WEEK PERIOD NO.

TOPIC SUB TOPIC TOTAL

HOURS
1 1&2 INTRODUCTION Meaning of terms 4
TYPES OF TOUR PACKAGES
ROLE OF TOUR OPERATIONS AND
ADMINISTRATION
2 1&2 TOURISTIC CIRCUITS LOCATION OF TOURISTIC CIRCUITS 6

DISTANCE OF ACCOMODATION

ATTRACTIONS AND AMENITIES

CAT II/ PRESENTATIONS

3 1&2 ACCOMODATION AND TYPES OF ACCOMMODATION 6
AMENITIES LOCATION SIZE AND CLASS
OWNERSHIP
FACILITY
TARIFS
AMENITIES
RECREATIONAL CENTRES

PRESENTATIONS/ TAKE AWAY

4 1&2 TRANSPORT DEFINATION AND ROUTES OF 4
TRANSPORT
MODE OF TRANSPORT
FACTORS DETERMINING CHOICE OF
TRANSPORT

CAT/ TAKE AWAY

6 1&2 RESERVATION AND VOUCHERS 4
REGISTRATION ROOMING LIST

REGISTRATION CARDS
7 1&2 EMERGING TRENDS IDENTIFICATION 6
CALLENGES
COPYING WITH CHALLENGES

REVISION

TOTAL
HOURS

TOUR OPERATIONS

17.2.1T INTRODUCTION

17.2.1T0 Specific Objectives

By the end of this sub-module unit, the trainee should be able to:
a) Explain terms used in tour operations
b) differentiate types of tours
c) describe the roles of tour operators
d) identify careers in tour operations and administration

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 Content

17.2.1T1 unit task 1: Explain the meaning of terms

Tourism
Tourism is a human activity that has several definitions but without a universally
accepted definition. However, in its several definitions given there is criterion of
governing these definitions of tourism.
These are:-
Movement – This must be a displacement from the normal domicile (home or work
place) to a destination (which must be away from the point of origin)
The movement must be voluntary.
The movement must be temporary and for a maximum of 12 consecutive months.
No gainful employment at the destination.

Such definitions includes

By an Austrian economist in 1910, who defined it as, "bob total of operators, mainly
of an economic nature, which directly relate to the entry, stay and movement of
foreigners inside and outside a certain country, city or a region."
o Hunziker and Krapf, in 1941, defined tourism as "the sum of the phenomena
and relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, insofar as
they do not lead to permanent residence and are not connected with any earning
activity." In 1976 Tourism Society of England defined it as "Tourism is the
temporary, short-term movement of people for any purpose to destination
outside the places where they normally live and work and their activities during
the stay at each destination.
o Tourism is the entire world industry of travel, hotels, transportation and all other
components that, including promotion, serve the needs and wants of travelers.
Tourism is a temporary and voluntary movement of a person from their places
of normal domicile to other places within their national boundary or across the
international boundaries for all other purposes other than gainful employment
o Tourism is the study of man away from his normal habitat, of the industry that
responds to his needs and of the impacts that he and the industry have on the hosts
socio- cultural, economic and physical environments (Jafari, 1990)
o According to the World Tourism Organization, Tourism is the sum of all
phenomena arising from interactions amongst tourists, host governments and
communities, businesses, and non-governmental organizations, involved in the
process of attracting, transporting, hosting and managing these tourists and
other visitors.

Historical background of tourism

Tourism began in the early years of 19th century. Sumerians are credited for the early travelers
because they invented wheels, Money and writing.
This was around 400 BC.
Religious Travelers was also amongst form of travel perhaps the first Tourist was Queen. In Africa
there were no developed road and airports the only means of travel was by animals. It was referred
to as the black or Dark Continent and so it was unsuitable for leisure. There was no government to
organize tourism. There were only clans, Kingdom etc.

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In Kenya tourism was not evident until after 1890, the time of hostility and in differences in East
Africa. No tribe wanted another to cross their land or territory. There was slavery, civil war and the
only traveler around this time was explorer and missionaries. Attractions in East Africa existed but
were under developed. During the construction of Kenya Uganda railways the man eater of Tsavo
generated negative publicity which was worsened by tribal uprising (e.g. Nandi resistance in Kenya)
After 1928 there was commercial Airline linked between East Africa and Europe. The East Africa
publicity was established with the aim of making the world know the tourist destinations in E.
Africa. In 1947 an international conference was held in Nairobi to discuss Tourism in East Africa
and an association was formed known as The East Africa Tourist Travel Association (ETTA) to look
into East African tourism. In 1948 EATTA was offered a certificate of operation (registered).

