ASHLEY NICOLE SIERVO

I. INTRODUCTION
ELECTRONICS I: CIRCUIT EXPERIMENT AND ANALYSIS

LAB GROUP 3:
Ashley Nicole Siervo
Alexander Kusgan Morales
Jade Muncada
Shanley Poldo
Charles Daniel Antipolo

MECHANICAL SET-UP

Materials and Equipment:

1 LED bulb

2 Resistors

1 Digital Multimeter

1 Breadboard

4 Connecting Wires

1 Variable Power Supply (Dry Cell)

2 Alligator clip

An experiment was conducted using this certain materials. A circuit was temporarily
constructed on the breadboard. A single wire was connected to the positive rail, and another
connecting wire was connected to the negative rail of the breadboard. The two additional
connecting wires are required to connect in positive and negative rail from variable power
supply. A resistor and an LED bulb were connected in a series configuration, as illustrated in
circuit 1. As shown in sketch above, only the resistors replaced and the voltage supplied changed
from circuit to circuit 7. The digital multimeter was employed to measure voltage, current, and
resistance.
II. DATA

Table 1. Voltage, Resistance, and Current measurements in Circuit 1

Components Voltage (V) Current (μ) Resistance (Ω)
Power Source 3.10 V 14.0 A 57.6 Ω
Resistor 1.42 V 14.1 A 57.5 Ω
LED 1.61 V 14.0 A 17 Ω

In Circuit 1, there are three components. The power source provides 3.10 V,
has a resistance of 57.6 Ω, and carries a current of 14.0 A. The resistor in the
circuit has a voltage of 1.42 V, a resistance of 57.5 Ω, and a current of 14.1 A.
Lastly, the LED has a voltage of 1.61 V, a resistance of 17 Ω, and a current of
14.0 A.

Table 2. Voltage, Resistance, and Current measurements in Circuit 2

Components Voltage (V) Current (I) Resistance (Ω)
Power Source 3.05 V 10 A 57.4 Ω
Resistor 0.02 V 12 A 57.2 Ω
LED 2.48 V 12 A 57.2 Ω

In Circuit 2, there are three components with the following measurements: The
Power Source has a voltage of 3.05 V, a resistance of 57.4 Ω, and a current of
10 A. Next, The Resistor has a voltage of 0.02 V, a resistance of 57.2 Ω, and a
current of 12 A. Lastly, the LED has a voltage of 2.48 V, a resistance of 57.2
Ω, and a current of 12 A.

Table 3. Voltage, Resistance, and Current measurements in Circuit 3

Components Voltage (V) Current (I) Resistance (Ω)
Power Source 3.07 V 12 A 57.5 Ω
Resistor 1 0.04 V 10 A 57.4 Ω
Resistor 2 0.04 V 10 A 1.8 Ω
LED 2.54 V 11 A 1.7 Ω

In Circuit 3, there are four components with the following measurements. The
power source provides a voltage of 3.07 V, has a resistance of 57.5 Ω, and
carries a current of 12 A. Resistor 1 has a voltage of 0.04 V, a resistance of
57.4 Ω, and a current of 10 A. Resistor 2 has a voltage of 0.04 V, a resistance
of 1.8 Ω, and a current of 10 A. Lastly, the LED has a voltage of 2.54 V, a resistance of 1.7 Ω,
and a current of 11 A.

Table 4. Voltage, Resistance, and Current measurements in Circuit 4

Components Voltage (V) Current (I) Resistance (Ω)
Power Source 7.14 V 20 A 69 Ω
Wire 1.16 V 29 A 0Ω
Resistor 5.45 V 32 A 2.2 Ω
LED 1.72 V 28 A 30 Ω

In Circuit 4, there are four components with specific measurements. The

Power Source supplies 7.14 volts of voltage, has a resistance of 69 ohms, and
carries a current of 20 A. The Resistor has a voltage drop of 5.45 volts, a
resistance of 2.2 ohms, and a current of 32 A. The Wire exhibits a voltage
drop of 1.16 volts, negligible resistance (0 ohms), and a current of 29 A.
Finally, the LED operates with a voltage drop of 1.72 volts, a resistance of 30
ohms, and a current of 28 A.

