BINARY NUMBER SYSTEMS AND

CODE

CHARITO B. TAGUBA, MIT

INSTRUCTOR
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
AT THE END OF THE SESSION, YOU WILL BE ABLE TO:

• identify and describe various number systems;

• compare base-10 to a binary system;
• apply conversion of binary to BCD and excess 3; and
• convert Excess 3 to binary and BCD.
WHAT ARE BINARY NUMBERS?

• BinaryNumbers are the flow of information in the

form of zeros and ones used by digital computers
and systems. Computers work on the principle of
number manipulation. Inside the computer, the
numbers are represented in bits and bytes.
•A logic “1” represents a higher voltage, such as 5
volts, which is commonly referred to as a HIGH
value, while a logic “0” represents a low voltage,
such as 0 volts or ground, and is commonly referred
to as a LOW value.
BITS

•: BInary digiTS, and in digital and computational

circuits and applications they are normally referred
to as binary BITS
• two discrete voltage levels representing the digital
values of “1’s” (one’s) and “0’s” (zero’s).
BINARY BITS OF ZEROS AND ONES
ANALOGUE CIRCUITS
• Analogue or Linear circuits amplify or respond to
continuously varying voltage levels that can alternate
between a positive and negative value over a period of
time
DIGITAL CIRCUITS

• Digital circuits produce or respond too two distinct

positive or negative voltage levels representing either
a logic level “1” or a logic level “0”.
ANALOGUE VOLTAGE OUTPUT
REPRESENTATION
DIGITAL VOLTAGE OUTPUT
REPRESENTATION
Then we can see that the major
difference between an analogue
signal or quantity and a digital
quantity is that an “Analogue”
quantity is continuously changing over
time while a “Digital” quantity has
discrete (step by step) values. “LOW”
to “HIGH” or “HIGH” to “LOW”.
DECIMAL VALUES AND
BINARY EQUIVALENTS CHART
 BINARY NUMBERS
• can be added together and subtracted just like decimal
numbers with the result being combined into one of
several size ranges depending upon the number of bits
being used. Binary numbers come in three basic forms –
a bit, a byte and a word, where a bit is a single binary
digit, a byte is eight binary digits, and a word is 16
binary digits.
THE CLASSIFICATION
OF INDIVIDUAL BITS INTO
LARGER GROUPS ARE
GENERALLY REFERRED TO
BY THE FOLLOWING MORE
COMMON NAMES OF:
• Today, as micro-controller or microprocessor systems
become increasingly larger, the individual binary
digits (bits) are now grouped together into 8’s to form
a single BYTE with most computer hardware such as
hard drives and memory modules commonly indicate
their size in Megabytes or even Gigabytes.
BINARY CODED DECIMAL OR BCD
• is another process for converting decimal numbers into
their binary equivalents. do not get confused, binary
coded decimal is not the same as hexadecimal.
Whereas a 4-bit hexadecimal number is valid up to
F16 representing binary 11112, (decimal 15), binary
coded decimal numbers stop at 9 binary 10012. This
means that although 16 numbers (24) can be
represented using four binary digits.
• In this code each decimal digit is represented by a 4-
bit binary number. BCD is a way to express each of
the decimal digits with a binary code. In the BCD,
with four bits we can represent sixteen numbers
(0000 to 1111). But in BCD code only first ten of
these are used (0000 to 1001). The remaining six
code combinations i.e. 1010 to 1111 are invalid in
BCD.
BINARY CODED DECIMAL TABLE
 ADVANTAGES OF BINARY CODE
•• Binary codes are suitable for the computer
applications.
•• Binary codes are suitable for the digital
communications.
•• Binary codes make the analysis and designing of
digital circuits if we use the binary codes.
•• Since only 0 & 1 are being used, implementation
becomes easy.
DISADVANTAGES OF BCD CODES
•• The addition and subtraction of BCD have
different rules.
•• The BCD arithmetic is little more complicated.
•• BCD needs more number of bits than binary to
represent the decimal number. So BCD is less efficient
than binary.
CLASSIFICATION OF BINARY CODES
• • Weighted Codes
• • Non-Weighted Codes
• • Binary Coded Decimal Code
• • Alphanumeric Codes
• • Error Detecting Codes
• • Error Correcting Codes
WEIGHTED BINARY CODES
• are those binary codes which obey the positional
weight principle. Each position of the number
represents a specific weight. Several systems of the
codes are used to express the decimal digits 0 through
9. In these codes each decimal digit is represented by
a group of four bits.
WEIGHTED CODES
NON-WEIGHTED CODES
• In this type of binary codes, the positional weights are not
assigned. The examples of non-weighted codes are Excess-3
code and Gray code.
• EXCESS-3 CODE
•
• The Excess-3 code is also called as XS-3 code. It is non-
weighted code used to express decimal numbers. The Excess-3
code words are derived from the 8421 BCD code words
adding (0011)2 or (3)10 to each code word in 8421.
EXAMPLE:
GRAY CODE
• It is the non-weighted code and it is not arithmetic
codes. That means there are no specific weights assigned
to the bit position. It has a very special feature that has
only one bit will change, each time the decimal number is
incremented as shown in fig. As only one bit changes at a
time, the gray code is called as a unit distance code. The
gray code is a cyclic code. Gray code cannot be used for
arithmetic operation.
GRAY CODE
APPLICATION OF GRAY CODE

