JOURNAL OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE, VOL. 23, NO. 2, 1~9, MAR.

2023

https://doi.org/10.26866/jees.2023.2.r.147
ISSN 2671-7263 (Online) ∙ ISSN 2671-7255 (Print)

Millimeter-Wave Monopulse Filtenna Array with

Directive Dielectric Resonators
Seung-Jun Park ∙ Jeong-Hun Park ∙ Moon-Que Lee*

Abstract

This paper presents a new millimeter-wave monopulse dielectric resonator (DR) filtering antenna (filtenna) array based on substrate-
integrated waveguide (SIW) technology. The monopulse comparator realized by a square dual-mode (TE102 and TE201) SIW feed cavity
uses diagonal irises, of which couplings between the feed and next-stage cavities lead to almost identical filter responses for the sum and
difference channels with compact size and a planar single-substrate structure. Both dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs) adopting
HEM133 mode for enhanced directivity are implemented with two filters based on SIW. The DR acts as the last resonator and the radiator in
the filtenna. The prototype is designed at the Ka-band with a center frequency of 27.65 GHz and an operation bandwidth of 700 MHz. The
measurement shows a 15-dB fractional bandwidth of 2.36%, a gain of 10.84 dBi for the sum channel, and a null depth of -15.6 dB for
the difference channel.

Key Words: Dielectric Resonator Antenna (DRA), Higher-order Radiating Mode, Filtering Antenna (Filtenna), Monopulse Comparator,
Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW).

I. INTRODUCTION with microstrip feed [3], SIW monopulse slot antenna arrays
with magic-T junction [4], monopulse antenna arrays based on
Monopulse antenna arrays are generally applied to target- a dual-mode SIW cavity [5, 6], SIW-slot array monopulse antenna
tracking in radar systems for the accurate angle estimation. in a planar single-substrate structure [5], and SIW-filtering
Conventional monopulse antennas that use horns, lenses, and monopulse slot antenna array using diagonal internal coupling
Cassegrain parabolic antennas are bulky and heavy. For these slots in a double-substrate structure [6].
reasons, microstrip structures with low profiles and light weights In addition, the filtering antenna (filtenna) provides the rejec-
are widely used. However, the microstrip monopulse antenna tion of unwanted interferences, enhancing the system linearity.
has disadvantages in terms of larger radiation loss and spurious This paper proposes a millimeter-wave monopulse filtenna
radiation in the millimeter-wave band [1, 2]. Recently, substrate- array using DRs with higher-order mode excitation and SIW
integrated waveguide (SIW) technology has been applied to technology with a planar single-substrate structure. The design
monopulse antennas due to its low loss, low cost, and ease of procedure of the proposed monopulse filtenna array is as follows:
integration [3, 4]. Various SIW technology-based monopulse First, the DR antenna with 𝐻𝐸𝑀 mode and a SIW feeding
antennas have been reported: SIW monopulse antenna arrays structure with a circular aperture was designed. Second, the 4th-

Manuscript received July 13, 2022 ; Revised September 15, 2022 ; Accepted October 19, 2022. (ID No. 20220713-094J)
School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, Korea.
*
Corresponding Author: Moon-Que Lee (e-mail: [email protected])

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits
unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
ⓒ Copyright The Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science.

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JOURNAL OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE, VOL. 23, NO. 2, MAR. 2023

order Chebyshev SIW filter was realized. Third, a single SIW-

DR filtenna was produced by combining the DR antenna and
the SIW filter. Fourth, a monopulse comparator was designed
using the dual-mode SIW cavity and diagonal irises. Finally, the
monopulse filtenna array was implemented with both SIW–DR
filtennas and the monopulse comparator.

II. MONOPULSE FILTENNA ARRAY DESIGN

A designed dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) using a cylin-

