Capitol University

Cagayan de Oro City

College of Maritime Education
Bachelor of Science in Marine Transportation
SEAM 001
(Ship, Ship Routines and Ship Construction)
1st Semester 2023-2024

Week 6

Topics:
Anchor

STCW
A-II/1. F3. C2 Maintain seaworthiness of the ship
Competence

A-II/5. F1. C2. KUP1. Working knowledge of the mooring system and
KUP
related procedures, including:
.1 the function of mooring and tug lines and how each line
functions as part of an overall system
.2 the capacities, safe working loads, and breaking strengths of
mooring equipment, including mooring wires, synthetic and fiber lines,
winches, anchor windlasses, capstans, bitts, chocks, and bollards
.3 the procedures and order of events for making fast and letting
go mooring and tug lines and wires, including towing line
.4 the procedures and order of events for the use of anchors in
various operations
CO3: Construct the procedures and order of events for anchoring
Course Outcomes and other mooring operations in accordance with safe working
practices.

LO 3.1:
Learning Explain the procedures and related anchoring activities per safe
Outcomes working practices.
LO 3.2
Explain the procedures for conducting safe mooring operations per
safe working practices.
1. The learner reads the given materials and
watches the supplementary videos on the link
provided.
Learning Activities
2. Actively participate in the discussion and demonstrate
knowledge of the importance of:
• Anchor
• Mooring Equipment
A. Procedures of safe mooring operation
B. Laying out of a mooring rope
C. Throwing heaving lines
D. Use of rope/chain stoppers
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 3. The learner answers and passes the assessments given
by the instructor.

ANCHOR

I. Ship Anchor and anchoring activities per safe working practices

Anchoring a ship is a fundamental operation in maritime navigation, essential for safe mooring,
stability, and preventing drift. Proper anchoring procedures are crucial to ensure the safety of the
vessel, crew, and the marine environment. This topic delves into the ship's anchor, anchoring
procedures, and related activities while emphasizing the importance of adhering to safe working
practices.
1. Understanding the Ship's Anchor:
Anchors come in various types, each designed for specific applications and seabed conditions. Here,
we'll discuss some of the most common types of anchors, including the stockless anchor, stock
anchor, and the Danforth anchor:

A. Stockless Anchor:
Design: The stockless anchor, also known as the Hall anchor, is one of the most widely used anchors
in the maritime industry. It features a central shank without a stock (crossbar) attached to it.

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Applications: Stockless anchors are versatile and suitable for a wide range of vessel types, including
cargo ships, container ships, and passenger vessels. They are particularly favored for their ease of
stowage on a ship's bow.
Hold: Stockless anchors offer excellent holding power and stability when properly set in various
seabed conditions.

B. Stock Anchor:
Design: The stock anchor, also known as the Admiralty anchor, features a stock (crossbar)
perpendicular to the anchor's shank. This design provides added stability and helps the anchor set
more quickly.
Applications: Stock anchors are commonly used on smaller vessels, such as fishing boats and
pleasure craft, due to their reliable performance in a variety of seabed types.
Hold: Stock anchors provide good holding power, making them suitable for anchoring in diverse
conditions.

C. Danforth Anchor:
Design: The Danforth anchor, also known as the fluke anchor, consists of two pointed, flat flukes
attached to a shank at a 90-degree angle. It typically has a stock or hinge mechanism at the crown.
Applications: Danforth anchors are popular choices for small to medium-sized boats and pleasure
craft. They are known for their lightweight and easily stowable design.
Hold: Danforth anchors are effective in sandy and muddy bottoms, where their flukes can dig in and
provide a secure hold. However, they may not perform as well in rocky or weedy seabeds.

D. Plow Anchor:
Design: The plow anchor, also known as the CQR (Coastal Quick Release) anchor, resembles a
traditional plow or plough. It features a single curved fluke that can pivot, allowing it to reset itself if
the direction of pull changes.
Applications: Plow anchors are commonly used on sailboats and larger cruising vessels. Their
pivoting design makes them suitable for a variety of seabed conditions.
Hold: Plow anchors offer excellent holding power and are effective in rocky and grassy bottoms,
making them a preferred choice for boats exploring diverse anchorages.
E. Mushroom Anchor:
Design: Mushroom anchors have a distinctive mushroom-shaped design with a heavy, rounded
bottom and a central shank. They are often used in permanent moorings.

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Applications: Mushroom anchors are used to secure floating docks, buoys, and other stationary
structures in place. They are less common for boats that need to weigh anchor frequently.
Hold: Mushroom anchors rely on their weight to provide holding power, making them suitable for calm
waters with minimal currents.
Selecting the right anchor type depends on the vessel's size, the seabed conditions in the area, and
the intended use. Mariners must consider these factors to ensure the safety and stability of their
vessels during anchoring operations.

2. Parts of an Anchor and Its Windlass Arrangement

Anchors play an important role in a vessel. They are very crucial because ships with only a single
anchor are unseaworthy to sail!
That’s why all the parts of an anchor must be in good condition. Not just the anchor itself but its chain,
windlass, bitter end, and fittings.

