Revision History May /June 2024 9489/21

Explain why Napoleon Became emperor in 1804

 -As a very successful general, glory and prestige for France were associated with his name.
The title emperor appeared to be fitting for him and avoided the title king
 -It appeared a natural step. In 1802 he was confirmed by popular demand as consul for life.
This also included the right to nominate his successor. It was the first step towards
hereditary rule
 -An attempt to kill him and due to this people started voting for people to vote for him to
become emperor for life. People loved him to the extent they wanted him to become
emperor
 -He made people vote for him

‘’Taxes caused the outbreak of the French revolution in 1789”. How far do you agree?

FOR;

 -Taxation was one of the reasons why the estate general meeting was summoned.
 -Taxation was unfair

Against

 -Failure of the estates general meeting.

 -American War of independence
 -Poor harvests
 -Dismissal of capable financial ministers e.g.Talgot and Necker
 -Ideas of the enlightenment
 -Writings from philosophers, Etc.

Explain why Stolypin introduced his agricultural reforms

 -He believed it would lessen opposition to the Tsarist regime

 -Wanted to ensure economic modernization and ensure social solidarity
 -He wanted to assist the peasants in buying land and this was insured by the peasant land
bank

Control over Petrograd and Moscow was the most important reason for the Bolsheviks’ victory in
the Russian Civil War. How far do you agree?

Arguments For:

 -The Bolsheviks had control over the major cities in Russia

 -These two major cities had a railway network which helped the Bolsheviks to coordinate
easily
 -Troops could be moved easily
Arguments Against

-Foreign powers that supported the white’s guards withdrew from the war meaning they now had
limited support

-The whites were divided, had different aims, were geographically scattered

-The Cheka ensured that the people did not support the whites thru beatings, hanging and shooting

-The Bolsheviks killed the Tsar which made some of the conservatives to withdraw from the war

-Trotsky was the commander and he appointed the Komizar to prevent solders from deserting the
war

Preparation 4 Upcoming history exam paper2

1a.)Explain why king Louis xvi recalled the Palements at the start of his reign [10]

- They were 13 local paeliaments in France and the one which was in Paris was the most powerful
one

-He wanted to highlight the beginning of his reign as he was only a young president at the age of 20.
The recalling of the parliaments was a way of signalling a new beginning

1b) To what extent did internal divisions cause the counter revolutionaries to fail in the period
from 1790 to 1795 [20]

-They had different aims and were not really willing to go to any extremes to dissolve the revolution,
some wanted to put the church in power whilst others aimed at restoring the king.

-The royalists were divided meaning the counter revolutionary groups were weak as they were not
united but were divided. Divided also due to regional clashes.

However

-Lack of realization on the part of those who wished to restore the monarch. They failed to realize
the feeling and attitude of the French people which was against the restoration of the monarch.

-Louis xviii announced that the ancient regime was supposed to be restored. He refused to take the
advice that the majority of the French people would not accept this as they were against it.
[ Declaration of Verona ]

-The royalist lacked effective foreign support. For instance, Britain, Prussia , Austria and Netherlands
all tried to fight against revolutionary France but all failed.

-Leaders such as General Hoche were strong and were able to crush some of the royalists supporter.
In Goodlad it is recorded that general Hoche smashed about \ nearly 700 royalists supporters.

-Many people in support did not support the royals aims as they were insupport of the revolution.
-The revolutionaries also made use of terror thru the use of the revolutionary armies and this made
many fear to support the royalists, After 1793 many counter revolutionaries had been executed and
their properties had been seized according to Goodlad.

3(a) Explain why the Kronstadt rebellion of 1921 happened. [10]

- Happened in February- March I 1921.

- Was an uprising by Sailors at the Kronsdadt naval base on a naval base on an island outside
Petrograd.

-It was later joined by urban workers and they wrote a list of demands to the government.

-The sailors had once been described by Trosky as ‘’ pride and glory of the revolution’’.

-They had also taken part in the july days and during the crush of the Kornilov affair

-The Bolsheviks had shot fired a cruiser in October and this marked the Bolshevik takeover.