drical DR with the electrical properties of 𝜀 = 9 and tan𝛿 =
0.0005 is fed by a circular aperture on the top layer of a SIW,
which was implemented by the substrate with 𝜀 = 2.2, tan𝛿
= 0.0009, and 𝑇 = 0.508 mm. The DRA using higher-order Fig. 2. Simulated radiation patterns of a single dielectric resonator
mode excitation, such as 𝐻𝐸𝑀 for millimeter-wave band is antenna for E- and H-planes.
advantageous due to its low conduction loss [7] and enhanced
directivity [8]. It has the disadvantage of a relatively narrow 1. Design of 4th-order Chebyshev SIW Filter
impedance bandwidth (BW) [9]. To design the SIW filter, the lowpass filter prototype coeffi-
The initial dimensions of the DR with 𝐻𝐸𝑀 mode were cients (𝑔 ) should be calculated first. From those parameters,
estimated by the magnetic wall method using commercially the external quality factor (𝑄 ) and coupling coefficients (𝑘 )
available software such as a CST Eigenmode Solver with a sim- for the filter can be determined as
ple SIW feeding network including the aperture [9]. The aper- 𝑔 𝑔 𝐹𝐵𝑊
ture is employed to have a lower back lobe level than the mi- 𝑄 = ,𝑘 = ,
𝐹𝐵𝑊 𝑔𝑔
crostrip line for antenna feed structures [8], satisfying internal
𝐹𝐵𝑊 𝐹𝐵𝑊
coupling and external quality factor for the requirement of the 𝑘 = ,𝑘 = ,
designed filtenna. Fig. 1 illustrates the simulated H-field distri- 𝑔 𝑔 𝑔 𝑔 (1)
butions of the desired 𝐻𝐸𝑀 mode of the DR. The initial where FBW is the fractional bandwidth.
diameter of the coupling aperture and its distance from the The design parameters of the SIW filter for a 4th-order
shorted end of the SIW are based on [8]. The dimensions of the Chebyshev response with a center frequency of 27.65 GHz, a
resonator and aperture were optimized for maximum directivity BW of 700 MHz, and a return loss of better than 15 dB can be
at the center frequency of 27.65 GHz. The SIW is fed by a obtained as 𝑄 = 47.35, 𝑘 = 0.0203, 𝑘 = 0.0163, 𝑘 =
grounded coplanar waveguide (GCPW) line adjoined to the 0.0203. Then, the generalized coupling matrix of the filter is
SIW. The GCPW line, including two linearly tapered slots, given by:
was optimized for improving the return loss performance of the 𝑆 1 2 3 4 𝐿
DRA. The width of the SIW feeding network acting as 𝑇𝐸 𝑆 0 0.9146 0 0 0 0
⎛1 0.9146 0 0.8021 0 0 0 ⎞
and 𝑇𝐸 cavities was determined for the required speculation
𝑀=⎜ ⎟
of the filtenna. Fig. 2 depicts the simulated radiation patterns of ⎜2 0 0.8021 0 0.6426 0 0 ⎟.
⎜3 0 0 0.6426 0 0.8021 0 ⎟
the designed single DRA for the E- and H-planes. The DRA 4 0 0 0 0.8021 0 0.9146
provides a return loss of greater than 20 dB and gains of 10.1 dBi ⎝𝐿 0 0 0 0 0.9146 0 ⎠
for the E- and H-planes at the center frequency of 27.65 GHz, The fundamental size of the 𝑇𝐸 mode for a rectangular
respectively. SIW cavity can be obtained by the following formula [10]:

𝑓 = ,
√ (2)
where
𝑤 =𝑤 − ,𝑙 =𝑙− . (3)
. .
(a) (b) (c) Here, 𝑤 and 𝑙 are the width and length of the cavity, respectively;
Fig. 1. H-field distributions corresponding to HEM133 mode for (a) xz- 𝑑 and 𝑝 are the diameter of metallized via holes and the cen-
plane, (b) E-plane, and (c) H-plane cross-sections of the DR. ter-to-center distance between adjacent via holes, respectively;

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 PARK et al.: MILLIMETER-WAVE MONOPULSE FILTENNA ARRAY WITH DIRECTIVE DIELECTRIC RESONATORS

𝑐 is the phase velocity in free space; and 𝜀 is the relative die- the transmission coefficient and extracted internal coupling co-
lectric constant of the substrate. efficient against the inductive iris width between both 𝑇𝐸
Fig. 3 illustrates the simulated frequency response of the SIW cavities. The coupling coefficients can be obtained using
phase of 𝑆 and extracted external quality factor in the 𝑇𝐸 the following relation [11]:
SIW cavity. Fig. 4 depicts the simulated frequency response of
𝑘= , (4)
where 𝑓 and 𝑓 are the high and low resonant frequencies,
respectively, and 𝑘 is the coupling coefficient between adjacent
SIW rectangular cavities.
The external quality factor for the GCPW-to-SIW transition
can be determined by the equation [11]:

