LESSON 1 COMPUTER PROGRAMMING IBM

In 1890, a statistician named Dr. Herman Hollerith

COMPUTER invented the punch card tabulating machine that was
➢an electronic digital device designed to accept and used by the US Bureau of Census in completing a
store input data, process data and produce appropriate ten year census in three years.
output information under the control of a stored
sequence of instructions. One of the most recognizable institution in the field
IBM was established in 1942, it was a merger of
ABACUS several companies that included the Hollerith’
 2000-500 BC tabulating machine company.
 Babylonians or Chinese
 Was probably the original mechanical counting • 1897 Karl Braun develops the cathode ray tube.
device. It dates back at least to 1100 BC and still • 1918 Two inventors build a calculating machine
in use today, particularly in Asia. based on the binary numbers 0 and 1.
• 1938 William Hewlett and David Packard form HP
 It typically consists of a rectangular frame in a garage in Palo Alto, CA. Konrad Zuseproduces
 with thin parallel rods strung with beads. the 1st computer that uses binary cod
 First recorded use of the symbol zero
 occurs in India. From 1935 to 1938, Dr. John V. Atanasoff, a
professor at the Iowa State University had begun to
EARLY CALCULATORS think about a machine that could reduce the time it
 1614 John Napier, Napier’s Rods - multiply, took for him and his Physics students to make long,
divide, square roots (NAPIER’S BONES) complicated
 1620 Edgar Gunter of England invents the SLIDE mathematical calculations.
RULE • 1939 George Stibiz and Samuel Williams build
 1623 Wilhelm Schickard, Calculating Clock the Complex Number Computer
reconstructed in 1960 (SCHICKARD’S
CALCULATOR) ATANASOFF-BERRY COMPUTER (ABC)
 1642 Blaise Pascal invented the PASCALINE, the
first “digital calulator” • In 1942, Dr. Atanasoff and one of his graduate
students, Clifford E. Berry came up with the
PASCALINE Atanasoff-Berry computer (ABC). Dr. Atanasoff
➢It was invented by Blaise Pascal a couple of is recognized as the man which invented the
centuries later 1642. electronic digital computer.
➢This device used gear-driven counting wheels to do • Two years later, IBM sponsored the building of
addition. the first electromechanical computer called
➢He built this device to help his tax collector father. the Mark1.