-The sailors felt betrayed because they had also fought for the socialist ideas.

-The Bolsheviks had accumulated an excessive amount of power and yet denied essential
workers Freedom.

-Under the direction of Trosky 60 000 red army soldiers backed by the Cheka had assalted the
kronsdart marchers in March.

-After two weeks the base fell and those who had survived were treated mercilessly.

WHY IT HAPPENED:

The opposition to the Tsarist regime in the period from 1906 to 1914 was not a serious threat.’
How far do you agree? [20]
-

HOWEVER

-The workers, peasants and liberals who opposed the Tsarist Regime were divided, had different
aims/ interests and did not work together. Shows the opposition was not a serious threat.

Explain why the storming of the Bastille happened [10]

-Believed to be an arms fotress

- was hated by people and viewed as a symbol of tyranny

-The dismissal of necker on 11 July frustrated the people

-there was need to release victims of the ancient regime

‘Napoleon was able to maintain his power by using propaganda.’ How

far do you agree? [20]

-Napoleon also controlled the press and the police. Any opposition to his regime was seriously dealt
with. Napoleon feared a royalist coup against him and in order to maintain his position he orderd
that the duke of Eng hien who was related to the Borboun monarch to be to be captured and
excecuted.. This angered many of the Europeans but proved to them that if they tried to oppose him
they were likely going to be crushed, hence this dissolved opposition helping Napoleon maintain his
position.

-Napoleon also made use of the Moniteur newspaper which was controlled by the government as a
method of propaganda. The newspapers r always portrayed Napoleon in favourable light and
presented him as a great person which shaped the French peoples opinions. Hense helping him
maintain his position.

- Potraits were again made of Napoleon which again presented him as a hero.

-Napoleon always talked about his victories to france and presented his failures in a good manner to
maintain a good status in France. Hence making people love him

HOWEVER

-However Napoleon was naturally elected by the people to be first counsil and his position was to be
hereditary. He had the right to nominate his sussecor, granted in 1799.

-Other favourable conditions which helped maintain his power was the fact that Louis Xvii was not a
big threat to his position who was supposed to be ruling France.

-Napoleon appealed to many of the French people and he did this thru the concoduct which gained
him the support of the roman catholic church and he gained the support of the majority thru career
open to talent which helped him face less opposition as he was subscribing to the aims of the
revolution hence helping secure his position.

‘The Zollverein was the most important factor in the growth of German nationalism in the period
from 1834 to 1850.’ How far do you agree? [20]

What was the Zollverein ?

-German was economically backward. There was no development in Germany. This was mainly due
to the existence of economic barriers such as Tarrifs.

-in 1834 Prussia created a customs union of 18 German states known as the Zollverein. This
promoted free trade amongst the German states and by the end of 1834 it had about 25 German
states.

-The sovereign unified German states .

-Austria lost its dominance on some German states.

-The economic improvement thru the zollverein acted as a basis for military and political strength.

Additional notes

- The sovereign created a sense of nationalism in the sense that it removed tarrifs and other
barriers such as economic barriers, hence leading to a sense of unification.
- The zollverein led to economic development such as the construction if infrastructure such
as roads and railways which made it easy for Germany states to be accessible and possible to
mobilize an army, basis for political and military strength.Led to development of industries.
- Promoted free trade thru removal of tarrifs. And economic policies within Germany.
Germany staes could now trade freely.
- Made Prussia the strongest city and left it very strong to be able to start war

Explain why the Constituent Assembly was dissolved in January 1918. [10]

-Elections for the CA were held in November 1917 using a secret ballot with all Russians citizens
above the age of 18 allowed to vote.

-Lenin wanted to dissolve it because he saw it as almost impossible to rule/govern along a

government that was non socialist, Bolshevik.

-The Bolsheviks faced widesperead opposition from other Russians hence lenin was not prepare to
share power as he feared he would end up being challenged.