𝑄 = , (5)
∆ ° °

where 𝑓 and ∆𝑓 ° ° are the center frequency and

(a) BW of 𝑆 , respectively, and the BW is defined by the phase of
𝑆 changing from −90° to +90°.
The obtained design parameters were used for the initial
design of the 4th-order Chebyshev SIW filter and optimized
for the desired specification. Fig. 5 shows the simulated fre-
quency responses of the return and insertion losses of the filter.
The designed filter has a center frequency of 27.65 GHz, a BW
of 700 MHz, a return loss of better than 15 dB, and a minimum
passband insertion loss of 1.88 dB.
(b)
Fig. 3. (a) Simulated frequency response of the phase of S11 and (b) 2. Design of 4th-order Chebyshev SIW Single Filtenna with DR
extracted external quality factor against GCPW slot length in The filtenna multifunctionally provides both filtering and
the TE101 SIW cavity. radiating in a single unit, reducing the size and cost [12, 13].
The filter specification of the single SIW filtenna is identical to
that of the 4th-order Chebyshev SIW filter. The design pa-
rameters and generalized coupling matrix of the single SIW
filtenna were obtained using the same procedure as the SIW
filter. As depicted in Fig. 4, the internal coupling coefficient
between the first and second SIW cavities can be extracted. The
circular aperture is employed to satisfy the requirement of the
internal coupling between the third and fourth resonators and
the external quality factor of the radiator for the desired BW
(a)

(b)
Fig. 4. (a) Simulated frequency response of the transmission coefficient
and (b) extracted internal coupling coefficient against the in- Fig. 5. Simulated frequency responses of the return and insertion
ductive iris width between both TE101 SIW cavities. losses of the designed 4th-order Chebyshev SIW filter.

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JOURNAL OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE, VOL. 23, NO. 2, MAR. 2023

and return loss of the filtenna. A relatively large circular aperture

away from the shorted end of the SIW compared to λg/4 length
is employed for the required internal coupling and external
quality factor of the filtenna. Therefore, the 𝑇𝐸 cavity is
introduced as the third SIW cavity in addition to the second
SIW cavity operating at 𝑇𝐸 mode. The DR acts as the
fourth resonator and the radiator in the filtenna [14]. Fig. 6
displays the simulated frequency response of the transmission
coefficient and the extracted internal coupling coefficient between
the 𝑇𝐸 and 𝑇𝐸 SIW cavities with straight inductive iris.
(a)
Fig. 7 shows the simulated frequency response of the transmis-
sion coefficient and extracted internal coupling coefficient be-
tween the 𝑇𝐸 SIW cavity and DR with circular aperture.
The coupling coefficients can be obtained by the Eq. (4).
Fig. 8 depicts the simulated frequency response of the input
impedance, 𝑍 of the 𝑇𝐸 mode cavity with the circular
aperture and DR and extracted external quality factor against
the diameter of the circular aperture. The external quality factor
can be calculated by the following formula [15]:
( ( ))
𝑄 = ( ))
, (6)
( (b)
where 𝑓 is the resonant frequency. Fig. 7. (a) Simulated frequency response of the transmission coefficient
The length of the 𝑇𝐸 mode cavity and diameter of the and (b) extracted coupling coefficient against the diameter of
circular aperture were modified, and the external quality factor circular aperture between the TE102 SIW cavity and DR.
was extracted for each cavity with a resonant frequency of 27.65
GHz.

(a) (a)

(b)
(b)
Fig. 6. (a) Simulated frequency response of the transmission coeffi-
Fig. 8. (a) Simulated frequency response of Zin and (b) extracted
cient and (b) extracted coupling coefficient against the in-
external quality factor against diameter of circular aperture.
ductive iris width between the TE101 and TE102 SIW cavities.