Tourist
There are numerous definitions of the term tourist however the following are the
parameters for the definition:-

a) the tourist MUST travel from normal place of residence to the destination area
b) The stay at the destination is temporary; more than 24hrs but less than a year
c) The travel and stay at the destination is voluntary
d) The travel and stay is done during leisure time
e) Travel for any purpose except an activity that is remunerated from the area visited
f) The tourist will consume tourism facilities

Some definitions of tourist include:-

 This is a temporary visitor to a point of attraction from his / her normal place of
domicile (residence) for any purpose except gainful employment or financial gain
at the destination
 Tourists are people who are "traveling to and staying in places outside their
usual environment for more than 24 hours but less than one consecutive year
for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an
activity remunerated from within the place visited"…World Tourism
Organization Recommended

 A tourist is a person who travels out of his place of domicile for a period of
twenty four hours or more for various reasons other than gainful occupation
and uses tourist facilities available at the destination.

Travelers
Travelers are not regarded as Tourists; however, they are people who move from one
place to another for any purpose

Q: ‘all tourists are travelers, but not all travelers are tourists’, discuss

The following should not be referred to as tourists;

o Excursionists
o Refugees
o Expatriates, envoys, embassy staff
o Transport crew
o Transit travelers
o Students/aliens staying for more than a year and immigrants.

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Excursionist

Is a traveler who qualifies in all conditions as a tourist except that he stays away from their
normal domicile at the point of origin.

Transients (Transit travelers)

Travelers who interrupt a planned travel journey and route due to a mechanical breakdown,
Accidents, Land transport problem etc. Usually take more than 2hrs and less than 2 days.

Refugees
Expatriates and Guest workers

Tour

The word "tour" encompasses a broad and varied array of products, ranging from highly
structured escorted packages to a collection of independent components that travelers’ piece
together themselves

 This is any organized travel from a point of origin to a destination or point of turn around
and back to the origin. It involves activities undertaken through transit points that can be
attractions along the route taken
 This is any form of travel from place to place, with multiple features that can be packaged
and sold as a single unit a.k.a. inclusive tour package
 It is an extended journey, usually taken for pleasure, visiting places of interest along the
route

 Principals

Principals are organizations that provide a service and a product, which make up the
package holiday. They are divided in three groups: Transport carriers like, ferries, cruise
lines, airlines, road transport, coaches (KQ airline) Accommodation providers like,
hotels, and attraction site management organizations.

Tour operator

A tour operator typically combines tour and travel components to create a holiday. The
most common example of a tour operator's product would be a flight on a charter airline plus
a transfer from the airport to a hotel and the services of a local representative, all for one
price. Also, tour operators still exercise contracting power with suppliers (airlines, hotels,
other land arrangements, cruises, etc.) and influence over other entities (tourism boards and
other government authorities) in order to create packages and special departures for
destinations otherwise difficult and expensive to visit.

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 Tour operators plot out entire vacations made up of somewhat structured itineraries complete
with hotels, most meals, sightseeing and admission to attractions for one all-inclusive price.
Some even include roundtrip airfare. Vacationers usually travel in small, escorted groups.

• Creating tours packages and travel activities

• Offering these to customers through travel agencies or directly via the Web

"A tour operator puts together a vacation, packages it and sells it to consumers cheaper than
if they put it together themselves," Murphy explains. He estimates that by traveling on their
own, the couple in Cairns, Australia was paying rack rates, usually the most expensive price
going for hotel stays. That's the equivalent of paying whatever the sticker price is on a new
car with no deals, specials or discounts.

All the activities undertaken by a tour operator are referred to as tour operations

Some operators specialize in popular city, beach or resort destinations. Instead of packaging
the vacations for small groups of travelers, they allow independent travelers and families to
design their own holidays by selling the air transportation, hotel accommodations, car rental
and sightseeing components separately.