EARLY CALCULATORS FIRST TRANSISTOR

• 1694 Gottfried Leibniz builds a calculating
machine that uses binary representation of • 1947 Two workers at Bell Laboratories experiment
numbers. with the first transistor.
• 1812 Ned Ludd inspires other workers to • Smaller, cheaper, more reliable, less heat
destroy “labor-saving” machines. 1949 John Mauchly develops the Shortcode, the
• 1832 Charles Babbage Mechanical computing world’s first high level programming language.
machine. Too complicated to build until 1853 • Mauchly and John Eckert build the UNIVAC 1, the
(DIFFERENCE ENGINE) first commercial electronic computer.
• 1953 IBM manufacture its model 650.
BABBAGE’S “DIFFERENCE ENGINE” • 1955 Narinder Kapany develops the optical fiber.
A decade later, Lady Augusta Lovelace presented the • 1956 IBM develops the first hard drive called
idea that punch cards could be used to instruct RAMAC.
Babbage’s engine to perform certain repetitive
instructions. Because of this, she was INTERGRATED CIRCUIT
popularly known as the first programmer.
• 1854 George Boole publishes his thoughts on • 1958
symbolic logic. • Invented by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments
• 1857 Sir Charles Wheatstone introduces • Integrates the functions of many transistors
continuously feeding paper tape that can be into one physical component
used for storing and reading data. • 1959 COBOL was invented. Xerox introduces
• 1876 Alexander Graham Bell files a patent for the first commercial copier.
the telephone
•1960 Digital Equipment Corp. develops the • 1994 Iomega introduces the ZIP drive and
PDP-1, the first commercial computer disks.
equipped with a keyboard and a monitor. • 1995 Microsoft Windows 95 was released.
• 1961 John Kelly programs a computer to sing a • 1996 Palm Pilot debuts.
song. “Daisy Bell” • 1997 DVD players become available in the US.
• 1962 first ATM was installed. • 1998 portable MP3 was introduced. Apple
• 1963 Douglas Engelbert develops the mouse. releases its candy-colored iMacs.
• 1964 The American Standard Code adopts • 1999 The Linux OS hits the big time.
ASCII as the standard code for data transfer. • 2000 The Y2K hits.
• 1965 DEC builds the first minicomputer. BASIC
language was developed. COMPUTER HISTORY 2000 - TODAY
• 1968 Intel was formed. • Computers continue to work, and the world doesn't
• 1969 The first home computer was released. (Kitchen come to an end on January 1, 2000, as some feared
computer) might happen because of the year 2000 bug.
• 1970 The floppy disk is introduced. Intel develops • Young Filipino students released
the the ILOVEYOU e-mail virus that began
first memory chip which stores 1,024 bits of data. infecting computers and spreading over the
• 1971 Texas Instruments introduces pocket calculator. Internet starting on May 4, 2000.
Dot matrix printer appears. Pascal was developed.
• 1972 E-mail was invented. • 2001
• USB 2.0 was introduced
ALTAIR 8800 • William Hewlett passed away on January
• The Altair 8800 is considered as the first 12, 2001 (Age 87).
modern PC. It was introduced as kit in April • 2002
1975 issue of popular electronics. It had no • Jan de Wit aka OnTheFly was convicted on
