DISHA DELPHI PUBLIC SCHOOL

(2024-25)

Mathematics Lab Manual

Class XII | Practical File

Instructions to Follow:

1. Students are supposed to prepare Mathematics lab manual file in Mathematics manual
of any publication.
2. You have to do 10 activities in your lab manual. These activities are given to you in pdf
form.
3. You have to write the activities in same sequence in which it is given in pdf form.
4. You have to write all the points given in an activity in exactly same way as it is given in pdf .
5. Draw diagram on the blank side of the lab manual by cutting, pasting method, with the help
of coloured paper.
6. Draw table (if any table given in activity) and graph on blank side.
7. You can take dimensions and angles according to your convenience, but it should satisfy
the conditions.
8. Use black pen for heading and blue pen for writing the content and do not use red pen.
9. Use your creativity in all the given activities.
10. You cannot cut the pictures from lab manual and paste it. you have to draw it yourself .
11. You have to follow all these instructions in each and every activity.
 OBJECTIVE:
To find analytically the limit of a function f(x) at x = c and also to check the continuity of the function at that point.

PRE-REQUIRED KN OWLEDGE:
Knowledge of the concepts of limit and continuity of a function at a point.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
Rough Paper, Calculator, Geometry Box etc.

PROCEDURE:

(1)

(2)
Let the given function be f(x) =
{/-9 }
x _ 3 ' x t:. 3
6 , X= 3
Take some points on the left side of c(= 3) which are very near to c.

(3) For points on the left of c(= 3), find the value of f(x).
x 2 _9 (x+3)(x-3) (.x+3) (·:
⇒f(x) = = xt:-3)
x-3 (x-3)

X 2.9 2.99 2.999 2.9999 2.99999 2.999999

f(x) 5.9 · 5.99 5.999 5.9999 5.99999 5.999999

(4) Now, take some points on the right side of (c = 3), which are very near to c.
(5) For points on the right of c(= 3), find the value of f(x). The value may be tabulated as below:

X 3.1 3.01 3.001 3.0001 3.00001 3.000001

f(x) 6.1 6.01 6.001 6.0001 6.00001 6.000001

OBSERVATI ONS:
(1) The values of f(x) is approaching to 6, as x ➔ 3 from the left.
(2) The values of f(x) is approaching to 6, as x ➔ 3 from the right.
(3) So, lim f(x) = 6 and litn f(x) = 6
>,J X .<~))

(4) Therefore, lim f(x) = 6, 1(3) = 6. Thus, Jim f(x) = f(3).

.t->3 x➔3
(5) Since, f(3) = Jim f(x) , So, the function is continuous at x = 3.
x➔3
RESULT:
From the above activity, we found the limit of a function f (x) at x = c analytically and checked whether the function is
continuous or not.

�. .
. ·'· ·� . .
,

i-.j;: ·:,
 OBJECTIVE: ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ... ➔

To verify geometrically that cx(0 + b) = cxa+ cxb

PRE-REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE:
, Knowledge of vector algebra, addition of vectors, cross product of vectors, etc.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
A thick board, white paper, a pair of scissors, sketch pen etc.

PROCEDURE:
(1) Take a thick board and paste a white paper on It.

(2) Draw a line segment OA = 10 cm representing c .

➔ ➔ ➔
( 3) Draw a line segment OB=a cm representing a such thatLAOB= 60° . Let OB =a.
➔ ➔
(4) Draw a line segment BC= 6 cm representing b and making angle of 30° with OA.

( 5) Draw BM l.OA, CL 1. OA and BN l.CL.

---------,
C p

(6 ) Complete the parallelograms OAQB, OAPC and BQPC. 1

/ '/
OBSERVATIONS / I
(1)
_,. ➔ ➔
I cxal=lc I lalsin 60°
➔
--------�/
N
=OAxBM I I
=Area of parallelogram OAQB. I I
➔ ➔ ➔
I cxb I= l c I Ib I sin 30
--,.
II
(2) °
;I
=OAxCN 1/
= BQxCN
=
Area of parallelogram BQPC. 0 ➔
L A
-+ � ---¼ ➔
(3) OB = a and BC= b .
➔ ➔ ➔ ·➔ -J,-
Figure
.-.ln�OBC, OC= OB-t- BC= a+ b.
andLCOA= e.
➔ -+ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
(4 ) I cx(a+b) l=l c 11 a+b I sine
= OAxOC sin e = OAxCL
Area of parallelogram OAPC.
(5 ) Area of the parallelogram OAPC = OA x CL
= OAx (LN + NC)
= OA x (BM + NC)
= OA x BM + OA x NC
=Area of parallelogram OAQB + Area of parallelogram BQPC
➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
:. lcx(a +b)l=lcxal+lcxbl

-j> -,. --+ -,. -. ➔

{6) c x(a + b) , ex a and c x bare perpendicular to the same plane.
➔ ➔ -Jo --Jo ➔ ➔ ➔
:. c x(a+b) = exa+ c x b (condition of co-planarity)
RESULT: ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔ ➔
➔ -> -+ ➔
From the above activity it is verified that for any three vectors a. b and c we have c x ( a + b ) = c x a + c x h .
OBJECTIVE:
To verify that angle in a semicircle is a right angle, using vector method.

