Example 1: A gas containing N2 and O2 is combined with propane in a batch combustion chamber in which some (but not all)

of the
O2 and C3H8 react to form CO2 and H20. The product is then cooled, condensing all of the water. Draw a flowchart of the process.
Label all streams with its components.

Example 2: 1000 kg per hour of mixture of benzene (B) and toluene (T) containing 50% benzene by mass is separated by distillation
into two fractions. The mass flow of benzene in the top stream is 450 kg B/h and that of toluene in the bottom stream is 475 kg T/h.
The operation is at steady state. Write balances on benzene and toluene to calculate the unknown component flow rates in the
output stream.
Example 3: Two methanol-water mixtures are contained in separate flasks. The first mixture contains 40 wt% methanol and the
second contains 70 wt% methanol. If 200 g of the first mixture is combined with 150 g of the second, what is the mass and
composition of the product? (note: no reaction occurs 🡪 consumption = generation = 0)

Example 4: Air is bubbled through a drum of liquid hexane at a rate of 0.100 kmol/min. The gas stream leaving the drum contains 10
mol% hexane vapor. Air may be considered insoluble in liquid hexane. Use an integral balance to estimate the time required to
vaporize 10 m3 of the liquid (SG = 0.659).
Example 5. An experiment on the growth rate of certain organisms (e.g. yeasts, bacteria or viruses) requires an environment of
humid air enriched in oxygen. Three input streams are fed into an evaporation chamber to produce an output stream with the
desired composition.
• A: Liquid water, fed at a rate of 20 cm3/min
• B: Air (21 mole% O2, the balance N2)
• C: Pure oxygen, with a molar flow rate one-fifth of the molar flow rate of stream B

The output gas is analyzed and is found to contain 1.5% water. Draw and label a flowsheet of the process with all stream flowrates
and composition.

Example 6. From the given flowchart for the distillation of ethanol, the same separation is desired for a process with a continuous
production of 100 lbmole/h of distillate. Scale up the flowchart accordingly.
MIXING
Example 7: An aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide contains 20% NaOH by mass. It is desired to produce an 8% NaOH solution by
diluting the stream of the 20% solution with the stream of pure water. Calculate the ratios (liters H2O/kg feed solution) and (kg
product solution/kg feed solution).

DEGREE OF FREEDOM ANALYSIS

Example 8. A stream of humid air enters a condenser in which 95% of the water vapor in the air is condensed. The flow rate of the
condensate (liquid leaving the condenser) is measured and found to be 225 L/h. Dry air may be taken to contain 21 mole percent
oxygen, with the balance nitrogen. Calculate the flow rate of the gas stream leaving the condenser and the mole fraction of oxygen,
nitrogen and water in the stream.
DISTILLATION
Example 9. A liquid mixture containing 45% benzene (B) and 55% toluene (T) by mass is fed to a distillation column. A product
stream leaving the top of the column contains 95mole% B and the bottom product contains 8% of the benzene fed to the column.
The volumetric flow rate of the feed stream is 2000 l/h and the specific gravity of the feed mixture is 0.872. Determine the mass flow
rate of the overhead product stream and the mass flow rate and composition (mass fractions) of the bottom product stream.

DRYING
Example 10. Wood containing 40% moisture is dried to 5% moisture. What mass of water in kilograms is evaporated per kg of dry
wood?
CRYSTALLIZATION
Example 11. A crystallizer is charged with 100 kg of a solution containing 25% Ba(N03)2 in water. On cooling 10% of the original water
present evaporates. Calculate the yield of crystals when the solution is cooled to 283 K. The solubility at 283 K is 7.0 kg Ba(N03)2/100
kg total water.
ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS
1. Water enters a 200m tank at a rate of 6.00 kgls and is withdrawn at a rate of 3.00 kgs. The tank is initially half-full. (a) Determine
the process classification and the type of operation done. (b) Write the mass balance equation for the process. (c) How long will it
take for the tank to overflow?

2. Strawberries contain about 15 wt% solids and 85 wt% water. To make strawberry jam, crushed strawberries and sugar are mixed in
a 45:55 mass ratio, and the mixture is heated to evaporate water until the residue contains 1/3 water by mass. calculate how many
pounds of strawberries and sugar are needed to make a pound of jam.
3. A manufacturer blends lubricating oil by mixing 300 kg/min of No. 10 oil with 100 kg/min of No. 40 oil. The oil is well mixed, and is
withdrawn at a rate of 380 kg|min. Assume the tank contains no oil at the start of the blending process. (a) Write a mass balance
equation for this process. (b) How much oil remains in the tank after one hour?