monitor and no keyboard, just toggle switches May 1, 2002, for the Anna Kournikova virus.
and linking light.
• 2003
APPLE 1 • Apple opened the iTunes store on April 28,
• Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak combined their 2003.
talents and came up with the APPLE 1 in 1976, • Android was founded by Andy Rubin in
it was later followed by an improved version October 2003
which was called the APPLE 2. Tandy-Radio
shack followed suit by introducing the TRS –80 • 2004
in 1977 • Mark Zuckerberg launched Thefacebook on
February 4, 2004, which later
• 1976 IBM develops the inkjet printer. became Facebook.
• 1977 Bill Gates and Paul Allen officially found • IBM sold its computing division to Lenovo Group
Microsoft. for $1.75 billion on December 08, 2004.
• 1978 Word Star is released and quickly
becomes the most popular word processing program. • 2005
• 1979 Visicalc was introduced. • YouTube was founded and came online on
• 1980 DBASE II appears on the market February 15, 2005.
• 1981 IBM introduces the IBM PC with an MS DOS • 2006
operating system. • Twttr, now known as Twitter was officially
• 1982 Time magazine names the PC “Man of launched on July 15, 2006
the Year”
• 1983 PCXT was launched, first computer with • 2007
built-in hard drive. • Apple announced the iPhone with iOS on January 9,
• 1984 CD-ROM debuts. HP markets LaserJet. 2007, and it was later shown to the public on January
• 1985 Microsoft develops Windows1.0 29, 2007, Macworld Conference & Expo.
• 1986 Microsoft goes public. The National • The netbook was introduced
Science Foundation approves funding the internet
backbone. • 2008
• 1988 MS releases Windows 2.03 • Apple launched the App Store, a software
• 1989 World Wide Web was invented. market for iOS devices.
• 1990 Intel introduces i486 chip. • 2009
• Android version 1.5 (Cupcake) and 1.6 (Donut)
PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANCE were released.
• The PDA or Personal Digital Assistant is the smallest
personal computer currently available. The first PDA,
APPLE NEWTON was introduced in 1993.
• 2010
• Apple introduced the iPad on January 27, and COMPUTER CAPABILITIES
Instagram was launched in October 2010. 1. It is self-directing.
• Mark Zuckerberg was named TIME Person of 2. Ability to store and retrieve information.
the Year 2010 3. Ability to perform mathematical operations
and solve complex formula at high speed and
• 2011 with great precision.
• Steve Jobs passed away on October 5, 2011(Age:56). 4. Ability to perform logic operation.
5. Ability to communicate with the user or
• 2012 other machines
• The Raspberry Pi single-board computer was
released in the United Kingdom. COMPUTER LIMITATIONS
1. It can only do what is designed or programmed to
• 2013 do.
• Sony officially announced the PlayStation 4, a 2. It cannot correct input data.
replacement for the PS3 gaming console on 3. It cannot think or derive meanings from object.
February 20, 2013. 4. It can only process jobs in finite number of steps
leading to a precisely defined goals.
• 2014 5. It cannot completely avoid making errors due to
• Satya Nadella took over as Microsoft CEO on power fluctuation, system malfunctions and human
February 4, 2014. disorder.