Tour operators handle tourists from the time they anticipate to travel, during actual travel and
also provide an after sale service.

17.2.1T2 Unit task 2: Differentiating the types of tours

Inclusive tour
The term inclusive tour (IT) is used to describe a commercial arrangement where a company
commonly referred to as a tour operator organizes package holidays that include
accommodation and or sightseeing in addition to transportation. It is a tour package that
bundles transportation and lodging along with additional services such as transfers,
sightseeing, museum admissions, and so forth.

Group Tours
This involves a minimum of 15 PAX of people traveling together to qualify for discounts,
usually as family groups, a school or special interest group. They purchase all inclusive tour
packages therefore referred to as Group Inclusive Tourism/Travel (GIT). They prefer the
security of their social groups as they are less traveled or experienced. They highly depend
on intermediaries for travel arrangements and are led by tour conductors or guides.

Independent Tours
Individual tourism
Here travel involves an individual or a family. These travelers make travel arrangements on
their own with little or no assistance from travel intermediaries E.g. Free Individual Traveler
(FIT), Backpackers and drifters. They are confident and more experienced travelers
Dependent Tours
Tailor made/ custom designed tours
For travelers who want control over all elements of the tour. They work closely with tour
operators to accommodate all the individual needs. It includes Transport, accommodation,
and recreation such as entertainment

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 Disadvantages of custom designed tours
 Relatively expensive.
 Time consuming
 Less popular
 Low discounts to organizers
Hosted/ guided tours
Tourists travel independently but with assistance at the tour destinations by a representative
of the tour company. The inbound (ground operator) tour operator assist them to plan
activities and other tour arrangements.

The host serves as the information specialist facilitating the needs and wants of the tour
participants. Participants may arrive by air charter but once at the destination activities are
done independently not as a group. He meets the participants at the airport briefs them and is
available over the course of the tour.
Escorted tours
Involves travelers who requires more onsite assistance and will appreciate the benefits of a
tour escort. Participants travel as a group and constantly on the move to various destinations..
All participants use similar services and uniform standards in all destinations. A.k.a. Group
Inclusive Tours (GIT)
Escorts provide vital information throughout the tour. However at some specific tour points
step-on guides can come in handy e.g. in museums.
Group members travel together till the end of the tour for escorted tours group itinerary
comes before individual needs. NOT ideal for people seeking flexibility and great
independence.

17.2.1T3 Unit task 3: describing the role of a tour operator

 Tour administration

A process of tending to or managing the affairs of some group of people or an

individual visitor who are traveling to a particular destination, participate in
tourism activities before returning to their point of origin.

Tour operators perform the following: -

1. purchase tour package components in bulk from the principals
2. put the components together in an inclusive tour package thus adding value to the
different components
3. Organizes for a complete sightseeing tour / Excursion or tourist attraction sights.
4. They make reservations and booking hotel accommodation, car hire services and
attraction sites for clients.
5. They organize for transfers from entry points and to exit points at the destination.
6. They organize for transportation to and at different destinations.
7. They guide visitors within the destination.
8. offer information services to clients while at the destination

The role of tour operators unlike the travel agencies who sell holiday and a range of other
travel products tour operators actually assemble the component parts of a holiday, package

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holidays i.e. the means of travel, accommodation, facilities, transfers, excursion and other
services. If we consider that the travel agents are the retailer arm of the travel business, then
the tour operators can be linked to wholesalers, since they buy in 'bulk' from the providers of
travel services, such as the hoteliers and airlines, break the 'bulk' into manageable packages
and offer the finished product the inclusive tour for sale to the travel agencies or direct to the
consumer.

Mention and explain the Benefits of buying a tour package from a tour operator-
ASSIGNMENT-10MKS

i. Profits potential (revenue base increased)

ii. Repeat business potential
iii. Customer relationship enhanced/ development
iv. Provide real client value.

"People have the wrong perception," about the tour operation activity. "They think that
because tour operators are the middlemen, their services will make the tour package price
higher." In most types of business, the middleman does raise prices. But in the travel
industry, the opposite is usually true.

AfriChoice Tours and Travel Ltd, which carried some tourists to Kenya last year, is a case in
point. "In Kenya, the company will give a car in peak season, with bed and Breakfast
accommodation for $50 a day,” "If you were a tourist and try to get the same all by yourself,
it is going to be very, very hard to get close to $50."

