What Are The Embedded Systems
What Are The Embedded Systems
Volume 9, Issue 9, September– 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24SEP953
What are the Embedded Systems
1Waleed I Alhababi; 2Abdulrhman W Mulhim
Abstract:- Embedded systems have become the An "Initial Roster" of Embedded Systems
cornerstone of modern technology, powering everything
from intelligent buildings to autonomous vehicles. These
unique computer systems made to carry out particular
functions inside larger systems, enhance efficiency and
functionality across various industries. As we delve into
the world of embedded systems, we will explore their
applications, essential components, distinctive
characteristics, and the challenges associated with their
design. Specifically, we will focus on optimizing design
metrics and discussing the three key technologies that
underpin embedded system development.
I. INTRODUCTION
A specialized computer system created to carry out a
particular function inside a larger apparatus or system is
called an embedded system. Contrary to multipurpose
computers, which are versatile and can handle a wide range
of tasks, embedded systems are optimized for their particular
function. This specialization enables engineers to minimize
size, weight, and power consumption, making them ideal for
applications where resource constraints are paramount.
Embedded systems are often mass-produced, further driving
down costs through economies of scale. Their ubiquity in
modern devices, from smartphones to automobiles,
underscores their critical role in shaping our technological
landscape.
The use of Embedded Systems
II. EMBEDDED SYSTEM OVERVIEW
Consumer electronics, like video cameras as well as
Specialized computer systems called embedded systems camcorders.
are made to carry out certain functions inside bigger systems. Washing machine and refrigerator are examples of
Usually, they are composed of a microprocessor or household appliances.
microcontroller, memory, and input/output peripherals, Automotive sector: engine control, anti-lock braking
operating under dedicated software. Unlike general-purpose system (ABS).
computers, embedded Systems are tuned to maximize Fire alarms, sprinklers, and air conditioners are signs of
effectiveness, minimize power usage, and real-time home automation and security systems.
performance, often lacking a user interface. Ubiquitous in Communication: mobile phones, landlines.
modern life, embedded systems can be found in a wide range Computer accessories, such as printers and scanners.
of applications. Computer networking systems consist of switches and
routers.
While the term "embedded system" might seem Medical devices: EEG and ECG machines.
abstract, it encompasses a vast array of devices that have Banking and retail: point of sale systems, automated teller
become integral to our daily lives. Their prevalence and machines (ATMs).
versatility underscore their importance in shaping the Barcode and smart card readers are available.
technological landscape.
Principal Elements
Embedded processors, embedded software, embedded
boards, and embedded memory make up its three main
sections.
IJISRT24SEP953 www.ijisrt.com 1585
Volume 9, Issue 9, September– 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24SEP953
The three segments of embedded processors are digital IV. EMBEDDED SYSTEM
signal processor (DSP), microprocessor (MPU), and TECHNOLOGIES THREE ESSENTIAL
microcontroller (MCU).
Embedded memory comprises different kinds of flash Technology is a means of achieving an objective,
memory, programmable read-only memory (PROM), and particularly through the application of technical procedures,
random-access memory (RAM). methods, or expertise.
Embedded software, encompassing portable and real-time
operating systems (RTOS), is used for embedded A. Technology of Processors
applications. The computing engine's architecture that carries out the
intended functionality of a system. It is not necessary for a
Embedded Systems' Common Characteristics processor to be programmable. A processor is not the same as
a general-purpose processor. The degree to which processors
Single-functioned: Runs a single program repeatedly. are customized for the given challenge varies.
Strictly limited: inexpensive, low-power, compact, quick,
etc. Processors with a General Purpose
Reactive and instantaneous: Constantly responds to Programmable gadget with a wide range of uses
modifications in the system's surroundings & Needs to Another name for a "microprocessor" Features include
compute certain outcomes instantaneously. program the memory, a general ALU, and a generic data path
with a huge register file. Benefits for the user include: High
III. DESIGN DIFFICULTY - IMPROVE flexibility, low time-to-market and NRE costs. Obviously,
DESIGN METRICS Pentium is the most well-known, but hundreds more exist.
