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Evolution of Microprocessors

Evolution of Microprocessors

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11 views5 pages

Evolution of Microprocessors

Evolution of Microprocessors

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ezekiel nyamu
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Evolution of Microprocessors

Transistor was invented in 1948 (23 December 1947 in Bell lab). IC was
invented in 1958 (Fair Child Semiconductors) By Texas Instruments J Kilby.
The first microprocessor was invented by INTEL(INTegrated ELectronics).

Size of the microprocessor – 4 bit

Clock Number of Inst. per


Name Year of Invention
speed transistors sec
INTEL 1971 by Ted Hoff and
740 kHz 2300 60,000
4004/4040 Stanley Mazor

Size of the microprocessor – 8 bit

Nam Year of Clock Number of


Inst. per sec
e Invention speed transistors
8008 1972 500 kHz 3500 50,000
10 times faster
8080 1974 2 MHz 6000
than 8008
1976 (16-bit
8085 3 MHz 6500 769230
address bus)

Size of the microprocessor – 16 bit

Inst.
Clock Number of
Name Year of Invention per
speed transistors
sec
4.77
1978 (multiply and divide
MHz, 8 2.5
8086 instruction, 16-bit data bus and 29000
MHz, 10 Million
20-bit address bus)
MHz
1979 (cheaper version of 8086 2.5
8088
and 8-bit external bus) Million
1982 (80188 cheaper version
of 80186, and additional
80186/801
components like interrupt 6 MHz
88
controller, clock generator,
local bus controller, counters)
1982 (data bus 16bit and 4
80286 8 MHz 134000
address bus 24 bit) Million

Size of the microprocessor – 32 bit


Clock Number of
Name Year of Invention Inst. per sec
speed transistors
1986 (other versions
80386DX, 80386SX, 16 MHz
INTEL
80386SL , and data bus – 33 275000
80386
32-bit address bus 32 MHz
bit)
1986 (other versions 16 MHz
INTEL 1.2 Million 8 KB of cache
80486DX, 80486SX, – 100
80486 transistors memory
80486DX2, 80486DX4) MHz
Cache memory 8
bit for
PENTIUM 1993 66 MHz
instructions 8 bit
for data

Size of the microprocessor – 64 bit

Number of Inst. per


Name Year of Invention Clock speed
transistors sec
2006 (other 64 KB of L1
INTEL versions core2 duo, 291 Million cache per
1.2 GHz to 3 GHz
core 2 core2 quad, core2 transistors core 4 MB of
extreme) L2 cache
2.2GHz – 3.3GHz,
i3, i5, 2.4GHz – 3.6GHz,
2007, 2009, 2010
i7 2.93GHz –
3.33GHz

Generations of microprocessors:

1. First-generation –
From 1971 to 1972 the era of the first generation came which
brought microprocessors like INTEL 4004 Rockwell international PPS-
4 INTEL 8008 etc.

2. Second generation –
The second generation marked the development of 8-bit
microprocessors from 1973 to 1978. Processors like INTEL 8085
Motorola 6800 and 6801 etc came into existence.

3. Third generation –
The third generation brought forward the 16-bit processors like
INTEL 8086/80186/80286 Motorola 68000 68010 etc. From 1979 to
1980 this generation used the HMOS technology.

4. Fourth generation –
The fourth-generation came into existence from 1981 to 1995. The
32-bit processors using HMOS fabrication came into existence.
INTEL 80386 and Motorola 68020 are some of the popular
processors of this generation.

5. Fifth-generation –
From 1995 till now we are in the fifth generation. 64-bit processors
like PENTIUM, Celeron, dual, quad, and octa-core processors came
into existence.

Types of microprocessors :

 Complex instruction set microprocessor –


The processors are designed to minimize the number of instructions
per program and ignore the number of cycles per instruction. The
compiler is used to translate a high-level language to assembly-level
language because the length of code is relatively short and an extra
RAM is used to store the instructions. These processors can do tasks
like downloading, uploading, and recalling data from memory. Apart
from these tasks, this microprocessor can perform complex
mathematical calculations in a single command.
Example: IBM 370/168, VAX 11/780

 Reduced instruction set microprocessor –


These processors are made according to function. They are
designed to reduce the execution time by using the simplified
instruction set. They can carry out small things in specific
commands. These processors complete commands at a faster rate.
They require only one clock cycle to implement a result at uniform
execution time. There is a number of registers and less number of
transistors. To access the memory location LOAD and STORE
instructions are used.
Example: Power PC 601, 604, 615, 620

 Superscalar microprocessor –
These processors can perform many tasks at a time. They can be
used for ALUs and multiplier-like arrays. They have multiple
operation units and perform tasks by executing multiple
commands.

 Application-specific integrated circuit –


These processors are application-specific like personal digital
assistant computers. They are designed according to proper
specifications.

 Digital signal multiprocessor –


These processors are used to convert signals like analog to digital or
digital to analog. The chips of these processors are used in many
devices such as RADAR SONAR home theatres etc.

Features :

Clock speed: One of the earliest features of microprocessors was the


clock speed, which refers to the speed at which the processor can execute
instructions. Over time, clock speeds have increased, with modern
processors capable of speeds in the billions of cycles per second (GHz).

Instruction set architecture: Microprocessors have evolved to support


different instruction set architectures, including CISC (complex instruction
set computer) and RISC (reduced instruction set computer), which affect
the efficiency and complexity of processing.

Cache memory: Microprocessors now include a cache memory, which is


a small amount of high-speed memory that stores frequently used data
for quicker access.

Multi-core processors: Modern microprocessors have multiple cores,


allowing for multiple tasks to be executed simultaneously, increasing
performance and multitasking capabilities.

Virtualization: Microprocessors now support virtualization, which


enables multiple operating systems to run on the same physical hardware.

Power management: Modern processors include power management


features, which reduce power consumption and improve energy efficiency.

Graphics processing: Many modern microprocessors include integrated


graphics processing units (GPUs), which allow for faster and more efficient
handling of graphics-intensive tasks.

Security features: Microprocessors now include security features, such


as hardware-level encryption and secure boot, to protect against malware
and hacking.

Internet connectivity: Microprocessors now include built-in networking


capabilities, such as Wi-Fi and Ethernet, which allow for seamless internet
connectivity.

Machine learning capabilities: Some modern microprocessors include


specialized processing units for machine learning and artificial intelligence
tasks, allowing for faster and more efficient processing of these tasks.

Advantages of the microprocessor –

1. High processing speed


2. Compact size
3. Easy maintenance
4. Can perform complex mathematics
5. Flexible
6. Can be improved according to a requirement

Disadvantages of microprocessors –

1. Overheating occurs due to overuse


2. Performance depends on the size of the data
3. Large board size than microcontrollers
4. Most microprocessors do not support floating-point operations

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