Table 5. Voltage, Resistance, and Current measurements in Circuit 5

Components Voltage (V) Ampere (A) Resistance (Ω)

Power Source 3.05 V 21 A 57.5 Ω
Resistor 1 1.37 V 27 A 57.4 Ω
Resistor 2 0.02 V 31 A 6.7 Ω
LED 1.60 V 29 A 0.04 Ω

In Circuit 5, there are four components with specific measurements. The

Power Source provides a voltage of 3.05 V, has a resistance of 57.5 Ω, and a
current of 21 A. Resistor 1 has a voltage of 1.37 V, a resistance of 57.4 Ω,
and a current of 27 A. Resistor 2 registers a voltage of 0.02 V, a resistance of
6.7 Ω, and a current of 31 μ. Lastly, the LED exhibits a voltage of 1.60 V, a
resistance of 0.04 Ω, and a current of 29 A.

Table 6. Voltage, Resistance, and Current measurements in Circuit 6

Components Voltage (V) Current (A) Resistance (Ω)
Theoretica Actual Theoretica Actual Theoretica Actual
l l l
Power Source 3V 2.95 V 14 A 0.01 A 0.2 Ω 295 Ω
 Resistor 0.8 V 2.92 V 14 A 0.01 A 0.1 Ω 292 Ω
LED 2.2 V 2.43 V 14 A 0.06 A 0.16 Ω 40.5 Ω

The table above presents the data gathered during the experiment. For the dry
cell, its theoretical voltage is 3V, while the actual voltage is 2.95V. Its
theoretical current is 14A, but the actual current is 0.01A. The theoretical
resistance is 0.2Ω, whereas the actual resistance is 295Ω. Moving on to the
resistor, its theoretical voltage is 0.8V, but the actual voltage is 2.92V. The
theoretical current is 14A, while the actual current is 0.01A. The theoretical
resistance is 0.1Ω, and the actual resistance is 292Ω. Furthermore, the theoretical voltage of the
LED is 2.2V, while the actual voltage is 2.43V. The theoretical current is 14A, whereas the
actual current is 0.06A. The theoretical resistance is 0.16Ω, but the actual resistance is 40.5Ω.

Table 7. Voltage, Resistance, and Current measurements in Circuit 7

Components Voltage (V) Current (A) Resistance (Ω)
Theoretica Actual Theoretica Actual Theoretica Actual
l l l
Power Source 4.5 V 4.86 V 10 A 0.01 A 0.45 Ω 486 Ω
Resistor 2.3 V 4.87 V 12 A 0.01 A 0.19 Ω 487 Ω
LED 2.2 V 4.87 V 12 A 0.02 A 0.18 Ω 243.5 Ω

The table above presents the data gathered during the experiment. For the
power source, its theoretical voltage is 4.5V, while the actual voltage is
4.86V. Its theoretical current is 10A, but the actual current is 0.01A. The
theoretical resistance is 0.45Ω, whereas the actual resistance is 486Ω. Moving
on to the resistor, its theoretical voltage is 2.3V, while the actual voltage is
4.87V. The theoretical current is 12A, while the actual current is 0.01A. The
theoretical resistance is 0.19Ω, and the actual resistance is 487Ω.Furthermore,
the theoretical voltage of the LED is 2.2V, while the actual voltage is 4.87V.
The theoretical current is 12A, whereas the actual current is 0.02A. The
theoretical resistance is 0.18Ω, but the actual resistance is 243.5Ω.

III. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

Circuit 1
Components V I R
Power source 3.10 V 14.0 A 57.6 Ω
Resistor 1.42 V 14.1 A 57.5 Ω
LED 1.61 V 14.0 A 17 Ω
Circuit 2
Components V I R
Power source 3.05 V 10 A 57.4 Ω
Resistor 0.02 V 12 A 57.2 Ω
 LED 2.48 V 12 A 57.2 Ω
Circuit 3
Components V I R
Power source 3.07 V 12 A 57.5 Ω
Resistor (1) 0.04 V 10 A 57.4 Ω
Resistor (2) 0.04 V 10 A 1.8 Ω
LED 2.54 V 11 A 1.7 Ω
Circuit 4
Components V I R
Power source (1) 7.14 V 20 A 69 Ω
Wire 1.16 V 29 A 0Ω
Resistor 5.45 V 32 A 2.2 Ω
LED 1.72 V 28 A 30 Ω
Circuit 5
Components V I R
Power source 3.05 V 21 A 57.5 Ω
Resistor (1) 1.37 V 27 A 57.4 Ω
Resistor (2) 0.02 V 31 A 6.7 Ω
LED 1.60 V 29 A 0.04 Ω
Circuit 6
V I R
Components Theoretical Actual Theoretical Actual Theoretical Actual
Power source 3V 2.95 V 14 A 0.01 A 0.2 Ω 295 Ω
Resistor 0.8 V 2.92 V 14 A 0.01 A 0.1 Ω 292 Ω
LED 2.2 V 2.43 V 14 A 0.06 A 0.16 Ω 40.5 Ω
Circuit 7
V I R
Components Theoretical Actual Theoretical Actual Theoretical Actual
Power source 4.5 V 4.86 V 10 A 0.01 A 0.45 Ω 486 Ω
Resistor 2.3 V 4.87 V 12 A 0.01 A 0.19 Ω 487 Ω
LED 2.2 V 4.87 V 12 A 0.02 A 0.18 Ω 243.5 Ω

The measurements of all the voltage, current, and resistance on each component are shown in
the table on Fig. 1. Some parts had the numbers 1 and 2 because some circuits utilized two
resistors and two dry cells, while others only used one. Only three components were examined
on circuits 1 and 2, but the results varied because circuit 1 was connected in series while circuit 2
was connected in parallel. One circuit on circuits 3, 4, and 5 has 1 and 2 resistors, whereas the
others have 1 and 2 dry cells, as can be seen. Theoretical and actual data have been added to
tables 6 and 7, with actual data representing measurements, and theoretical data representing
theory. Moreover, A digital multimeter was used.

IV. SAMPLE CALCULATIONS

Given
2.2 V
12 A
R= ?

Formula

R=V/I

Solution

R= V/I
R= 2.2/12
R= 0.18
V. DISCUSSION

In the experiment, various circuit setups were utilized on a breadboard. Ohm’s law was
applied to calculate voltage, current, and resistance, and a digital multimeter was employed for
measurement purposes. A total of seven circuits were constructed, including both parallel and
series connections. To ensure that each circuit had current flowing through it, the procedure
initiated with the measurement of the voltage, current, and resistance of the power supply before
introducing additional components. All data was recorded in a sheet. However, circuits 6 and 7
necessitated both theoretical and actual results. The power source and LED voltages was
provided but the voltage across the resistor is missing. This missing information was derived by
subtracting the voltage of the dry cell and the LED. Since current values were not available, the
actual measurements were substituted as the theoretical values. The theoretical resistance was
subsequently determined by dividing the voltage by the current.

Process Questions:

1. Our measured values did not match my theoretical computations due to the following
reasons:
2. Errors in setting up, reading instruments, or recording data can cause differences between
what you expect and what you actually measure.

VI. CONCLUSION

The relationship between voltage, current, and resistance is known as Ohm’s law. While the
resistance and the current are inversely correlated, the voltage is directly proportional to the
current. Voltage is expressed in volts (V), and its value can be calculated by dividing the current
by the resistance (V=IR). On the other side, the current is expressed as amps/ampere (I). Simply
divide the voltage by the resistance to obtain the current value (I=V/R). Ohms are the units used
to measure resistance. To calculate the resistance, divide the voltage by the current. The Digital
Multimeter was utilized in the experiment to measure the actual voltage, current, and resistance.
However, when the obtained data was compared to Ohm’s law, several readings didn’t match the
supposed data. This is because the voltage, for example, varies frequently and as a result much of
the recorded data does as well.

Conclusion Questions:

1. The relationship between resistance, voltage, and current is described by Ohm’s Law,
stating that voltage equals current multiplied by resistance: V = IR.
2. Errors in the measuring equipment or setup can cause variations between theoretical and
measured values.
3. Before you begin the experiment, make sure to calibrate the DMM correctly to minimize
measurement mistakes.