"In Hawaii, we guarantee that no component of a Classic vacation will ever be more
expensive than booking that component directly with the airline or the hotel or the car rental
company," says Ron Letterman, of Classic Custom Vacations. "Very often, our airline rates
are 20 to 30 percent cheaper than if you were to book directly with the airline. Our hotel rates
are 10 to 20 percent cheaper than if you booked directly with the hotel. Our car rental rates
are 20 to 30 percent cheaper than if you booked the car directly. You can do it all with one
phone call, and it will be exactly the way you want."

Savings and convenience are only two of the many benefits of booking a vacation with a
tour operator. Their expertise and access also add rich dimensions and unique experiences to
a vacation dimensions and experiences that are not readily available when you travel on your
own.

Finally, assurance-or peace of mind-is another key benefit of buying your vacation from
a tour operator. "If something goes wrong on the vacation, there is someone you can
turn to.

Even something simple like picking a hotel you hate can become a vacation nightmare.
"You're stuck. A hotel is not going to move you to another hotel," says Letterman. "But we
represent many hotels in a single destination. If you booked it through an operator, you can
change hotels." That type of assurance can be a real comfort, especially in extraordinary
situations. With a tour operator, you are guaranteed you will have a reservation.

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 By now it should be clear that tour operators are not travel agents. However, operators and
agents do work hand in-hand as experienced travel professionals in what is essentially a
wholesaler-retailer business relationship. "The travel agent's responsibility is to qualify the
customer and to help them narrow down their vacation choices," Letterman says. Most tour
operators work exclusively through travel agents.

Advantages of Buying Tour Packages for Clients

i. Time efficiency (saving) less time planning
ii. Increased security (escorted tours) all uncertainties
iii. Ease and convenience.
iv. Cost savings
v. Focused target market, takes care of needs and wants of niche markets. Mountaineering,
skiing etc.
vi. Social interaction amongst travelers is possible

Advantages to the Travel Professional

v. Profits potential (revenue base increased)
vi. Repeat business potential
vii. Customer relationship enhanced/ development
viii. Provide real client value.

Unit task 4: Identifying careers in tour operations and administration

 Travel agencies are travel retailers. They employ travel agents who are middle people
who make arrangements for travelers with principals
 Tour operators are wholesalers of the travel product. He/she purchases the components
of an inclusive tour package puts them together appropriately for different clients
(travelers)
 Airlines are principals who provide the necessary air transportation services to travelers
to and from as well as within destinations. Airline s employ air service crew members as
well as ground attendants who ensure the delivery of the required travel services
 Hotels are principals who provide accommodation services to clients at the destination
 Naturalists are guides in tourist attraction sites in natural settings

Evaluation
o Distinguish between a tourist and tourism
o Identify and classify any four categories of forms of tourism
o Explain any five categories of tourists
o Distinguish between escorted tours and guided tours

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 TOURIST CIRCUITS

17.2.2T0 Specific Objectives

By the end of this sub-module unit, the trainee should be able to:
a) locate touristic circuits in Kenya
b) describe the tourist attractions in Kenya
c) explain available facilities in different circuits

17.2.2T1 Unit task 1: Locating touristic circuits in Kenya

A tourist Circuit is defined as a route on which at least three major tourist

destinations are located such that none of these are in the same town, village or
city. At the same time they are not separated by a large distance such that a tourist
would not like to cover them in a sequence. It should have well defined entry and
exit points. A tourist who enters at the entry point should get motivated to visit all
the places identified on the circuit. The objective of having a tourist circuit is to
increase the total number of visits to all the destinations on the circuit on one hand
and to provide to the tourist the attraction of all the destinations located on the
circuit.

Tourist circuit is a tourist region with complete tourist resource and facilities
Circuit (region) = complete tourist resource + facilities

Tourist Facilities - Are those resources/areas for tourist use and specialized in
providing tourist services e.g. Hotels and lodges.

Tourist Resources- Are either manmade or natural things for tourist enjoyment
and relaxation e.g. Beaches, Pools animals, national Parks.