The ship’s crew must know its specific components for accurate reporting if something happens to it
or its parts.
Whenever a portion of an anchor or windlass arrangement needs replacement, knowing its correct
name saves time, money, and headaches.

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A. Parts of an Anchor
Due to its simplicity, there are only a few parts of an anchor whatever type they are. Here are the
following. You can see the image below as a source of reference.
1. Crown/ Shackle – also called the Ring or “D” shackle because it looks like the letter D. The crown
shackle connects the anchor through its shank to the chain.
2. Shank – the bar shaft of an anchor located at the center. It connects the “D” shackle to the lower
part of the anchor.
3. Fluke/ Palm – the portion where it gets buried in the seabed. The fluke or palm is flatly shaped to
maximize holding power.
4. Pea or Bill – is the tip-most portion of the anchor’s fluke. They dig or penetrate the seabed so the
fluke gets buried.
5. Stock – a long bar near the crown that passes perpendicular to the shank. Looking from the top,
the stock is also perpendicular to the Arm to ensure that one fluke is at a right angle to the seabed
enabling it to dig itself to the ground. However, modern ships use stockless anchors nowadays.
6. Crown – area of the anchor head found at the base of the shank between the tripping palms.
7. Arm or Tripping Palm – since modern anchors don’t have a stock, the part of a modern stockless
anchor that tilts the fluke into the seabed is the tripping palm. Its name identifies itself. It trips the
anchor so that the fluke is always positioned facing the ground.

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B. The Anchor Chain

The chain is the connecting link between the ship and the anchor. It also serves as a shock absorber
especially during swells while anchoring.

The length of the anchor chain is dependent on many factors such as varying meteorological
conditions.

One of the experienced master’s anchoring techniques during big swells and turbulent weather is
increasing the chain’s scope.
The anchor chain also varies depending on the type of anchor used. However, the most common are
the swivel, Kenter shackle, and the connecting links.
1. Anchor Link – smaller D shackle that connects the crown shackle to the anchor chain.
2. Swivel – a very important component of an anchor. A swivel prevents the anchor chain from fouling
or twisting when the ship moves to its turning radius. Swivel also stops the anchor itself from flipping
while holding on to the seafloor.
3. Common link – can either be a studded link or an open link. A Studded link is the chain of an
anchor having a bar or stud at the center. An Open or studless link has no bar in the middle and is
often used with larger shackles.
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3. Enlarged Link – is a studded link bigger than a common link. It is installed as part of the swivel
assembly- before and after the swivel itself.
4. End link – a studless link connecting the anchor link and the enlarged link or directly to the swivel.
5. Kenter Shackle – a type of joining shackle that connects two lengths of a cable. Installing Kenter
shackles enables seafarers to identify the length of the anchor chain paid out to the water.

C. Anchor Windlass Arrangement

The anchor windlass arrangement is a piece of heavy-duty machinery that heaves up and lowers the
anchor cable.

1. Hawse Pipe – stowage pipe of stockless anchor that also facilitates the run of chain cable when
letting go and heaving up the anchor.
2. Guide Roller – a roller installed in front of the hawse pipe that leads the anchor chain to the gypsy
wheel.
3. Brake – holds or stops the chain from paying out during anchoring. The anchor party normally
uses the brake to control the velocity of the anchor chain from releasing too fast.
4. Chain Stopper – also called Bow Stopper, Cable Stopper, or Guillotine. The chain stopper holds
the vessel to the chain. It prevents the chain from paying out when there is tension in the anchor
chain.
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5. Anchor Winch or Gypsy Wheel – this is different from mooring winches. The gypsy wheel has
grooves called wild cats that lock on the chain during the heaving or lowering of the anchor.
6. Spurling Pipe – a vertical pipe that leads the anchor chain to the chain locker.
7. Chain Locker – a compartment used to stow the anchor chains. Each anchor has its own chain
locker. The chain locker is also where we can find the bitter end.
8. Bitter End – the end of the ship’s anchor chain that connects to a quick-release securing
arrangement. The bitter end indicates that there is no more chain to pay out. If you understand the
word “bollard” or “bitt”, then you will know the correct meaning of the maritime term bitter end.
9. Anchor Lashings – are a combination of turnbuckles, shackles, and wires or chains of sufficient
sizes. Together with the brake and chain stopper, anchor lashings secure the anchor from losing
especially during sea passage.

II. Anchoring Procedures

A. Selecting an Anchorage
Selecting the appropriate anchorage is a critical decision for mariners, as it directly impacts the
safety and stability of a vessel while at rest.