Processors with a Single Purpose
Creating an implementation with the desired functionality
A digital circuit, often known as a coprocessor,
is the obvious design aim.
accelerator, or peripheral, is made to run just one program.
The main design problem is to optimize multiple design
metrics at once
Features: No program memory; only the parts required to
Design metrics are quantifiable aspects of a system's
run a single program are there.
implementation, and one of the main challenges is
optimizing them. Benefits: Compact, quick, and low power consumption.
Common Metric Processors Tailored to a Certain Application
A programmable processor is a hybrid of a general-
purpose and single-purpose processor, designed to balance
Unit cost: the overall cost of production, without
performance and features for a certain class of applications.
including NRE costs, for each system copy.
Features include Special functional units, optimized data
The one-time financial expense associated with system
path, and program memory. Advantages include size, power,
design is known as the NRE cost, or non-recurring
outstanding performance, and some adaptability.
engineering cost.
Dimensions: the amount of physical space needed for the B. IC Technology
system. The process of mapping an IC to a digital (gate-level)
Results: the system's flow or time to execute. representation;
Power: the quantity of power that the system uses.
Adaptability: the capacity to modify the system's IC stands for "integrated circuit," or "chip."
operation without having to pay a high amount of NRE. How an IC technology is tailored to a design varies.
ICs are made up of many layers—possibly ten or more.
Common Metrics (Engaged)
IC technologies vary in terms of who constructs each
layer and when.
Period-to-market: the amount of time needed to develop a
system to the point where it can be made available to the C. Three Types of IC Technologies;
public for purchase.
Period-to-prototype: the amount of time needed to Completely customized/VLSI
construct a functioning version of the system. Every layer is tailored to the specific digital
Service: the capacity to make changes to the system after implementation of an embedded system.
it has been released, along with accuracy, security, and
many other aspects.
IJISRT24SEP953 www.ijisrt.com 1586
Volume 9, Issue 9, September– 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24SEP953
Wire routing, transistor placement, and transistor sizing. Separation between IC and Processor Technologies
A simple trade-off. Normal versus unique. In terms of
Advantages processor or integrated circuit technology, the two are
distinct fields.
Compact design, high performance, low power
consumption. Design-Productivity Disparity
Over the past few decades, designer output has
Cons: increased at an astounding rate; yet, the rate of progress has
not kept up with the capacity of chips.
High time-to-market and high NRE costs (e.g., $300k).
The Fabled Month of Men
Semi-custom ASIC The productivity gap underrepresents the severity of the
Lower strata are constructed entirely or partially. The situation. Theoretically, a team comprising designers
only tasks left for designers are to route cables and possibly completes projects faster. In actuality, the difficulties in
place some blocks. managing a team and communicating with one another cause
a decline in designer output. Known as "the mythical man-
Benefits include good size, good performance, and month" in the software community (Brooks 1975). Can
lower NRE costs compared to a full-custom solution (maybe eventually cause a delay in the project's completion! "There
between $10k and $100k). are too many cooks."
Cons: still take several weeks or months to mature. V. CONCLUSION
Programmable Logic Device, or PLD Systems with embedded components are poised to
Every layer is pre-existing; designers can buy integrated revolutionize the technological landscape, with their market
circuits (ICs); connections on the IC can be made or broken experience rapid expansion worldwide. The increasing
to get desired functionality; FPGAs are quite popular. integration of these systems across various industries,
Benefits include low NRE costs and nearly instantaneous IC coupled with adoption of multicore processor technology in
availability. military application, is driving substantial growth. The
burgeoning market for wearable devices and the raising
Cons: larger, more costly (about $30 per unit), power- demand for embedded systems healthcare equipment further
hungry, slower. contribute to this trend. Moreover, the internet of thing (IoT)
has already transformed the consumer application industry,
Technology of Design paving the way for a future where Embedded systems are
How we translate our idea of ideal system functionality essential to the development of our globalized society.
into reality. An exponential rise in design productivity.
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