PRE-REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE:
Knowledge of properties of circle and vectors.

MATERIALS REQUIRED
Plywood, white sheets, nails, threads, glue stick, paper arrowheads etc.

PROCEDURE:
(1) Take a plywood of size 50 x 50 cm and paste a white sheet of paper on it.
(2) O n the white sheet of paper, draw a circle of radius 1o cm with centre 0.
(3) Draw a diameter DE of this circle.
(4) Take any point A on the circumference of this circle, as shown in Fig. (a).
(5) Fix nails at 0, D, E and A.
(6) Join OD, OE, OA, DA and EA, using thread, stick arrowheads on threads along OD, OE, OA, DA and EA, as shown in
Fig. . (a).
Arrowheads show that OD, OE, OA, DA and EA are vectors.

Figure (a)
(7) Now take another plywood of dimensions 50 cm x 50 cm and repeat steps.
(8) Take any two points B and C on the circumference of the circle as shown in Fig. (b).

Figure (b)
(9) Fix nails at 0, D, E, B and C.
(10) Join OD, OE, OB, OC, DB, DC, EB, EC using threads. Stick arrowheads on threads along OD, OE, OB, OC, DB,
DC, EB and EC, as shown in Fig. {b).These arrowheads are to show them as vectors.
-=
.:J3JECTIVE
axplain the computation of conditional probability of a given event A when event B has already occurred through an example
:,r.rowing a pair of dice.

�£-REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE:
�ge of probability i.e. random experiment, sample space, event, equally likely events, conditional probability etc.

JERIALS REQUIRED
'-:::id< board, 36 square sheets of 2 cm x 2 cm, glue stick etc.

pqQCEDURE:
Take a thick board paste a squared paper containing 36 squares each of size 2cm x 2cm as shown in Fig.
Write all possible outcomes obtained by throwing two dices on the squared papers.
(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6),
(4, 1}, (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6), (5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6), (6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)

(1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) (1, 5) (1 , 6)

(2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 5) (2, 6)

(3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4) (3, 5) (3, 6)

(4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (4, 4) (4, 5) (4, 6)

(5, 1) (5, 2) (5, 3) (5, 4) (5, 5) (5, 6)

(6, 1) (6, 2) (6, 3) (6, 4) (6, 5) (6, 6)

Figure

OBSERVATIONS:
, To find the conditi-onal probability of an event A , when B has already occurred, where A is
I
the event of a number 3 appears on both the dice and B is the event 3 has already appeared om one of the dice.
Here , we have to find P(A/B )
From Fig.
Outcome favourable to A is (3, 3)
:. No.of outcomes favourableto A, i.e., n ( A)= 1
Outcomes favourable to B are (1, 3), (2, 3),(3, 3), (4, 3), (5, 3), (6, 3), (3, 1), (3, 2). (3, 4)
(3, 5) (3, 6)
:. No. of outcomes favourable to B I.e. n(B) = 11
Outcomes which is common to A and B is (3, 3)
:. No. of outcomes favourable to (A r. B) i.e. n (A n B)= 1
OBJECTIVE:
To understand the concepts of decreasing and increasing functions.

PRE-REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE:
Knowledge of increasing and decreasing function and their properties.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
1 metre G.I. (Galvanizediron wire), rectangular & square pieces of cardboard, white paper, gluestick, trigonometric table book
or scientific calculator etc.

PROCEDURE:
(1) Take a square cardboard and paste a white paper on it.
(2) Take two pieces of wire of 15 cm length and fix them on the white paper to represent x-axis and y-axis.
(3) Take two more pieces of wire each of 1 O cm length and bend them in the shape of curves representing two functions
and fix them on the paper to represent two functions, as shown in Fig. 5

Flgure5
Y'
(4) Take one straight wire and place it on the curve (on the left) such that it is tangent to the curve at the point sayA and
making an angle o., with the positive direction of x-axis.
(5) Take two more points say B and C on the same curve and make tangents, using the same wire at B and C making
angles<½ and a, respectively with the positive direction of x-axis.
(6) Now take three more points E, F, G on the curve (on the right) and using the other straight wires, form tangents at each
of these points making angels 13,, 132, 13. respectively with the positive direction of x-axis as shown in Fig. 5 .

OBSERVATIONS
(1) a,= 100° is an obtuse angle, so tan a, is negative, i.e., the slope ofthe tangentatAis negative.