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1. Water Depth:
• Water depth is one of the primary considerations when choosing an anchorage. The
anchor must reach the seabed for a secure hold. Anchoring in water that is too shallow
can result in the vessel running aground while anchoring in water that is too deep may
not allow the anchor to set properly.
• Mariners need to consider the tidal range and the vessel's draft to ensure there is
sufficient depth both at high and low tide.
2. Seabed Conditions:
• The nature of the seabed has a significant impact on anchoring effectiveness. Different
anchor types and designs perform better on specific seabed types. Common seabed
conditions include:
• Sand: Anchors with flukes, like Danforth anchors, are effective in sandy bottoms.
• Mud: Plow anchors often work well in muddy seabeds.
• Rocky: Anchoring in rocky seabeds can be challenging, and specific rock
anchors or mooring techniques may be necessary.
• Grass or Weed: Seabeds with underwater vegetation can foul anchors, so
careful consideration of anchor type and cleaning procedures is essential.
3. Weather Conditions:
• Currents, tides, and prevailing wind patterns are crucial factors when choosing an
anchorage. Mariners should consider:
• Wind: Anchoring in a sheltered area or lee of land can provide protection from
strong winds.
• Tides: Understanding tidal currents and their direction is vital, as the vessel may
swing with the tide while at anchor.
• Currents: Strong tidal currents can affect the vessel's orientation and the
anchor's ability to hold.
4. Proximity to Navigation Channels:
• Anchoring too close to navigation channels or shipping lanes can pose a hazard to both
the anchored vessel and other passing vessels. Mariners should maintain a safe
distance from these areas to avoid collisions and ensure safe passage for all.
5. Emergency Escape Routes:
• Mariners should plan for contingencies by identifying emergency escape routes from the
anchorage. This is especially important in case of sudden adverse weather conditions
or mechanical failures.

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 6. Environmental Regulations:
• Various regulations may restrict or govern anchoring in certain areas to protect the
environment, such as sensitive ecosystems or coral reefs. Mariners should be aware of
these regulations and adhere to them.
7. Visibility and Navigation Aids:
• Good visibility from the anchorage is essential for safety, especially during night
operations. Mariners should consider the presence of navigational aids, such as buoys,
beacons, and lighthouses, to assist with safe navigation and anchoring.
8. Security and Piracy Risk:
• In some regions, there may be a risk of piracy or security threats. Mariners should
choose anchorages that are known to be safe and consider security measures such as
onboard security personnel or anchored in groups (convoys) in high-risk areas.
9. Local Knowledge and Charts:
• Local knowledge and nautical charts are invaluable resources for choosing the right
anchorage. Mariners should consult local pilots, harbor masters, and up-to-date charts
to make informed decisions.

B. Preparing for Anchoring

Preparing the anchor and anchor gear is a crucial step in anchoring procedures to ensure the anchor
is ready for deployment and retrieval. This process involves inspecting and preparing the anchor,
anchor chain, or cable, as well as checking the windlass and associated equipment.
1. Assemble the Anchoring Crew:
• Before beginning anchor preparation, assemble the crew members responsible for
anchoring operations. Assign specific roles and ensure that all crew members are aware
of their duties and responsibilities.
2. Gather Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
• Ensure that all crew members wear appropriate PPE, such as gloves, safety helmets,
and life jackets, to protect themselves during the anchoring process.
3. Proceed to the Anchor Locker or Storage Area:
• Navigate to the anchor locker or storage area, which is typically located near the bow of
the vessel. Ensure that this area is clear of obstacles and hazards.
4. Inspect the Anchor:
• Examine the anchor for any visible damage, wear, or deformities. Look for cracks, bent
flukes, or signs of corrosion. If the anchor is not in good condition, it should be repaired
or replaced.

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5. Inspect the Anchor Chain or Cable:
• Check the anchor chain or cable for any defects, such as kinks, rust, or weakened links.
Ensure that the chain or cable is properly secured to the anchor's shank and that it is
free of tangles.
6. Inspect Shackles and Attachments:
• Examine the shackles that connect the anchor to the chain or cable and ensure they are
in good condition, properly secured, and appropriately rated for the vessel's size and
anchor type.
• Check any additional attachments, such as swivels or connectors, to ensure they are
functioning correctly.
7. Test the Windlass:
• Activate the windlass to ensure it is in working order. Test both the hoisting and lowering
functions to confirm that the windlass can operate smoothly.
• Check the brake mechanism to ensure it can hold the anchor in place when the
windlass is not actively engaged.
8. Lubrication and Maintenance:
• Lubricate moving parts of the windlass, such as the gypsy (the part that engages the
chain or cable) and the drum (if applicable). Proper lubrication helps reduce wear and
ensures smooth operation.
• Conduct any routine maintenance tasks recommended by the manufacturer.
9. Prepare the Anchor for Deployment:
• If the anchor is not already secured to the anchor chain or cable, attach it using the
appropriate shackle or attachment method. Ensure the anchor is correctly oriented for
deployment.
10. Stow Extra Anchor Gear Properly:
• Any additional anchor gear, such as spare anchors or cables, should be securely
stowed and organized to prevent interference with the anchoring process.
11. Brief the Crew:
• Conduct a safety briefing with the crew, emphasizing key points about the anchor, its
operation, and potential hazards during anchoring and retrieval.
12. Prepare to Lower the Anchor:
• Once the anchor and gear are inspected and ready, and the crew is briefed, the vessel
can proceed to the selected anchorage. The crew should be on standby for anchor
deployment as the vessel approaches the anchorage.

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C. Dropping the Anchor
Anchoring represents a critical operation in that operator errors may produce immediate and
significant accidents or create severe threats to the ship, its crew and cargo as well as the
environment and other property.
On approaching shallow waters, both anchors must be cleared and kept ready on the brakes for use.
1. Letting go anchor
Anchors must not be dropped by brake from a height of more than 20 m above the sea bed, other
than in emergencies.