• 2015 CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

• Microsoft released Windows 10 on July 29 • According to Technology
• According to Storage Capacity or
• 2016 Memory
• On October 11, Samsung announced it was • According to Purpose
permanently discontinuing the production of the • According to Data Handheld
Galaxy Note 7 after several of the early versions and
recalled versions were catching on fire. ACCORDING TO TECHNOLOGY
FIRST GENERATION
• On May 12, 2017, the (1951-1958)
WannaCry ransomware attack began to attack Component - Vacuum Tubes
computers running Microsoft Windows. Auxiliary Units - Punched Card
The worminfected more than 230,000 Operation Speed - 10-3
computers in over 150 different countries and sec. Or millisec
demanded $300 - $1,200 in bitcoin to unlock Processing Speed – 2,000 instruction /sec.
the computers encrypted data. Memory Capacity – 1,000 – 4,000 bytes
Software - Machine Language
On March 17, 2018, The New York Times and Characteristics – Quite large & produced
the Guardian revealed that the firm Cambridge enormous amount of heat; batch processing.
Analytica harvested 50 million Facebook profiles and
used that data to help Donald Trump's election team. SECOND GENERATION
(1958 – 1964)
LESSON 2 Components - Transistor
COMPUTER USES, CAPABILITIES, AND Auxiliary Unit – Tape
LIMITATION Operation Time –10-6
sec. or microsec.
USES OF COMPUTERS Processing Speed – 1M instructions/s.
• Personal Use Memory Capacity – 4K to 32K bytes
• Education Software – Assembly Language
• Medicine Characteristic – Smaller size
• Science and Research
• Entertainment THIRD GENERATION
• Communication (1964 – 1971)
• Transportation Components - IC
• Agriculture Auxiliary Unit – Disk
• Business Operation Time –10-9sec. or nanosec.
• Government Processing Speed – 10M instructions/s
Memory Capacity – 32,K –3Mbytes
Software – High Level Language
Characteristic – Smaller size,more reliable
 MICROCONTROLLERS
FOURTH GENERATION Commonly found on hi-tech appliances like
(1971 - Date) microwave oven and air-conditioning unit.
Components - (LSIC) & (VSIC)
Auxiliary Unit - Disk & Mass Storage ACCORDING TO PURPOSE
Operation Time –10-12sec. or picosec. 1. General Purpose Computers
Processing Speed – 100M to 1 billion 2. Special Purpose Computers
instruction/ sec.
Memory Capacity – Gigabytes ACCORDING TO DATA HANDHELD
Software – Very High Level Language 1. Analog Computers
Char. – Smaller in size,virtual memory 2. Digital Computers
3. Hybrid Computers
FIFTH GENERATION
(1971 - Date) DIRECTION OF COMPUTERS
Components - (LSIC) & (VSIC) 1. Small in size
Auxiliary Unit - Disk & Mass Storage 2. More power
Operation Time –10-12sec. or picosec. 3. Less in price
Processing Speed – 100M to 1 billion
instruction/ sec. LESSON 3 ELEMENTS OF COMPUTER 1
Memory Capacity – Gigabytes
Software – Very High Level Language ELEMENTS OF COMPUTER
Char. – Smaller in size,virtual memory Computers are deeply ingrained in every part of our
lives. It has been used at different sectors in our
ACCORDING TO CAPACITY society. With this, there is a need to understand the
1. Mainframes elements of computers and how it works. This lesson
2. Supercomputers will cover all necessary things you need to know
3. Minicomputers about elements of a computer.
4. Microcomputers
5. Microcontrollers ELEMENTS
1) HARDWARE
MAINFRAME COMPUTERS 2) SOFTWARE
Mainframes today are primarily used in applications 3) DATA
that require huge storage capacity with massive 4) PEOPLEWARE
processing ability. Major banks and insurance
companies rely on mainframes, as well as airline Hardware
reservation system, libraries and stores that manage It includes all physical devices and materials in a
huge inventories computer system.
1) Computer systems
MAINFRAMES 2) Computer peripherals
ENIAC and UNIVAC I were mainframe computers. 3) Telecommunications networks
These mainframes were large and needed extremely
control environment for them to operate. ENIAC and HARDWARE COMPONENTS
UNIVAC I used vacuum tubes, these tubes would  Input devices
overheat if the computers were not operating in air  Output devices
cooled rooms.  Storage devices
 The Central Processing Unit
SUPERCOMPUTERS
Is the fastest, most powerful computer available today, INPUT DEVICES
and usually dedicated to scientific application.  These are designed for data entry operations.
 Translate data into a form that the computer can
MINICOMPUTERS process.
In the late 1960’s, DEC (Digital ElectronicComputers)  They read and transmit data to the main memory
began making smaller, more compact computers than of the computer.
the mainframes in use then, w/c are aptly called  It allows direct human or machine
minicomputers. communications while other require data to be
recorded on an input medium.
MICROCOMPUTERS
The first microcomputers, or micros, appeared in the
early 1970’s. These micros were hardly powerful
enough to be even considered for some serious
business work. The early purchasers o these machines
were primarily computer hobbyists and home users.
 VOICE RECOGNITION
 It converts a person's speech into digital code by
KEYBOARD VS DIRECT ENTRY comparing the electrical patterns produced by the
Keyboard entry devices ~ input comes by typing a speaker's voice with a set of prerecorded patterns
“source document” into the computer. stored in the computer.
Direct entry devices ~ input comes in directly in  Operators train the system to recognize their
machine-readable form, no keyboard. voices by repeating each word in the vocabulary
about ten times.