‘Nicholas II’s decision in 1915 to take personal command of the army \caused him to lose power in
February 1917.’ How far do you agree [20]

- In 1915 , the Tsar decided to take personal command of the Russian army at the war front.
At first he was generally supported by the majority.
- His involvement in the war was believed to inspire unity amongst the Russian people
including the soldiers.
- However his decision to lead at the war front was a fatal mistake because he had no military
ability to lead the national army.
- As a result his presence at the war was un-inspirering to both military and war commanders.
- Thru this decision the Tsar took it upon himself to take responsibility for the performance of
the military , hence the T
- Due to this the Russian army became worse at the war front. Many soldiers died
- His decision also left a political vacuum in Russia as when he left he left the Queen the
Tsarina in charge with the assistance of Rasputin. Both these two were hated by the Russian
people because the queen was believed to be a Germany spy because she was from
Germany. Rasputin was hated as well as he gave the queen bad advice.
- The Tsarina was also hated by the Duma because they had expected to be left in charge
instead of her.
- Failure at the war front was perhaps the immediate factor which led to the fall of the
monarch in 1917.
- At home there was a growing desire to pull out of the war as the situation at the war front
was showing that the Russians were most likely going to loose.
 - The people began to hate the Tsar and they believed the war was increasing food shortages
at home. There was a general desire by the people for the Tsar to come back from the war
and afterwards people desired that he should retire.
- Hence the Tsars decision to take command in the war did indeed lead to the downfall of the
monarch in 1917 as it increased in unpopularity
HOWEVER
- The war exposed the inefficiency of the Russian government.
-

Barriers to the unification of Germany

- Millitary weakness

-economic backwardness.. Germany was economically backward and underdeveloped. This made it
difficult for the Germans to coordinate and prepare well for war. This meant they could not finance
for war. Roads and networks were not there meaning it was difficult to bring together the Germans
to go to war

-Division / social tensions amongst the German people which made some support the Austrians
whilst some were trying to unify German, the social tensions had been created by the industrial
revolution which created two classes, the wealthy and the poor who were exploited

-Vienna settlement in 1815. It delayed unification in the sense that it declared the 39 states of
Germany to be under the rule of Austria under the Frankfurt Parliament diet. This made it impossible
for other countries to help german unify as theyd be going against international settings.

-Germany faced opposition from liberal oppositions and conservatives. The liberals wanted to spend
a lot of time discussing useless issues and did not want to talk about raising a strong army at the
Frankfurt assembly. The conservatives also were against the idea of increasing taxes and raising an
army, hence delaying the unification of Germany.

Why was the Zollverein created ?

-A coalition of German states

-Formed inorder to remove tarrifs and economic barriers between german states.

-Meant to promote free trade and economic development amongst its members.

-Meant to bring German states together inorder to unite them.

Of what benefits to the german states was the absence of Austria in the Zollverein.

- Benefited the German states in the sense that Austria lost control of German states to
Prussia.
- Prussia became more powerful.
Causes of the 1905 revolutions in Russia

- The Bloody Sunday.

- Process of Russification.
- The kings autocratic rule.
- Social hieraching in Russia.
- Defeat of Russia in the Russio –Jappanese war.
- Wittes reforms
- The growing nationalist unrest.

Descri the effects of Wittes reform

- Witte was a Russian Statesmen who believed that the problems of Russia could be fixed
through modernising Russia. He was more interested in Industry.
- He brought in engenieers from abroad etc.
- His reforms had these positive effects : creation of employment, development of industry
and insftrastructure, employment, stable currency assesibility, etc.
- These negative effects..taxes were increased and these overburdened the peasants,
Increased the loans of Russia. , tarrifs too.

Describe the effects of the results of the 1905 revolutions

- Led to the formation of the Duma through the October Manifesto.