2. Walking back anchor

Walking back the anchor especially in depths more than 80m could be hazardous as the extra weight
of the chain and anchor on the windlass motor will be beyond the design criteria.

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Anchoring in depths over 80m can lead to situations where the windlass motor is unable to pick up
the weight of the anchor and cable.

D. Paying Out Cable

The controlled release of anchor cable is a critical aspect of anchoring procedures that requires
careful attention to detail and coordination between the bridge and deck teams. Properly managing
the release of anchor cable helps prevent snubbing, which can cause sudden shocks to the anchor
gear, potentially dislodging the anchor and compromising the anchoring process. To ensure a
controlled release, several factors must be considered, including scope, speed, and tension:

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1. Scope:
• Scope refers to the length of the anchor chain or cable paid out between the vessel and
the anchor on the seabed. The appropriate scope is essential for the anchor to set
securely and provide maximum holding power.
• The recommended scope for anchoring typically ranges from 5:1 to 7:1, where the
length of the anchor cable or chain is 5 to 7 times the depth of the water. In adverse
weather conditions, a higher scope may be necessary for better holding power.
• To calculate the scope, mariners should consider the water depth, expected weather
conditions, and the vessel's size and weight.
2. Speed of Release:
• The speed at which the anchor cable is paid out plays a crucial role in preventing
snubbing. A controlled release allows the anchor to gently settle on the seabed,
enabling it to dig in and set effectively.
• Paying out the anchor cable too quickly can lead to snubbing, where the chain or cable
abruptly stops when it reaches the end of the winch drum or gypsy. This sudden stop
generates shock loads that can damage the anchor gear and reduce anchoring
effectiveness.
• To avoid snubbing, the winch operator or deck crew should control the speed of release
by adjusting winch controls to achieve a steady and controlled descent of the anchor
cable.
3. Tension Control:
• Maintaining proper tension on the anchor cable is essential for the anchor to set
correctly and prevent excessive loads on the equipment. Tension control ensures that
the anchor remains in contact with the seabed while being deployed.
• Monitoring cable tension can be done using load sensors, winch tension indicators, or
by closely observing the winch's behavior. It's crucial to keep the tension within safe
limits to prevent equipment damage.
• The winch operator or deck crew should be prepared to adjust the tension as needed
during the controlled release to maintain a consistent load on the anchor cable.
4. Communication and Coordination:
• Effective communication between the bridge and deck teams is paramount during
anchor deployment. The bridge team should provide information on vessel movement,
depth readings, and any course adjustments required, while the deck team should relay
feedback on cable tension and the anchor's progress.
• Clear communication ensures that adjustments can be made promptly to maintain
control over the anchor deployment process.

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III. Anchor Watch
A. Role of the Anchor Watch
Crew members assigned to the anchor watch have crucial responsibilities to ensure the safety and
stability of the vessel while at anchor. Their duties involve continuous monitoring of various factors,
including the vessel's position, weather conditions, and anchor gear. Here are the key responsibilities
of crew members on anchor watch:
1. Monitoring Vessel's Position:
• Crew members on the anchor watch are responsible for monitoring the vessel's position
relative to its anchor point. They must ensure that the vessel remains within a safe and
designated area within the anchorage.
• Using navigation equipment such as GPS, radar, and visual landmarks, they track the
vessel's movement and alert the bridge if the vessel begins to drift or veer outside the
safe zone.
2. Checking Weather Conditions:
• Continuous monitoring of weather conditions is essential during anchor watch. Crew
members should regularly assess wind speed, wind direction, and changes in weather
patterns.
• They must be vigilant for any sudden changes in weather, including squalls,
thunderstorms, or strong gusts of wind, which could affect the vessel's position or
anchor hold.
3. Observing Anchor Gear:
• Crew members on anchor watch keep a watchful eye on the anchor gear, including the
anchor chain or cable, shackles, and associated equipment.
• They check for signs of wear, damage, or fouling of the anchor gear. If any issues are
detected, they report them immediately to the bridge or deck officers for corrective
action.
4. Maintaining Communication:
• Communication between the anchor watch personnel and the bridge is vital. Crew
members should maintain regular contact with the bridge team to relay information
about the vessel's position, weather conditions, and the status of the anchor gear.
• In case of any concerns or emergencies, they should be able to quickly communicate
with the bridge for assistance or instructions.
5. Logging Observations:
• Detailed records of observations and activities during anchor watch should be
maintained. These records include noting changes in weather, wind direction, vessel
movement, and any adjustments made to the anchor gear or scope.

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 • Accurate records are valuable for assessing the vessel's behavior over time and for
historical reference in case of incidents or disputes.
6. Responding to Emergencies:
• In the event of adverse weather, anchor dragging, or any other emergency situation,
crew members on anchor watch are responsible for promptly raising the alarm and
following emergency procedures.
• They may need to assist in anchoring-related emergency tasks, such as manually
operating the windlass or securing additional anchor gear.
7. Maintaining Vigilance:
• Crew members on anchor watch must remain alert and attentive throughout their watch
period, which often includes night shifts. Fatigue and complacency should be avoided,
as they can impact the effectiveness of the anchor watch.
8. Reporting to Relief Watch:
• At the end of their watch, crew members on anchor watch should provide a
comprehensive handover to the incoming watch, including all relevant information about
the vessel's position, weather conditions, and anchor gear status.