Identification of the Circuit: The Circuit is usually identified by the government

authority, in consultation with the Government or its other appointed authorities.
While selecting the Circuit, the tourism potential of the places included should be
borne in mind. It will be ensured that a circuit is identified for each tourist
destination in the full Plan period. A circuit could be limited to a country or it
could be a regional circuit covering more than a region.
There are several kind of classification of tourist circuits in Kenya notably by
 Kenya Tourist Board
 Kenya Wildlife Service
 Kenya Tourism Master plan funded by JICA in 1989
However for academic purposes we will classify Kenya tourist circuits into:-
1. Coastal
2. Southern
3. South western
4. Central
5. Nairobi
6. Rift valley

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 7. Northern
8. Western

The factors to consider when discussing the circuits are:-

 The attraction sites within the circuit
 The accommodation facilities within the tourist circuit
 The tourist support facilities within the tourist circuit
 The accessibility channels (transport facilities and routes) within the tourist circuit

Tourist Circuits in Kenya

Coast Circuit
The circuit is found along the coastal strip of Kenya (in Indian Ocean and in the coastal
mainland) and the adjacent areas region including Tsavo National Parks.
The attractions within the tourist circuit includes but not limited to:
South coast
Indian Ocean which is a common tourist attraction along the coastal strip
Shimoni caves – a historical sites famous as a store way for slaves during the Indian Ocean
slave Trade
Wasini island-(Wasini women mangrove board walk and Wasini local community culture
and economic activities like traditional fishing)
 Kisite Mpunguti National Park and Reserve
 Funzi Island
 Mijikenda kaya like Kaya Kinondo among others
 Kongoni Mosque
 Chale Island
 Jadini forest
 South Coast Beaches like Diani, Tiwi, and Shelly among others
 Shimba Hill National reserve
 Mwalungaje Elephant sanctuary
 Likoni ferry

Mombasa Island
This is the area within the Mombasa Island
 Mama Ngina drive
 Old port
 Old town
 Kilindini Port
 The tusks
 Mwembe Tayari Statues
 Mackinon market
 Mombasa commercial/Shopping centre
 Uhuru gardens
 Fort Jesus historical monument
 Fort jesus Museum
 swahili centre
 Mombasa by night
 the Hindu Temple
 tudor creek
 Nyali Bridge

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 North coast
This is the area beyond Nyali Bridge
 Kengeleni
 Dr Krapf Memorial
 Frere Market
 Kongowea Market
 Beaches like Mombasa, Nyali, Public, Giriayama, Watamu, Malindi Among Others
 Mombasa National Marine Park and Reserve
 Bombolulu Cultural Centre
 Bamburi
 Haller Park (A Rehabilitated Quarry)
 Ngomongo Villages (A Rehabilitated Quarry)
 Mtwapa Town
 Mtwapa Prehistoric Site
 Jumba La Mtwana
 Mnarani Ruins
 Gede Ruins and Gede Museum
 Arabuko Sokoke Forests
 Kipepeo Butterfly Project (A Community Ecotourism Project)
 Kilifi Town
 Mida Creek
 Vipingo Farms (Sisal Plantations)
 Kuruwitu Community Conservancy
 Watamu Village
 Watamu Marine Park and Reserve
 Mambrui Villages
 Malinditown
 Malindi Museum
 Malindi National Marine Park and Reserve
 Vasco Da Gama Pillar
 Portuguese Chapel
 Malindi Salt Works
 Ethnic Cultural Communities Like The Following Miji Kenda Sub Tribes - Chonyi,
……
 River Sabaki Delta
 Marafa Depression (Hells Kitchen)
 Tana Delta
 Witu
 Lamu Archipelago
 Lamu Museum
 Swahili House German Post Office
 Maulidi Festivals
 Swahili Community and Culture
 Kiunga Marine National Park and Reserve

Mainland coast
This is the area away from the coastal strip into the mainland

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  Tsavo East National Park
 Tsavo West National Park
 Voi Town
 Taita Community and Culture
 Rabai Museum
 Dodori Reserve
 Boni Reserve
 Rahole National Reserve
 Ishaq- Bin Conservancy
 Arawale Game Reserve
 Tana River Primate National Reserve
 Oromo Community and Culture