•• Gray code is popularly used in the shaft position

encoders.
•• A shaft position encoder produces a code word
which represents the angular position of the shaft.
 Alphanumeric codes
• A binary digit or bit can represent only two symbols as
it has only two states '0' or '1'. But this is not enough for
communication between two computers because there
we need many more symbols for communication. These
symbols are required to represent 26 alphabets with
capital and small letters, numbers from 0 to 9 ,
punctuation marks and other symbols.
•
THE FOLLOWING THREE ALPHANUMERIC CODES ARE
VERY COMMONLY USED FOR THE DATA
REPRESENTATION.

• American Standard Code for Information

Interchange (ASCII).
• Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code
(EBCDIC).
• Five bit Baudot Code.
• ASCII code is a 7-bit code whereas EBCDIC is an 8-bit
code. ASCII code is more commonly used worldwide
while EBCDIC is used primarily in large IBM computers.
• Error Codes
• There are binary code techniques available to detect
and correct data during data transmission.
• There are many methods or techniques which can be used to
convert code from one format to another. We'll demonstrate
here the following:
•
• Binary to BCD Conversion
• BCD to Binary Conversion
• BCD to Excess-3Excess-3 to BCD
•Binary to BCD Conversion
• Steps
• • Step 1 -- Convert the binary number to decimal.
• • Step 2 -- Convert decimal number to BCD.
• Example: convert (11101)2 to BCD.
• Step 1 - Convert to Decimal
• Binary Number: 111012
• Calculating Decimal Equivalent:
•
• Step Binary Number Decimal Number
• Step 1 111012 ((1 x 24) + (1 x 23) + (1 x 22) + (0 x
21) + (1 x 20))10
• Step 2 111012 (16 + 8 + 4 + 0 + 1)10
• Step 3 111012 2910
•
• Binary Number: 111012 = Decimal Number: 2910
• STEP 2 - CONVERT TO BCD
•
• Decimal Number: 2910
• Calculating BCD Equivalent. Convert each digit into groups
of four binary digits equivalent.
• Step Decimal Number Conversion
• Step 1 2910 00102 10012
• Step 2 2910 00101001BCD
• Result : 111012 = 00101001BCD
• BCD to Binary Conversion
• Steps
• • Step 1 -- Convert the BCD number to decimal.
• • Step 2 -- Convert decimal to binary.
• Example: convert (00101001)BCD to Binary.
• STEP 1 - CONVERT TO BCD
• BCD Number: 00101001BCD
• Calculating Decimal Equivalent. Convert each four digit into a group and
get decimal equivalent or each group.
• StepBCD Number Conversion
• Step 1 00101001BCD 00102 10012
• Step 2 00101001BCD 210 910
• Step 3 00101001BCD 2910
•
• BCD Number: 00101001BCD = Decimal Number: 2910
• STEP 2 - CONVERT TO BINARY
•
• Used long division method for decimal to binary conversion.
• Decimal Number: 2910
• Calculating Binary Equivalent:
• Step Operation Result Remainder
• Step 1 29 / 2 14 1
• Step 2 14 / 2 7 0
• Step 3 7/2 3 1
• Step 4 3/2 1 1
• Step 5 1/2 0 1
• Asmentioned in Steps 2 and 4, the remainders have to be
arranged in the reverse order so that the first remainder
becomes the least significant digit (LSD) and the last
remainder becomes the most significant digit (MSD).
•
• Decimal Number: 2910 = Binary Number: 111012
• Result : 00101001BCD = 111012
• BCD to Excess-3
• Steps
•• Step 1 -- Convert BCD to decimal.
•• Step 2 -- Add (3)10 to this decimal number.
•• Step 3 -- Convert into binary to get excess-3 code.
• Example: Convert 1001BCD to Excess-3.
•
• STEP 1 - CONVERT TO DECIMAL
• 1001BCD = 9
• STEP 2 - ADD 3 TO DECIMAL
• 910 + 310 = 1210
• STEP 3 - CONVERT TO EXCESS-3
• 1210 = 11002
• Result : 1001BCD = 1100XS-3
• Steps
• 1. Step 1 -- Subtract 00112 from each 4 bit of excess-3
digit to obtain the corresponding BCD code.
• Example: convert 10011010XS-3 to BCD.
• Given XS-3 number = 1001 1010
• Subtract 00112 = 0011 0011
• --------------------
• BCD = 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
• Result : 10011010XS-3 = 01100111BCD
M A B B A L O! ! !