B. Alarm Systems
Alarm systems on board a vessel are essential safety features that serve to alert the crew to critical
situations, including anchor dragging and changes in weather conditions. These alarm systems play a
vital role in ensuring the safety of the vessel, and its crew, and the protection of the marine
environment.
1. Early Warning:
• Alarm systems provide early warning of potential issues, allowing the crew to respond
promptly and take appropriate action. In the case of anchor dragging, the alarm system
can detect the vessel's movement and alert the crew before a serious problem
develops.
• Weather-related alarms can give the crew advance notice of changing weather
conditions, enabling them to prepare for adverse weather, such as strong winds, storms,
or heavy rainfall.
2. Preventing Collisions and Groundings:
• In the event of anchor dragging, an alarm system can help prevent collisions with other
vessels, structures, or the shoreline. Early detection allows for corrective measures to
be taken, such as re-anchoring or initiating propulsion to reposition the vessel.
• Alarm systems also help avoid grounding incidents, which can result from anchor
dragging or changes in weather conditions. Groundings can lead to significant damage,
environmental harm, and potential hazards to navigation.
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 3. Enhancing Crew Safety:
• Alarm systems prioritize crew safety by alerting them to potential dangers. When anchor
drag or adverse weather conditions are detected, crew members can secure
themselves and the vessel, don appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), and
follow established safety protocols.
• In situations where rapid response is crucial, such as during a sudden squall or heavy
fog, alarm systems can mean the difference between a safe outcome and a potential
disaster.
4. Minimizing Environmental Impact:
• Alarms related to anchor dragging can prevent anchor damage to fragile ecosystems,
such as coral reefs or seagrass beds. Early warning enables the crew to take corrective
action, such as repositioning the vessel, before damage occurs.
• Weather-related alarms can help avoid environmental incidents, such as oil spills, by
allowing the crew to secure cargo, ballast tanks, and fuel systems in anticipation of
rough weather.
5. Protecting the Vessel and Its Equipment:
• Alarm systems safeguard the vessel's equipment and infrastructure by alerting the crew
to potential risks. For example, in the event of anchor dragging, the system can prevent
damage to the anchor gear, windlass, and hull.
• Weather-related alarms can help protect sensitive equipment, such as navigation
systems and communication devices, by allowing them to be secured or protected from
adverse conditions.
6. Compliance with Regulations:
• Many maritime regulations and industry standards require vessels to be equipped with
alarm systems for various safety-critical functions. Compliance with these regulations is
essential to ensure the vessel's seaworthiness and the safety of the crew.

IV. Retrieving the Anchor

A. Weighing Anchor
Raising the anchor is a crucial part of anchoring operations, and it requires a systematic approach to
ensure safety and efficiency.
1. Prepare the Crew and Equipment:
• Before raising the anchor, ensure that the anchor deck is clear of obstacles and that all
necessary crew members are available and briefed on their roles and responsibilities.
• Ensure that crew members wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE),
including gloves and safety helmets.
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2. Release Tension on the Anchor Cable:
• Ensure that the windlass brake is engaged to prevent the anchor cable from paying out
unintentionally.
• If the anchor is set with significant tension on the cable due to wind or current, release
this tension gradually to avoid sudden shock loads on the anchor gear.
3. Engage the Windlass:
• Activate the windlass control to begin heaving in the anchor cable. The windlass is a
mechanical or electric device responsible for raising the anchor and cable.
• Ensure that the windlass is set to the correct mode for heaving in, and that it is
operating smoothly.
4. Heave In the Cable Gradually:
• Slowly and steadily heave in the anchor cable by operating the windlass controls. Avoid
jerky or rapid movements, as this can stress the anchor gear and create tension spikes.
• Monitor the cable's progress as it is wound around the windlass drum or gypsy. Ensure
that it is not fouling or piling up unevenly.
5. Inspect the Anchor Cable:
• As the anchor cable is retrieved, inspect it for any signs of damage, such as kinks, rust,
or worn links. Pay attention to the condition of the chain or cable near the anchor
shackle.
• If any issues are observed, address them promptly and, if necessary, replace damaged
sections of the cable.
6. Retrieve the Anchor:
• Continue heaving in the cable until the anchor is fully retrieved and secured at the bow
roller or anchor hawsepipe.
• Ensure that the anchor is clear of the water and not fouling on the hull or any
obstructions.
7. Secure the Anchor:
• Once the anchor is on board, secure it properly to prevent it from shifting or causing
damage during the voyage. This may involve using anchor stoppers or securing the
anchor to dedicated fittings.
• Ensure that the anchor is well-lashed or otherwise secured in a manner consistent with
vessel-specific procedures and safety guidelines.
8. Stow the Anchor Cable:
• After the anchor is secured, the anchor cable should be stowed properly on its drum or
in the anchor locker.
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 • Ensure that the cable is neatly and evenly wound, and that it does not foul or tangle.
Proper cable stowage facilitates easier deployment during the next anchoring operation.
9. Disengage the Windlass:
• Once the anchor cable is stowed, disengage the windlass and ensure that the brake is
set to prevent unintentional movement.
10. Conduct Post-Anchor Operations Checks:
• After raising the anchor and securing it, conduct a final inspection of the anchor gear,
windlass, and anchor deck to ensure everything is in order and no equipment is left
unsecured.
11. Report to the Bridge:
• Inform the bridge team that the anchor is raised, secured, and the anchor cable is
stowed. This ensures that the bridge is aware of the vessel's status and can proceed
accordingly.
B. Anchor Cleaning and Maintenance
Regular inspection, cleaning, and maintenance of the anchor and anchor gear are essential practices
in the maritime industry. These activities not only ensure the reliability and functionality of the
equipment but also contribute to the safety of the vessel and the effectiveness of anchoring
operations.
1. Safety and Reliability:
• Regular inspection and maintenance help identify and address wear and tear, corrosion,
or damage to the anchor and anchor gear. This ensures that the equipment remains in a
safe and reliable condition for use during anchoring operations.
• Well-maintained equipment is less likely to fail, reducing the risk of accidents,
groundings, or anchor dragging, which can result in serious consequences for the
vessel and crew.
2. Efficiency:
• Clean and well-maintained anchor gear operates more efficiently. Smooth operation of
the windlass and anchor deployment/retrieval processes saves time and effort, allowing
for more effective anchoring operations.
• Efficient anchoring procedures contribute to fuel savings, reduce wear on equipment,
and optimize the use of crew resources.
3. Preventing Environmental Impact:
• Fouled or corroded anchor gear can inadvertently damage sensitive marine
ecosystems, such as coral reefs or underwater vegetation, when dropped onto the
seabed. Regular cleaning and maintenance reduce the risk of anchor-related
environmental damage.