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 PARK et al.: MILLIMETER-WAVE MONOPULSE FILTENNA ARRAY WITH DIRECTIVE DIELECTRIC RESONATORS

Fig. 9. Simulated reflection coefficient and gain of the designed

single-SIW dielectric resonator filtering antenna. (a) (b)
Fig. 11. E-field magnitude distributions on the top surface of the
filtering antenna at 27.65 GHz for (a) sum and (b) differ-
ence channels.

channels affect the filter responses of the BWs and return losses
for both channels. In this paper, a diagonal iris geometry between
the monopulse comparator with 𝑇𝐸 and 𝑇𝐸 modes and
next-stage cavities with 𝑇𝐸 modes has been proposed. The
diagonal iris configuration leads to almost identical internal
couplings for both sum and difference channels, and thus the
filtering responses of the BWs and return losses for both channels
Fig. 10. Simulated radiation patterns of the designed single-SIW are almost identical to each other, while maintaining a planar
filtering antenna for the E- and H-planes.
single-substrate structure with a compact size.
Fig. 12 illustrates the simulated frequency response of the
The extracted design parameters were applied to the initial
design of the 4th-order Chebyshev SIW-DR filtenna and
optimized for the desired specification. Fig. 9 depicts the simu-
lated reflection coefficient and antenna gain. Fig. 10 illustrates
the radiation patterns for the E- and H- planes. The designed
DR filtenna at the center frequency of 27.65 GHz offers a BW
of 700 MHz, return loss of greater than 15 dB, and gain of 9.7 dBi.

3. Design of the Monopulse Filtenna Array

The proposed monopulse filtenna array includes a monopulse
comparator, SIW cavities with circular apertures, and both DRs.
The monopulse comparator realized by a square dual mode for (a)
the sum and difference ports operates at 𝑇𝐸 and 𝑇𝐸
modes, respectively, and the second and third work at 𝑇𝐸
and 𝑇𝐸 modes, respectively. The designed filtenna has 4th-
order Chebyshev response, including the first-stage resonator of
the monopulse comparator and the other resonators of the other
two cavities and the DR. Fig. 11 shows the electric field (E-field)
distributions on the top surface of the DR filtenna for the sum
and difference channels at the frequency of 27.65 GHz. As can
be seen, the SIW dual-mode cavity operates in both degenerated
modes of 𝑇𝐸 and 𝑇𝐸 with the orthogonal property at (b)
the frequency of 27.65 GHz, and thus the feed cavity shows Fig. 12. (a) Simulated frequency response of the phase of S11 and (b)
acceptable isolation characteristics. The internal couplings be- extracted external quality factor against the GCPW slot
tween the feed and second cavities for both sum and difference length for SIW dual-mode cavity.

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(a)

Fig. 14. Configuration of the proposed dielectric resonator filtering

antenna array.

Table 1. Dimensions of the proposed dielectric resonator filtering

antenna array

(b) Parameter Value (mm) Parameter Value (mm)

Fig. 13. (a) Simulated frequency response of the transmission coef- 𝑑 0.4 𝑙 5.22
ficient and (b) extracted internal coupling coefficient against 𝐷 0.6 𝑙 5.04
the inductive iris width for the diagonal coupling structure.
𝑤 0.3 𝑙 4.81
𝑤 0.4 𝑠 2.26
phase of 𝑆 and extracted external quality factor calculated
𝑤 1.3 𝑠 2.07
from the Eq. (5). With respect to the width of the inductive iris
window 𝑠 (= 𝑠 ), the external coupling coefficients calculated 𝑙 3 𝑑 0.72
from the Eq. (4) are shown in Fig. 13. The extracted design 𝑙 0.88 𝑤 8.23
parameters were applied to the initial design of the 4th-order 𝑙 0.79 𝑙 8.20
Chebyshev SIW-DR filtenna array and optimized for the desired 𝑝 1.89 𝑝 2.05
specification.
𝐷 4.05 𝑤 5.71
𝐻 3.82 ℎ 0.508
III. SIMULATION AND MEASUREMENT
𝑙 47.62 - -
Fig. 14 shows the configuration of the designed monopulse
filtenna array, of which the dimensions are listed in Table 1. Fig.
15 depicts the photograph of the fabricated monopulse DR
filtenna array. In the simulation and measurement, the return
losses, isolation, and gains of the proposed monopulse DR
filtenna array are illustrated in Figs. 16 and 17. The designed
DR filtenna provides 15-dB fractional bandwidths of 2.36%
and 2.7%, a passband isolation of greater than 17.7 dB, gains of
10.84 and 8.50 dBi for the sum and difference channels, respec-
tively, and a difference beam null depth of −15.6 dB at a fre-
quency of 27.65 GHz. The performance summary of the pub-
lished SIW-based monopulse antenna arrays are tabulated in
Fig. 15. Top view of the fabricated dielectric resonator filtering antenna
Table 2 [4, 5, 6, 16, 17, 18].
array.

