SQL Commands

SQL Commands
DDL, DQL, DML, DCL and TCL

Commands
Ashish Zope
Data Engineer at Bajaj Finserv
SQL Commands (DDL, DQL, DML, DCL and TCL)
➢ SQL commands are extensively used to interact with databases,
enabling users to perform a wide range of actions on database
systems.
➢ Understanding these commands is crucial for effectively managing

and manipulating data.
➢ SQL Commands are mainly categorized into five categories:
1. DDL – Data Definition Language

2. DQL – Data Query Language
3. DML – Data Manipulation Language
4. DCL – Data Control Language
5. TCL – Transaction Control Language
Types of SQL commands
SQL Commands
DDL DML DQL DCL TCL
CREATE INSERT SELECT GRANT COMMIT
ALTER UPDATE REVOKE SAVEPOINT
DROP DELETE ROLL BACK
SET
TRUNCATE
TRANSACTION
Data Definition Language (DDL)
➢ Definition:
DDL, or Data Definition Language, consists of SQL commands
used to define the database schema. It deals with
descriptions of the database schema and is used to create
and modify the structure of database objects in the database.
➢ Purpose:
DDL is a set of SQL commands used to create, modify, and
delete database structures, but not the data within them.
These commands are typically used by database
administrators and developers rather than general users, who
usually access the database through an application.
➢ Key DDL Commands:
CREATE, DROP, TRUNCATE and ALTER
1. CREATE
Purpose: Used to create databases, tables, indexes, and views.
Syntax:
-- CREATE DATABASE
CREATE DATABASE database_name;
-- CREATE TABLE
CREATE TABLE table_name (
column1 datatype,
);
-- CREATE INDEXES
CREATE INDEX index_name ON table_name (column1, column2,
...);
-- CREATE VIEW
CREATE VIEW view_name AS
SELECT column1, column2, ... FROM table_name WHERE condition;
2. ALTER
Purpose: Used to modify existing database objects like tables.
Syntax:
-- TO ADD NEW COLUMN IN TABLE

ALTER TABLE table_name
ADD column_name datatype;
-- TO MODIFY THE COLUMN OF TABLE

MODIFY COLUMN column_name datatype;
-- TO DROP COLUMN FROM TABLE

DROP COLUMN column_name;
3. DROP
Purpose: Used to delete databases, tables, indexes, or views.
Syntax:
-- DROP DATABASE
DROP DATABASE database_name;
-- DROP TABLE
DROP TABLE table_name;
-- DROP VIEW
DROP VIEW view_name;
-- TO DROP INDEX
DROP INDEX index_name;
4. TRUNCATE
Purpose: Used to delete all records from a table, but not the table itself.
Syntax:
-- DROP TRUNCATE
TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;
Data Manipulation Language (DML)
➢ Definition:
DML, or Data Manipulation Language, consists of SQL
commands used to manipulate data stored in a database. It
includes commands for inserting, updating, deleting, and
retrieving data.
➢ Purpose:
DML is used to manage data within database objects. These
commands allow users to perform operations such as adding
new records, modifying existing records, and removing
records.

INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE
1. INSERT
Purpose: Used to add new records to a table.
Syntax:
-- TO INSERT THE DATA/RECORD INTO TABLE

INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, ...)
VALUES (value1, value2, ...);
2. DELETE
Purpose: Used to remove records from a table.
Syntax:
-- TO REMOVE THE DATA/RECORD FROM TABLE

DELETE FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
3. UPDATE
Purpose: Used to modify existing records in a table.
Syntax:
-- TO UPDATE THE RECORD IN TABLE

UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2, ...
WHERE condition;
Data Query Language (DQL)
➢ Definition:
DQL, or Data Query Language, consists of SQL commands
used to query and retrieve data from a database. It focuses on
the retrieval of data based on specific criteria.
➢ Purpose:
DQL is used to fetch data from the database. The primary
command in DQL is `SELECT`, which allows users to specify
the columns and conditions for data retrieval.

SELECT
Data Query Language (DQL)
SELECT
Purpose: Used to query and retrieve data from a database.
Syntax:
-- TO RETRIVE DATA FROM SQL TABLE

SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition;
Data Control Language (DCL)
➢ Definition:
DCL, or Data Control Language, consists of SQL commands used
to control access to data in a database. It includes commands for
granting and revoking permissions to users and roles.
➢ Purpose:
DCL is used to manage access rights and permissions for database
users. These commands ensure that only authorized users can
perform certain actions on the database objects.

GRANT, ROVOKE
1. GRANT
Purpose: Used to give users access privileges to the database.
Syntax:
-- TO GIVE USERS ACCESS PRIVILEGES

GRANT privilege_type
ON object_name
TO user_name;
2. REVOKE
Purpose: Used to remove access privileges from users.
Syntax:
-- TO REMOVE ACCESS PRIVILEGES FROM USERS.

REVOKE privilege_type
ON object_name
FROM user_name;
Transaction Control Language (TCL)
➢ Definition:
TCL, or Transaction Control Language, consists of SQL commands
used to manage transactions in a database. Transactions are
sequences of operations performed as a single logical unit of
work.
➢ Purpose:
TCL is used to ensure the integrity of data by managing the
changes made by DML statements. These commands help in
maintaining consistency and handling errors during data
manipulation.

COMMIT, ROLLBACK, SAVEPOINT, SET TRANSACTION
1. COMMIT
Purpose: Used to save all changes made during the current transaction.
Syntax:
-- TO OMPLETE THE TRANSACTION/SAVE THE DETAILS

COMMIT;
2. SAVEPOINT
Purpose: Used to set a savepoint within a transaction, allowing partial
rollback.
Syntax:
-- TO SET A SAVEPOINT WITHIN A TRANSACTION

SAVEPOINT savepoint_name;
3. ROLLBACK
Purpose: Used to undo changes made during the current transaction.
Syntax:
-- TO UNDO CHANGES MADE DURING THE CURRENT TRANSACTION.

ROLLBACK;
4. SET TRANSACTION
Purpose: Used to specify characteristics for the transaction, such as
isolation level.
Syntax:
-- TO SPECIFY CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE TRANSACTION

SET TRANSACTION READ ONLY;
Ashish Zope
THANK YOU Data Engineer at Bajaj Finserv
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SQL Commands

DDL, DQL, DML, DCL and TCL

➢ Understanding these commands is crucial for effectively managing

➢ SQL Commands are mainly categorized into five categories:

1. DDL – Data Definition Language

DDL DML DQL DCL TCL

CREATE INSERT SELECT GRANT COMMIT

ALTER UPDATE REVOKE SAVEPOINT

DROP DELETE ROLL BACK

-- TO ADD NEW COLUMN IN TABLE

-- TO MODIFY THE COLUMN OF TABLE

-- TO DROP COLUMN FROM TABLE

➢ Key DDL Commands:

-- TO INSERT THE DATA/RECORD INTO TABLE

-- TO REMOVE THE DATA/RECORD FROM TABLE

-- TO UPDATE THE RECORD IN TABLE

➢ Key DDL Commands:

-- TO RETRIVE DATA FROM SQL TABLE

➢ Key DDL Commands:

-- TO GIVE USERS ACCESS PRIVILEGES

-- TO REMOVE ACCESS PRIVILEGES FROM USERS.

➢ Key DDL Commands:

-- TO OMPLETE THE TRANSACTION/SAVE THE DETAILS

-- TO SET A SAVEPOINT WITHIN A TRANSACTION

-- TO UNDO CHANGES MADE DURING THE CURRENT TRANSACTION.

-- TO SPECIFY CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE TRANSACTION

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