Accommodation centres in coastal tourist circuit

Lamu – It is an island and next to it are small islands.
Hotels here includes;-
Peponi Lamu Island
Petteys inn
Kiwayu Safari Lodge
Kiwayu Safari village

Malindi
Palm Tree
Club che chale
Eden Rock
Sinbad Hotel
Blue marlin
Lawfords Hotel
Silver sand

Watamu:-
Turtle BayHotel
Watamu Beach Hotel
Ocean sport hotel
Kilifi - Mnarani Club

North Coast
Kikambara Hotel
Sun n’ Sand
Whispering Park,
Kanamai Holiday Centre
Dolphin Hotel
Serena beach Hotel
Hotel intercontinental
Malaika Hotel
Casuarina Hotel.
Neptune beach
Travellers’ beach
White sand
Ocean View

12
Severin Sea lodge
Palms Hotel
Reef Hotel
Bahari beach
Mombasa beach

Mombasa Islands (Non beach hotel)

Oceanic Hotel
Castle Royal Hotel
Hotel Dorse
Glory Hotel
Hotel Sapphire
Manson Hotel
Royal Court Hotel

South Coast:-
Tiwi Beach Hotel
Shelly Beach hotel
Shimba Hills Lodge
Jadini Beach Resort
Diani Beach Spa and Resort
Diani Reef Resort
Golden beach
African sea lodge
Trade winds
Safari beach
Two fishes

Southern tourist circuit

 Tsavo East & West National Park
 Shetani caves and Shetani Lava Flow
 Leviathan lava tube
 Cyulu Hills National Park
 Chulu Hills
 Amboseli National park
 Mt. Kilimanjaro
 Taita taveta town
 Kamba community and culture
 Taveta community and culture
 Maasai Community and culture
 Namanga town
 Serengeti Plains


 Accommodation in southern tourist circuit

13
OL Tukai lodge
Tortilis Camp
Amboseli Serena Lodge
Amboseli Sopa Lodge
Ol Kanjau camp
Finch Hattons
Voyager Ziwani Safari Camp
Severin Safari Camp
Ol Donyo Wuas
Tsavo Mashariki Camp
Kilaguni Serena Safari Lodge
Voi Wildlife Lodge
Ngulia Safari Lodge l
Voi Safari Lodge
Ashnil Aruba Lodge
Kilalinda Lodge - Lodges
Man Eaters Camp

Central tourist Circuit

 Aberdare National Park
Nyandarua escarpment
 Mt. Kenya National Park
 Mt. Kenya
Oldonyo Sabuk National Park
 Thika town
 Chania falls
 Cirio-delmonte Pine apple Plantations
 Sout and north Kitui national reserves
 Mwea national reserve
 Seven folks HEP stations
 Mukurwe wa Gathanga
 Boden Powells grave
 Solio ranch
 Laikipia ranch
 Thompson Falls
 Sweet Waters Chimpanzee Sanctuary
 Kikuyu community and culture

Accommodations centres in central tourist circuit

Elsa Kopje camp
Serena Mountain Lodge
Sweetwaters Tented Camp
The Ark Lodge
Treetops Hotel
Sangare Tented Camp
Leopard Rock Lodge
Ol Pejeta House

Kicheche Laikipia Camp

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Loisaba Wilderness Lodges
Sabuk Lodge and Fly Camp
Maralal Safari Lodge
Borana Lodge
Lewa Safari Camp
Lewa Wilderness
Sarara - Camps
Ol Malo Lodge
Kitich Camp

Northern tourist circuit

 Samburu Game reserve
Buffalo springs
 Shaba National Reserve
 Isiolo town
 Samburu culture
 Somali community and culture
 Rendile community and Culture
 Marsabit National Park and reserve
 Mt. Marsabit
 Meru National Park
 Bisanadi national reserve
 Kora national Reserve
 Malka Mari national reserve

Accommodations centres in Northern Tourist circuit

Sarova Shaba Lodge

Larsens Tented Camp
Samburu Serena Safari Lodge
Samburu Sopa Lodge
Samburu Game Lodge
Samburu Intrepids Camp
Joys Camp
Elephant Bedroom Camp
Sasaab - Camps
Saruni Samburu - Lodges