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Table 2. Performance summary of the published SIW-based monopulse antenna arrays

Center freq. FBW (%) Polarization Gain Null depth

Study Antenna type Comparator type Substrate
(GHz) @return loss states (dBi) (dB)
Zhu et al. [4] 4 × 4 SIW slot 60 13.11@10-dB 4 15 −25 SIW magic-tee Double
Cao et al. [5] 4 × 4 SIW slot 5.83 - 2 12.9 −40 SIW cavities Single
Chu et al. [6] 4 × 1 SIW slot 29.25 1.2@10-dB 2 8.1 −30 SIW dual mode Double
cavity
Liu and Feng [16] 8 × 10 SIW slot 5.7 5.2@10-dB 2 22.5 −37 SIW magic-tee Double
Cheng et al. [17] 32 × 32 SIW slot 94 3.2@10-dB 3 25.8 −43.7 SIW coupler and Single
phase delay
Hao et al. [18] 4 SIW dual-mode cavity 5.88 4.1@10-dB 4 12.29 −35 SIW dual mode Single
cavity
This work 2 × 1 SIW-DR 27.65 2.36@15-dB 2 10.84 −15.6 SIW dual mode Single
cavity
FBW = fractional bandwidth, SIW = substrate integrated waveguide, DR = dielectric resonator.

(a)
Fig. 17. Simulated and measured isolations of the proposed dielectric
resonator filtering antenna array.

The measured filtering responses and antenna gains for the

sum and difference channels agree well with the simulated re-
sponses in terms of tendency. The measured antenna gains for
the sum and difference channels were smaller than the simulated
antenna gains by 0.86 and 0.92 dB, respectively. The total effi-
ciencies of the DR filtenna array for the sum and difference
channels were calculated using the simulated directivities and
measured gains and achieved as 62% and 64% for both channels,
(b) respectively, at a frequency of 27.65 GHz. The discrepancies in
Fig. 16. Magnitudes of S11 and gains of proposed dielectric resonator filtering responses, antenna gains, and total efficiencies between
filtering antenna array for (a) sum and (b) difference channels simulation and measurement are primarily caused by the insertion
in simulation and measurement. loss of the fabricated filter and manufacture tolerance of the
PCB fabrication process. The null depth for the different beam
In the simulation and measurement, the radiation patterns of patterns was adversely affected by the body of the K connector
the proposed DR filtenna at 27.65 GHz are depicted in Fig. 18. located close to one of both DRs (Fig. 15).

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L. Fernandez-Jambrina, "Low-cost monopulse radial line slot

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Seung-Jun Park Moon-Que Lee

received his B.S. degree in electrical and computer received his B.S. degree in electrical engineering
engineering (summa cum laude) from the University from the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and
of Seoul, Seoul, South Korea, in 2021. He is currently Technology, Daejeon, South Korea, in 1992, and his
working toward his Ph.D. degree at the School of M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering
Electrical and Computer Engineering at the Univer- from Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea,
sity of Seoul. His research interests include RF/ in 1994 and 1999, respectively. From 1999 to 2002,
microwave circuits and systems, filters, duplexers, he worked as a research engineer at the Electronics
and filtering antennas (filtennas). He was a recipient and Telecommunications Research Institute. Since
of the 14th Global Symposium on Millimeter-Waves & Terahertz’s Best 2002, he has been a professor at the School of Electrical and Computer
Paper Award in 2022. Engineering at the University of Seoul, Seoul. Since 2015, he has worked
as a creative planner for radio and satellite at the Ministry of Science, ICT
and Future Planning, Korea Government. His research interests include
microwave/millimeter wave circuits, monolithic microwave integrated
circuits, hybrid circuits, wireless communication, and radar systems.

Jeong-Hun Park
received his B.S. (valedictorian), M.S., and Ph.D.
degrees in electrical and computer engineering from
the University of Seoul, Seoul, South Korea, in 2007,
2020, and 2022, respectively. Since 2022, he has
been a research professor at the School of Electrical
and Computer Engineering at the University of
Seoul, Seoul. His research interests include RF/
microwave circuits and systems, radar systems, and
retro-directive systems in satellite applications. He was a recipient of the
14th Global Symposium on Millimeter-Waves & Terahertz’s Best Paper
Award in 2022.