under what conditions they are most appropriate to be used.

Why we have measures of central tendency (mean, median and mode)?

When you have a symmetrical distribution for continuous data, the mean, median, and mode are equal.
In this case, analysts tend to use the mean because it includes all of the data in the calculations.
However, if you have a skewed distribution, the median is often the best measure of central tendency.

How to do measures of central tendency (mean, median and mode)?

Mean

The mean is the average of data. Sample Mean Let be our sample. The sample mean is usually denoted
by where n is the sample size and are the measurements. One may need to use the sample mean to
estimate the population mean since usually only a random sample is drawn and we don't know the
population mean. The sample mean is a statistic and a population mean is a parameter. Review the
definitions of statistic and parameter in Lesson 0.2.

Median

The median is the middle value of the ordered data. The most important step in finding the median is to
first order the data from smallest to largest. Steps to finding the median for a set of data: Arrange the
data in increasing order, i.e. smallest to largest. Find the location of the median in the ordered data by,
where n is the sample size. The value that represents the location found in Step 2 is the median.

Mode

The mode is the value that occurs most often in the data. It is important to note that there may be more
than one mode in the dataset.

What measures of variability (range, standard deviation, variance)?

Measures of Variability Range: defined as a single number representing the spread of the data. Standard
deviation: defined as a number representing how far from the average each score is. Variance: defined
as a number indicating how spread out the data is.
Why we have. Measures of variability (range, standard deviation, variance)?

A measure of variability is a summary statistic that represents the amount of dispersion in a dataset.
How spread out are the values? While a measure of central tendency describes the typical value,
measures of variability define how far away the data points tend to fall from the center. We talk about
variability in the context of a distribution of values. A low dispersion indicates that the data points tend
to be clustered tightly around the center. High dispersion signifies that they tend to fall further away.

How to do measures of variability (range, standard deviation, variance?

Range

The range is the simplest measure of variability to calculate, and one you have probably encountered
many times in your life. The range is simply the highest score minus the lowest score.

Variance

Variability can also be defined in terms of how close the scores in the distribution are to the middle of
the distribution. Using the mean as the measure of the middle of the distribution, the variance is defined
as the average squared difference of the scores from the mean.

Standard Deviation

The standard deviation is simply the square root of the variance. The standard deviation is an especially
useful measure of variability when the distribution is normal or approximately normal (see Chapter on
Normal Distributions) because the proportion of the distribution within a given number of standard
deviations from the mean can be calculated.
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