Rift Valley Tourist Circuit

 Sibiloi archeological site
 Sibiloi Natioanl Park
 Northern Island
 Central Island
 Southern Island
 Lake Turkana
 Koobi Fora arheological site
 Fort Ternan
 Turkana Community and Culture
 L. Baringo National Reserve and its Island

15
  L. Bogoria National Reserve
 Kalenjin Community and culture
 Kariandusi prehistoric site
 L. Nakuru National Park
 Menengi Crater
 Lake Elementaita
 Lake Naivasha and the crescent Island
 Naivasha Horticultural Farms
 Mt. Longonot National park
 Hells Gate National Park
L. Magadi
 Olorgesailie prehistoric site
Eldoret town
 Sirikwa historical site

Accommodations centres in Rift valley Tourist circuit

Lake Nakuru Lodge - Lodges
Sarova Lion Hill Game Lodge
Flamingo Hill Camp - Camps
Mbweha Camp
Crater Lake Lodge Naivasha
Elementaita Country Lodge
Samatian Island Lodge
Lakira Camp - Camps
Lake Naivasha Simba Lodge - Lodges
Sunbird Lodge - Lodges
Lake Elementaita Lodge - Lodges
Lake Bogoria Spa Resort - 4 Star Hotel
Lake Baringo Club - 4 Star Hotel
Lake Naivasha Country Club - 4 Star Hotel
Great Rift Valley Lodge and Resorts - Lodges
Loldia House - Lodges
Lake Naivasha Sopa Resort - Lodges
Chui Lodge - Lodges Kiangazi House - Lodges
Merica Hotel - 4 Star Hotel

South Western Tourist Circuit

 Maasai mara game reserve
 Maasai community and culture
 Narok Town
 Mau Escarpment

Accommodations centres in South western tourist Circuit

Basecamp Masai Mara
Mara Explorer - Camps
Mara Springs Safari Camp
Governors IL Moran Camp
Governors Private Camp
Governors Bush Camp
Rekero Camp

16
Film Safaris Camp
Mara West Camp
Salas Camp
Royal Mara Safari Lodge
Ngerende Island Lodge
Impiripiri Camp
Siana Springs Camp
Sarova Mara Game Camp
Keekorok Lodge
Kichwa Tembo Tented Camp
Little Governors Camp
Mpata Safari Club
Cottars 1920s Safari Camp
Richards Camp
Elephant Pepper Camp
Saruni Campi ya Tembo
Saruni Cottages
Mara Intrepids Camp
Mara Safari Club
Ilkeliani Luxury Tented Camp
Mara Serena Safari Lodge
Mara Simba Lodge
Mara Bushtops
Mara Sopa Lodge
Tiplikwani Mara Camp
Ol Seki Mara Camp
Kicheche Camp
Governors Main Camp

Western Tourist Circuit

 Lake Victoria and its associated Isllands (Rusinga, Takawili and Ndeere)
 Mt. Elgon National Park
Lambwe valley
 Thimlich Ohinga
 The crying stone
 Kit Mikai
Ruma National Park
Kisumu town
 Kisumu Museum
 Luo community and culture
 Luhya community and culture
 Kitale Museum
 Kisii community and culture
 Kisii soap stone carvings
 Kakamega forest
 Saiwa swamp national park
 Nasorot National reserve

Accommodations centres in Western Tourist circuit

17
Golf Hotel Kakamega
Rondo Retreat Centre
Kiboko Bay Resort
Sirikwa Hotel
Rusinga Island Lodge
Mfangano Island Camp
Kericho Tea Hotel
Imperial Hotel Kisumu
Kisumu Sunset Hotel

Nairobi Tourist Circuit

 This is the ere within Nairobi Province
 Nairobi National Park
Nairobi safari walk
 Bomas of Kenya
Karen golf Club
 Karen Blixen Museum
 Ngong Hills
 Karura Forest
 Nairobi Town
 City market
 Jevanjee Garden
 Uhuru Park
 City Park
 National Archives
 Gymkhana sport centre
 Fairmont Nairobi Hotel
 Kariokor Market
 Nairobi Museum
 Nairobi arboretum
 Railway Museum
 Nairobi casinos like
 Carnivore
 Kimathi statue
 Kenyatta Confeence centre
 Jasarani Sports Centre
 Nyayo National Stadium