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 • Maintenance practices, such as using environmentally friendly anti-fouling coatings on
anchor chains, can further mitigate environmental impact.
4. Longevity of Equipment:
• Routine maintenance and cleaning help extend the lifespan of anchor and anchor gear
components. Replacing worn or corroded parts before they fail can significantly prolong
the equipment's service life.
• Replacing parts or performing repairs on a planned schedule is often more cost-
effective than addressing breakdowns and emergency repairs.
5. Compliance with Regulations:
• Many maritime regulations and industry standards require vessels to maintain their
equipment in good working condition. Compliance with these regulations is not only a
legal requirement but also a commitment to safety and environmental stewardship.
6. Readiness for Emergency Situations:
• In emergency situations, the crew may need to deploy the anchor quickly and efficiently
to respond to unforeseen challenges, such as engine failures, navigational hazards, or
adverse weather conditions. Well-maintained equipment ensures that the anchor is
ready for rapid deployment when needed.
7. Reducing Operational Risks:
• Neglecting anchor gear maintenance can lead to operational risks, such as anchor
cable failure, windlass breakdown, or anchor shank deformation. These risks can result
in costly repairs, delays, and potential accidents.
• Routine inspection and maintenance help identify and address potential issues before
they escalate into major problems.
8. Crew Training and Awareness:
• Regular maintenance practices promote crew awareness and proficiency in handling
anchor gear. Crew members become familiar with equipment inspection, cleaning, and
maintenance procedures, improving their overall competence in anchoring operations.
V. Safe Working Practices
A. Safety Measures
Ensuring the safety of crew members during anchoring operations is of paramount importance.
Anchoring can involve heavy machinery, high-tension anchor cables, and potentially hazardous
conditions. To mitigate risks and promote a safe working environment, crew members should adhere
to safety precautions, including wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) and following
established procedures.

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1. Wearing Appropriate PPE:
• Hard Hats (Safety Helmets): Protect the head from falling objects and potential head
injuries, especially during anchor deployment and retrieval.
• Safety Gloves: Shield hands from abrasions, cuts, and handling rough surfaces, such
as anchor chains and cables.
• Steel-Toed Boots: Provide protection for the feet in case of heavy objects or equipment
accidentally dropped.
• Life Jackets: Ensure crew members have access to life jackets or personal flotation
devices, especially when working near the edge of the vessel or on the anchor deck.
• Ear Protection: Protect against loud noises produced by machinery like windlasses.
• Eye Protection: Safeguard the eyes from flying debris, rust, and other potential
hazards. Safety glasses or goggles are essential.
• High-Visibility Clothing: Improve visibility of crew members, especially during low-light
conditions or when working near moving equipment.
2. Follow Established Procedures:
• Crew members should be familiar with and strictly adhere to the vessel's established
anchoring procedures. These procedures are designed to ensure safe and efficient
anchor deployment and retrieval.
• Always follow the commands and signals from the officer in charge or bridge team
during anchoring operations. Clear communication and coordination are crucial.
• Understand the vessel's specific anchoring equipment, including the windlass, anchor
type, and anchor cable.
3. Maintain Proper Positioning:
• Stay clear of the anchor and anchor chain or cable's path during deployment and
retrieval. Crew members should never stand in the line of fire if the chain or cable
suddenly moves.
• Use designated walkways and handrails on the anchor deck to prevent slips, trips, and
falls.
• Avoid leaning over the railings or reaching into dangerous areas.
4. Avoid Distracted or Fatigued Work:
• Ensure that crew members involved in anchoring operations are well-rested and alert.
Fatigue can lead to lapses in judgment and decreased safety awareness.
• Avoid distractions, such as mobile phones or unrelated conversations, while working on
the anchor deck.