4. Urea ( CH4NO2), phosphoric acid, and potassium chloride are mixed together to obtain a mixed fertilizer having NPK content 10:
26: 26 as % N, % P205, and % K20 by weight, balance being the weignt of the filler materials. calculate the quantities to be mixed to
get 1000 kg of mixed fertilizer.
5. In a process for producing caustic (NaOH), 4000 kg/h of a solution containing 10 wt% NaOH is evaporated in the first evaporator,
giving a 20% NaOH solution. This is then fed into a second evaporator, which yields a product of 50% NaOH. Calculate the following:
(a) the amount of water removed from each evaporator, (b) the feed to the second evaporator, and (c) the amount of the product.

6. In the recovery of glycerine from spent soap lye, 10000 kg|h of the ye containing 10.5% glycerine and 11.5% salt (NaCI) is
concentrated by evaporation. The concentrated solution leaving the evaporator contained 80% glycerine and 5% salt. Entrainment
loss is estimated to be 2% of the glycerine in the charge. calculate (a) the water evaporated per hour and (b) salt crystalized per hour.
7. Wood containing 40% moisture is dried to 20% moisture, both moistures expressed on a wet basis. Determine the quantity of
water evaporated per kg dry wood.

8. Wet lumber containing 5% moisture is dried to 1% in a hot-air dryer. Air fed to the dryer contains 0.5% water. The moist air leaving
the dryer contains 1% (we) water. How much air is required to dry 2 000 kg/h lumber?
9. Unsweetened condense milk is a shelf-stable canned milk product. If 200kg of fresh milk, containing, 85% water and the balance
milk solids, is condensed using an evaporator. Calculate (a) the mass of the water evaporated given it is 55% of the water from the
fresh milk, and (b) the final mass and composition of the condensed milk produced.

10. Figure shows the process and the known data. Calculate the flowrates and compositions of each stream and the percentage of
the sugar in the cane that has been recovered.
11. In a two-stage process, acetic acid (A) is extracted from water (W) into hexanol (H) via liquid- liquid extraction and then extract is
subsequently separated by distillation. Assume water is completely insoluble in hexanol. A mixture of 20w7% acetic acid is fed to a
liquid- liquid extraction vessel. Pure hexanol is fed to the column to extract the acetic acid. The water-rich stream leaving the vessel is
99.5 nt% water and the balance acetic acid. The hexanol -rich extract is then fed to the distillation column. The composition of the
distillate is 97w7% and the balance hexanol. The bottom stream contains 96.69 wt% hexanol and recovers 94.5% of the hexanol fed
to the liquid-liquid extraction vessel. Calculate the percentage of acetic acid in the process feed that has been recovered in the
distillate stream.

12. One hundred moles of a hydrocarbon mixture consisting 10% ethane, 40% propant, and 40% butant is admitled to the first
column of a series of two distillation columns. The top product from this column contains 95% ethant, 4% propant, and 1% butane.
The bottom product enters the second column in the series where it is subjected to further purification. The distillale leaving the
second column is 99% propane and 1% butant while the bottom product is 3.4% propant and 91.6% butane. Calculate (a) the
quantity and composition of the bottom product from the first column and (b) the quantity of the distillate from the second column.
13. In the feedstock preparation section of a plant manufacturing natural gasoline, iso-pentane is removed from butane - free
gasoline.
The process and components are shown below. What fraction of the butane - free gasoline is passed through the isopentane tower?

14. Flesh orange juice contains 12.0% solids and the balance waler, and concentrated orange contains 42.0% solids. Initially, a single
evaporation process was used for the concentration but volative constituents of the juice escaped with the waler, leaving the
concentrate with a flat laste. The current process overcomes this problem by bypassing the evaporator with a fraction of the fresh
juice, The juice that enters the evaporator is concentraled to 58% solids and the evaporator product stream is mixed with the
bypassed fresh juice to achieve the desired final concentration. Calculate the amount of product produced per 100 kg fresh juice fed
to the process and the fraction of the feed that bypassed the evaporator.
15. A sludge with 4% solids is to be thickened to a 10% solids mixture using a centrifuge. However, the centrifuge seemed to work too
well that a 20% solids sludge is produced instead. To address this probiem, some of the feed sludge is bypassed and blended with the
cake (20% solid sludge). Meanwhile, a centrale of 0.1% solids concentration was also produced by the centrifuge (and discarded).
Given that the influent flowrate is Igal/ min at 4% solids and assuming that the sludge has specific gravity of I, find the amount of
sludge bypassed in an hour of centrifugation.