- Weakened the position of the Tsar.
- The 1905 revolutions also weakened the revolutionaries thru the October manifesto.
- People given freedom of expression and voting rights.
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Account fo the failure of the 1905 Revolutions in Russia

- Disivons between the octobarists and the radicals

- The army was loyal to the Tsar.
- Disorganization

The fundamental laws

Why war communism was introduced

- The Bolsheviks did not trust the peasants

- To collect food for the red army./ address food shortages for the whole country
- To prevent industrial workers from leaving jobs migrating to rural areas in seach of food
- To boost industrial growth

Revision for Paper 1 and 2

 Taking a look at the French Revolution. [1774-1814]

TIMELINE

 Finance minister Calonne submits plan for major financial reforms.

 May 1789, Estates general meeting.
 July 1789 storming of the Bastille.
 July 1790 Civil constitution of the Clergy.
 October 1791 Legislative assembly meets.
 October 1793, execution of the king.
 July 1794 Fall of Robsphere.
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What were the causes and immediate outcomes of the 1789 revolution ?

 ;The ancient regime, problems and policies of Louis xvi [topic under the main topic]
 France in the 18nth century was ruled by an absolute monarch, Louis XVI. It was however a
very difficult country to govern and this was because of the population which was about 27
million.
 There were different legal systems which dated back for centuries.
 The religions had different systems of taxation.
Research on this.

 What was the Gabelle ? : this was a form of Tax paid to the state.

Continuation of France Revision.

 Today we are going to be taking a look at some of the privileges the different estates had

First Estate/The Clergy

 These were the Clergy.

 They were unpopular due to a number of reasos.
 These included the facts that, They forced the peasants/ third estate members to pay tithes
to the church, they were also exempted from taxes just like the second estate members,

The second estates/ nobilities.

 They owned large pieces of land

 Had many privileges, they were tried in their own courts.
 Were exempt from paying the gabelle.
 Were exempt from the corvee [forced labour on the roads.
  Had exclusive rights to hunting and fishing.
 Also had the monopoly right to operate mills, ovens and wine presses.

The third estates , consisted of farmers, urban workers too

 Consisted of all the people who did not belong to the first and second estates.
 They were also known as the peasants.
 They had very little pieces of land and depended on farming as their source of income.
 They paid very heavy taxes to the government/ state and the church.
 They were mostly victims of the ancient regime, were arrested without being tried.
 The consisted roughly of about 67 percent of the French people.
 They paid rents to their landlords.

The Enlightenment.

 During the eighteenth century, there emerged in Europe an intellectual movement of

writers and thinkers known as the enlightenment.
 Their views challenged the existing views , particullaly relating to religion and the nature of
the monarchy.
 These were known as Phillosophers in in France and these included Voltare –Who was very
critical of the role, wealth as well as influencevof the church and attacked religious
intolerance. Was also critical of the entire French legal system and its frequent miscarriage
of justices , Montesque –Critical about the disposition of the autocratic power. Wanted a
system of cheques and balances,Rousseau etc.
 They wrote about what was taking place in the palace.
 Their aims were to apply rational analysis to all activities in France.
 They were interested in liberty eg of the press, speech etc.
 They attacked the church as well as the government.

Short term causes of the French revolution

 The seven years war 1756-63 –

 The American war of independence 1776-83
 Financial crisis

The reaction of Louis XVI to attempts at reform

 Turgot was the finance minister when Louis xvi became king in 1775. He warned Louis that
France was not supposed to get into any wars. In Goodlad it is recorded that he said ‘’The
first gunshot will drive the state to bankruptcy’’, but Louis xvi ignored this.Instead of
listening to Turgot , the king took advice from his foreign minister who was more interested
in Frances prestige rather than matters such as cost. Turgot was dismissed in 1776.
 In 1877 a new finance minister was appointed. His name was Jacques Necker. Many people
at Louis court disliked him eg the Queen and this was because he was a foreigner from
Switzerland.
 In 1881 Necker dismissed.
 Comes in Callonne in 1883 who had refortms he presented to the king.
  In 1886 Callone dismissed. A new finance minister Brinne appointed who was the president
of the notables.

Explain why the storming of the Bastille happened. [ A part of the reactions to the actions of Louis]

 Was stormed on 14 July 1789.