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 5. Emergency Response and Evacuation:
• Crew members should be familiar with emergency response procedures related to
anchoring, including how to quickly release the anchor in case of an emergency.
• Know the location of emergency equipment, such as lifeboats and life rafts, and how to
access them in case of an evacuation.
6. Weather Conditions:
• Be aware of weather conditions, especially when anchoring in adverse weather. High
winds, rough seas, and low visibility can make anchoring operations more hazardous.
Exercise caution and adapt procedures as necessary.
7. Training and Drills:
• Regular training and emergency drills specific to anchoring operations help crew
members become proficient in safety procedures and responses to various scenarios.
8. Reporting Safety Concerns:
• Encourage a culture of safety where crew members feel comfortable reporting safety
concerns, near misses, or incidents to their supervisors or the safety officer on board.
9. Safety Briefings:
• Before anchoring operations, conduct safety briefings to ensure that all crew members
are aware of their roles, responsibilities, and safety procedures.
10. Continuous Monitoring:
• Maintain situational awareness throughout the anchoring process, especially during
anchor deployment and retrieval, and be prepared to respond to changing conditions or
emergencies.
B. Environmental Considerations
Environmental responsibility is a paramount concern in maritime operations, and preventing anchor
damage to fragile ecosystems is a critical aspect of this responsibility. Anchoring in sensitive areas,
such as coral reefs, seagrass beds, or protected marine reserves, can have severe and long-lasting
ecological consequences. To promote environmental responsibility and minimize the impact of
anchoring on fragile ecosystems, these are the key considerations and best practices:
1. Anchor in Designated Areas:
• Whenever possible, anchor in designated anchorages or areas specifically designated
for anchoring. These areas are typically located away from sensitive ecosystems and
are designed to minimize environmental impact.
2. Use Anchorages with Adequate Depth:
• Choose anchorages with adequate water depth to ensure the anchor remains above
fragile seabed ecosystems. Shallow anchorages increase the risk of anchor damage to
sensitive habitats.
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3. Utilize Mooring Buoys:
• In areas with vulnerable ecosystems, use mooring buoys when available. Mooring
buoys provide a secure and environmentally friendly alternative to anchoring, as they do
not involve anchor contact with the seabed.
4. Follow Anchor-Free Zones:
• Respect established anchor-free zones, marine reserves, and protected areas where
anchoring is prohibited. These areas are often home to unique and fragile marine life
that requires special protection.
5. Deploy Environmentally Friendly Anchors:
• Use environmentally friendly anchor designs that minimize seabed disturbance. Some
anchors, like lightweight and low-impact anchors, are specifically designed to reduce
damage to sensitive ecosystems.
6. Properly Calculate Scope:
• Calculate anchor scope carefully to avoid dragging and excessive swinging that may
damage the seabed or adjacent ecosystems. Adequate scope allows the anchor to set
without dragging.
7. Frequent Monitoring and Supervision:
• Assign crew members to continuously monitor the vessel's position when at anchor,
especially in sensitive areas. This helps ensure that the anchor remains secure and
does not drag or damage the seabed.
8. Consider Alternative Anchoring Techniques:
• In areas with extremely fragile ecosystems, consider alternative anchoring techniques,
such as using a stern anchor or employing dynamic positioning systems to keep the
vessel in position without deploying the main anchor.
9. Practice Careful Anchor Retrieval:
• When raising the anchor, do so slowly and carefully to minimize the risk of disturbing the
seabed or damaging any marine life that may have attached itself to the anchor.
10. Educate Crew Members:
• Educate all crew members about the importance of environmental responsibility and the
specific measures taken to protect fragile ecosystems. Encourage a culture of respect
for the environment.
11. Compliance with Regulations:
• Ensure that the vessel complies with all relevant environmental regulations and
guidelines related to anchoring, including those specific to sensitive areas.

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 12. Participate in Conservation Efforts:
• Support and participate in local or international conservation initiatives aimed at
protecting sensitive marine ecosystems. Engage with local authorities, conservation
organizations, and relevant stakeholders.
13. Emergency Response Plan:
• Develop and implement an emergency response plan for anchor-related incidents in
environmentally sensitive areas. This plan should include procedures for immediate
action to minimize damage and report incidents.