KEYBOARD Scanner
 The most widely used device for entering data and  Converts text, drawings, and photographs into
text into computer systems. digital form that can be stored in a computer
 It is a peripheral modelled after the typewriter system and then manipulated, output, or sent via
keyboard. Keyboards are designed for the input of modem to another computer. The system scans
text and characters, and also to control the each image--color or black and white--with light
operation of the computer. and breaks the image into light and dark dots or
color dots, which are then converted to digital
ELECTRONIC MOUSE code. (IMAGE SCANNERS)
 A mouse is an input device used to move cursor
on the screen, as well as to issue commands and BAR-CODE READER
make icon and menu selections.  Photoelectric scanners that translate the bar-code
 It is called a mouse primarily because the cord on symbols into digital code.
early models resembled the rodent's tail, and also  Another scanning device reads bar codes, the
because the motion of the pointer on the screen vertical zebra-striped marks you see on most
can be mouse like… COMPUTER MOUSE manufactured retail products.

TRACKBALL BAR-CODE READERS

A trackball is a pointing device consisting of a Optical Character Recognition
ball housed in a socket containing sensors to detect  Uses a device that reads preprinted characters in a
rotation of the ball about two axes—like an upside- particular font (typeface design) and converts
down mouse, but with the ball sticking out more. The them to digital code.
user rolls the ball with their thumb, fingers, or the  Examples of the use of OCR characters are utility
palm of their hand to move a cursor. bills and price tags on department-store
merchandise, billing operations of credit card
JOYSTICK companies, banks and oil.
These are often used to control games, and usually
have one or more push-buttons whose state can also be Optical Character Recognition
read by the computer. Mark-Recognition & Character-Recognition Devices
They look like a small gear shift level set in a box.
Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)
TOUCH SENSITIVE SCREEN It reads the strange-looking numbers printed at the
Are devices that allow you to use a computer by bottom of checks.
touching the surface of its video display screen. Optical Mark Recognition (OMR)
Such screen emit a grid of infrared beams, sound It uses a device that reads pencil marks and converts
waves, or a slight electric current, which is broken them into computer-usable form.
when the screen is touched.
MAGNETIC STRIPE
LIGHT PEN A form of magnetic data entry that helps computer
A light pen is a device similar to a touch screen, but is reads credit cards. The dark magnetic stripe on the
facilitated by use of a special light sensitive pen back of the credit and debit cards is the same iron
instead of the finger. The advantage of using a pen is oxide coating as on magnetic tape.
that more accurate screen input is possible than with a
touch screen. OTHER OUTPUT DEVICES
Digital camera, PC camera, Web cam
GRAPHICS TABLET Sensor
A graphics or digitizing tablet consists of a tablet Human Biology system
connected by a wire to a stylus or puck. A stylus is a
pen-like device with which the user "sketches" an OUTPUT DEVICES
image. The component of computer system that gives out to
Digitizing tablets are used primarily in design and the user the results of the processed data.
engineering The Information is transmitted from the CPU to this
output device, where is then printed or recorded.
 According to operation Impact:
 Non-impact
SOFTCOPY VERSUS HARDCOPY  According to style
 Softcopy ~ data that is shown on a display screen
or is in audio or voice form. This kind of output is EXAMPLES OF PRINTER
not tangible; it cannot be touched.  Impact printers can produce a page, a line, or a
 Hardcopy ~ Printed output. The principal character at a time. Large computers use line
examples are printouts, whether text or graphics, printers. The main drawback to line printers is
from printers. that they can produce only text--no graphics.
 Dot-matrix printer contains a print head of small
DISPLAY SCREENS pins, which strike an inked ribbon against paper,
 also variously called monitors, CRTs, or simply forming characters or images.
screens--are output devices that show
programming instructions and data as they are
being input and information after it is processed.  Non-impact printers form characters and images
without making direct physical contact between
TYPES OF DISPLAY SCREEN printing mechanism and paper.
CRT OR CATHODE-RAY TUBE  Two types of non-impact printers often used with
 is a vacuum tube used as a display screen in a microcomputers are laser printers and ink-jet
computer or video display terminal. printers.

FLAT-DISPLAY PANEL TYPES OF NON-IMPACT

 are made up of two plates of glass with a  Laser printer uses the principle of dot-matrix
substance in between them, which is activated in printers of creating images with dots. These
different ways. images are created on a drum, treated with a
magnetically charged ink-like toner (powder), and
FLAT PANEL DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY then transferred from drum to paper.
 Liquid crystal display (LCD).
 Plasma display  Ink-jet printers spray small, electrically charged
 Electroluminescent droplets of ink from four nozzles through holes in
 Gas-plasma display a matrix at high speed onto paper.
 Thermal printers use colored waxes and heat to
Flat-panel displays produce images by burning dots onto special
SCREEN CLARITY paper.
Whether CRT or flat-panel display, screen clarity
depends on three qualities: resolution, dot pitch, and
refresh rate. Examples of Printers