 The Bastille was stormed by a parish mob.
 It was stormed because it was seen as a symbol of royal tyranny.
 During the attack, the Bastille was destroyed and its governor killed.
 The Parish mob feared the reforms they wanted would not happen.
 Was stormed due to the dismissal of Necker on 11 July.
 Believed to be an arms fotress thus y stormed.
 Increase in Beggersin the streets of Paris also led to its storming.

‘Napoleon was able to maintain his power by using propaganda.’ How far do you agree?

 The government controlled the press which also portrayed napoleon as a good person and
as a heroic figure.
 Control of the Moniteur newspaper which again portrayed Napoleon as a heroic figure.
 He feared a royalist coup so had the Duke of Enghien caprured and murdered.
 Controlled the police and these would supress any opposition to Napoleon.
 Potraits of Napoleon were ther which again potrayed him as a heroic figure.
 He presented his victories which gained him support and also presented his failures in a
good manner which again supressed opposition.

However,

 Napoleon had been elected as First consul in which secured his position
 He also subscribed to the principals of the revolution which supressed opposition.

Reasons for widespread revolt in France :

 Brienne had increased taxes.

 In 1887 the king recalled the Paris Parliament and during the meeting the parliament was
against the idea of new taxes. The king mishandled the situation and the members of the
parliament were arrested and put into the Bastille , this angered the majority of the French
people, hence leading to widespread revolt.
 The situation was worsened in 188 when in summer there were hailstorms which destroyed
the peoples crops and the people knew that there was going to be hunger and shortage of
food hence people started to revolt.
 The king also refused to accept reform that was meant to address Frances problems and this
angered the French people , hence leading to revolt.
 The king also refused for France to join the civil war which was in Netherlands, The French
people felt they were supposed to intervanne as it was of their interest and not being
involved was most likely going to make Austria more strong. The country was not in any
condition to prepare for a war as it was bankrupt, the Kings disapproval therefore led to
revolt.

Cahiers of the first estate/ clergy

  They requested that all other religious practices should be banned.
 Requested that the church should control education in France.
 Also requested that they be exempted from paying taxes unless if they wanted.

Cahiers of the second estate / nobilities

 They requested that all laws in France were to be made by the king.
 Also requested that the privileges of the three estates should not change including the way
they voted.

Third estates cahiers

 Required that all 3 estates should pay the same amount of taxes,
 Required that the gabelle should be removed.

The August Decrees

Certain things were abolished such as :

 All the privileges of the nobles such as their exemption from taxes.
 The duties that a peasant owed to his noble landlord such as paying taxes to him and
working in his land unpaid were abolished.
 The parliaments and their old fashioned legal processes were also banned.
 [look for the fourth one please Stah]

The declaration of the rights of man and of the Citizen

 In August 1789 the National assembly [which had been formed on 17 July 1789] passed the
declaration of rights of man.
 The article established the principles which the new government would be based on.

Declaration of the rights of man and Citizenship.

It was approved by the NA on 27 August 1789. Some of the rights of man and of citizen included:

 Men are born and remain free and equal in rights.

 All persons remain innocent until they have been declared guilty.
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The woman’s march on Versailles.

 On 5 October 1789, crowds of woman marched from Paris to the winter palace in Versailles.
 Initially they were 7000 and they managed to obtain some weapons.
  They first invaded the NA which was still debating its reaction toward the kings unwillingness
to accept constitutional demands.
 The assembly persuaded the woman to influence the king to accept the August decrees and
he did accept it, public anger and pressure had clearly worked.
 The woman also demanded that the king and the royal family return with them to Paris.
 When the king did not respond immediately, the crowd broke into the palace and insisted
on the king’s reply.
 The king and his family were escorted back to Paris by a crowd of 60 thousand to Paris.
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Russia Revision

 Background: At the end of the 19th century Russia was the largest state in Europe however it
was economically underdeveloped and there was a great gap between the rich and the poor.
 From 1894 to 1917 the country was ruled by Tsar Nicholas ii. belonged to the Ramanov
dynasty.