VI. Emergency Procedures

A. Anchor Dragging
Anchor dragging is a critical situation that requires immediate action to prevent accidents, groundings,
or collisions. Steps to take in the event of anchor dragging, along with communication protocols:
Immediate Actions:
1. Sound the Alarm:
• The first and most crucial step is to sound the general alarm or other emergency alarms
to alert the entire crew to the situation. This alarm will signal the crew to respond
promptly and prepare for emergency procedures.
2. Notify the Bridge:
• The crew member who detects the anchor dragging should immediately notify the
bridge team. Use clear and concise communication to convey the situation, including
the vessel's position and the observed anchor dragging.
3. Engage Propulsion:
• The bridge team may initiate the vessel's propulsion systems (main engines or
thrusters) to counteract the anchor's dragging force. This can help reduce the vessel's
drift while other actions are taken.
4. Release Additional Anchors:
• If the situation allows and the vessel is equipped with multiple anchors, consider
releasing additional anchors to increase holding power and stability. This can help
mitigate the effects of anchor dragging.
5. Deploy Emergency Anchors:
• In some cases, vessels may carry emergency anchors that can be deployed quickly in
emergencies. Follow established procedures for deploying these anchors to regain
control.

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 6. Inform the Crew:
• Notify the crew about the emergency situation, instructing them to secure all loose
equipment, prepare for potential impact or sudden movements, and don life jackets if
they have not already done so.
7. Monitor Weather Conditions:
• Continuously monitor weather conditions and provide this information to the bridge.
Weather changes can exacerbate anchor dragging, so understanding and adapting to
current conditions is critical.
Communication Protocols:
1. Bridge Communication:
• Maintain clear and continuous communication with the bridge team throughout the
emergency. Report any changes in the situation promptly, including vessel movements,
speed, and any adjustments made.
2. Emergency Broadcasts:
• If the situation escalates or poses a significant risk, use emergency broadcast systems
to alert other vessels in the vicinity about the emergency and the vessel's condition.
Broadcast the vessel's position, course, and intentions to avoid potential collisions.
3. Communication with Authorities:
• If necessary, establish communication with maritime authorities, such as the Coast
Guard, to inform them of the emergency situation. They can provide assistance and
coordinate rescue efforts if needed.
4. Prepare for Abandon Ship:
• In extreme cases where anchor dragging cannot be controlled and the vessel is at risk
of grounding or capsizing, prepare the crew for an abandon-ship scenario. This includes
launching lifeboats, life rafts, and donning life jackets.
5. Emergency Procedures and Drills:
• Crew members should be familiar with and trained in emergency procedures for anchor
dragging. Conducting regular drills and training sessions ensures that crew members
know their roles and responsibilities during such emergencies.
6. Record and Report:
• After the incident is resolved, document the details of the anchor dragging event,
including the actions taken, weather conditions, and outcomes. Report the incident to
the vessel's management and relevant maritime authorities as required.
B. Fouled Anchor
Handling a fouled anchor is a challenging and potentially dangerous situation that requires careful
and methodical procedures to ensure safety and effectively resolve the issue. A fouled anchor occurs
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when the anchor becomes entangled with underwater debris, such as rocks, cables, or other objects
on the seabed. Procedures for handling a fouled anchor:
1. Cease Windlass Operations:
• As soon as you suspect that the anchor may be fouled, stop all windlass operations
immediately. Continuing to heave in the anchor under tension can increase the risk of
equipment damage or further entanglement.
2. Assess the Situation:
• The first step is to assess the extent of the fouling and understand the nature of the
obstruction. Try to determine whether the anchor is simply stuck or if it's entangled with
underwater debris.
3. Communicate with the Bridge:
• Notify the bridge team of the fouled anchor situation. Ensure that the bridge team is aware of
the problem, as they may need to make navigational adjustments or inform relevant
authorities.
4. Release Tension Gradually:
• If it's safe to do so, release tension on the anchor cable or chain gradually. This can be done
by easing the brake on the windlass or by manually releasing the tension if necessary.
5. Investigate the Cause:
• Once tension is released, investigate the cause of the fouling. Use underwater cameras or
divers if available to visually inspect the situation. Identify the nature of the obstruction and its
location relative to the anchor.
6. Attempt to Free the Anchor:
• Depending on the nature of the fouling, attempt to free the anchor using the following methods:
• Reverse and Rock: Gently maneuver the vessel in reverse while intermittently heaving
on the anchor cable. This rocking motion can sometimes free the anchor.
• Horizontal Movement: Move the vessel horizontally (side to side) to change the angle
of pull on the anchor. This can help dislodge it from the obstruction.
• Manual Assistance: If it's safe, crew members may need to manually assist by diving
or using underwater tools to dislodge the anchor.
• Use of a Trip Line: If the anchor is fouled on a rope or cable, consider attaching a trip
line to the crown of the anchor. This line can be used to free the anchor by pulling it
from a different angle.
7. Apply Controlled Tension:
• Once the anchor starts to move, apply controlled tension to heave it up carefully. Avoid sudden
or excessive force, as this can lead to anchor damage or further fouling.

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8. Monitor Progress:
• Continuously monitor the progress of the anchor retrieval. If it becomes apparent that the
anchor cannot be freed or is severely damaged, consider cutting the anchor cable to abandon
the anchor and minimize risks.
9. Document the Incident:
• Maintain detailed records of the fouled anchor incident, including actions taken, conditions at
the time, and any equipment damage. This documentation is essential for reporting and
insurance purposes.
10. Report the Incident:
• Report the fouled anchor incident to relevant authorities and the vessel's management as
required by regulations and company procedures.

Video Reference:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kV6UbUUsT8M

Reference:
https://www.seamanmemories.com/parts-of-an-anchor-windlass-arrangement/

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