RESOLUTION PLOTTER
The image sharpness of a display screen is called its  Is like a printer, produces hard-copy output.
resolution; the more pixels there are per square inch, Plotters, which produce high-quality color
the finer the level of detail attained. graphics, are usually categorized by whether they
use pens or electrostatic charges to create images.
DOT PITCH  They are used in applications such as architecture
Is the amount of space between the centers of adjacent and engineering.
pixels; the closer the dots, the crisper the image.
AUDIO SPEAKER
REFERSH RATE  Audio speaker is a second type of soft copy. New
is the number of times per second that the pixels are computer systems have such good audio systems
recharged so that their glow remains bright. that it is possible to listen to music while you
work, have the computer tell you when the printer
PRINTER needs paper, play games that include sound, or
An output device that prints characters, symbols, and compose music on the computer.
perhaps graphics on paper or another hardcopy
medium.
STORAGE DEVICES
CLASSIFICATION  Computer systems have two main types of storage
According to the amount of information printed at a devices – PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
time:
 Character serial printer
 Line printer
 Page printer
 Major Components
PRIMARY STORAGE 1. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (Computations
 memory, main memory, internal memory, or performed) Accumulator (Results of computations
RAM. kept here)
Working storage that holds: 2. Control Unit (Has two locations where numbers are
1.data for processing, kept)
2 instructions for processing the data, Instruction Register (Instruction placed here for
3. processed data that is waiting to be sent to an output analysis)
or secondary storage device. Program Counter (Which instruction will be
temporary and volatile (contents are lost when power performed next?)
is turned off). 3. Instruction Decoding Unit (Decodes the instruction)

Capacity SOFTWARE
The amount of information that can be stored on the  It includes all sets of information processing
medium. instructions. This generic concept of software
includes not only the sets of operating instructions
Unit Description Approximate Size called programs, which direct and control
1 bit 1 binary digit computer hardware, but also the sets of
1 nibble 4 bits information processing instructions needed by
1 byte 8 bits 1 character people, called procedures. So even information
1 kilobyte 1,024 bytes ≈1/2 page, double spaced systems that don’t use computers have a software
1 megabyte 1,048,576 bytes ≈500,000 pages resource component.
1 million bytes
1 gigabyte 1,073,741,824 bytes ≈5 million pages SOFTWARE RESOURCES
1 billion bytes  Systems Software -enables the applications to
1 terabyte 1 trillion bytes ≈5 billion pages interact with the computer and manage its internal
resources. It consists of several programs, the
TYPES OF PRIMARY STORAGE most important of which is the operating system
RAM (non-permanent) or OS. The OS is the master control program,
Programs and data can be stored here for the which gives the user an interactive control over
computer’s use. the computer.
Volatile: All information will be lost once the
computer shuts down.  Application Software -used to perform a general
ROM (permanent) or specific task, such as word processing.
Contents do not change.
 Procedures – which are operating instructions for
CMOS (Complimentary MetalOxide Semiconductor) the people who will use an information system.
Special type of RAM, which uses less power than Examples are instructions on using a software
normal. package or user’s manual.

SECONDARY STAGE DATA

 Is use when there is a need to keep information for  Data is more than the raw material of
later use. It can store large amounts of data and information systems. The concept of data
retain even when the computer is turned off. resources has been broadened by managers and
 Hard disk, Diskette, CD-ROM, Magnetic tape information systems professionals. They realized
that data constitute a valuable organizational
THE CPU resource.
Central Processing Unit ( CPU )
Often referred to as the “brain” of the computer. FORMS OF DATA
Responsible for controlling all activities of the  Alphanumeric data - composed of numbers and
computer system. alphabetical and other characters that describe
business transactions and other events and
Motherboard ~ The place where most of the entities.
electronics including the CPU are mounted.  Text Data, consisting of sentences and paragraphs
used in written communications,
Image data such as graphic shapes and figures, and
Audio data, the human voice and other sounds, are
also important forms of data.

.
 PEOPLEWARE
 are required for the operation of all information
systems. These people resources include end users
and Information system specialists.

DATA PROCESSING
 Input
 Process
 Output
 Storage