Accommodation centres in Nairobi

Holiday Inn Nairobi

Hilton Hotel Nairobi

18
Sarova Stanley Hotel Nairobi

Sarova Panafric Hotel Nairobi

Safari Park Hotel Nairobi

Nairobi Safari Club Hotel

Intercontinental Hotel Nairobi

Nairobi Serena Hotel

Fairmont The Norfolk Hotel Nairobi

Laico Regency Nairobi Hotel

Jacaranda Hotel Nairobi

Boulevard Hotel Nairobi

680 Hotel Nairobi

Tribe The Village Market Hotel

Nairobi

Jamiat Hotel Nairobi

Windsor Golf Hotel & Country Club

Nairobi
Panari Hotel Nairobi

Hotel La Mada Nairobi

Sixeighty Hotel Nairobi

Hill Park Hotel Nairobi

19
Identifying tourist Attractions

A tourist attraction is a place of interest where tourists visit, typically for its inherent or
exhibited cultural value, historical significance, natural or built beauty, or amusement
opportunities.
A physical or cultural feature of a particular place that individual travelers or tourists
perceive as capable of meeting one or more of their specific leisure-related needs, - Such
features may be ambient in nature (e.g. climate, culture, vegetation or scenery), or they may
be specific to a location, such as a theatre performance, a museum or a waterfall.

Types of Tourist Attractions

There are basically two types of tourist attractions:

• Built attractions which are man-made in nature

• Natural Attractions which are inherited from Mother Nature

They can further be classified as

 Cultural-Historical, archeological sites, Monuments, museums, industrial, Cuisine,
theater etc
 Natural- Flora, fauna, landscapes etc
 Events- Festivals, community, religious and sport events, Corporate and tradeshows etc
 Recreation- Sightseeing, golf, camping, hiking, snow sports
 Entertainment- Amusement/theme parks, shopping, casinos etc
An amusement park is a park that features various attractions, such as rides and games,
as well as other events for entertainment purposes. A theme park is a type of amusement
park that bases its structures and attractions around a central theme, often featuring
multiple areas with different themes e.g. Disney park.

These can further be divided into:

(a) Manmade attractions which are physical structures or events

(b) Natural attractions which are physical phenomena deemed unusual and /or
beautiful (Bungle Bungles).

(c) Secondary attractions that have tourist appeal, but are not the primary reason for
visiting a location.

(d) A negative attraction is an attribute of an area that tends to make some customer
or market choose not to visit as for example pollution or crime.

20
Primary and Secondary Tourist Resources
Primary tourist resources are those that exist, or originally existed, for non-tourist
purposes. They were created for another purpose. Typical examples include the
natural landscape (e.g. mountains, rainforests, coral reefs), religious buildings (such as
mosques and temples), and defensive sites (castles, city walls).

Secondary tourist resources are those that were deliberately built to satisfy the needs
of tourists. Examples include hotels, restaurants, and theme parks.

If the main attraction is a primary resource then secondary resources such as hotel
accommodation and transport infrastructure will be required for the growth of tourism
in a location.

Tourist resources in urban areas

Primary tourist resources in urban areas are often focused in the Central Business
District (CBD). The CBD is usually the oldest part of the city and is surrounded by
newer areas of housing. Since most CBDs were built before the modern age of
tourism, many attractions were built to satisfy local needs. Examples include
cathedrals, bridges, libraries, museums, restaurants, defensive sites such as castles,
and parks. These were later adopted as tourist attractions.

Secondary tourist resources in urban areas are often deliberately more spaced
throughout the urban area. This is because they were built more recently and with
tourists in mind. City planners often try to spread tourism out around the city, rather
than allow it to focus on just one location. The CBD may still have a significant
number of secondary resources such as hotels, tourist restaurants and guided bus
tours. Other secondary tourist resources may be found in other areas including on the
rural-urban fringe (the edge of the city), such as adventure theme parks, country park
hotels and more modern museums (such as the Liangzhu Museum in China, pictured
above).

Tourist resources in rural areas

In rural areas it’s common to find the entire natural landscape is the primary tourist
resource, even if it is heavily modified by humans through farming, mining, forestry
and settlement. There are also human-built primary tourist resources such as castles,
stately homes, ancient ruins (such as Stonehenge, pictured below),

21
  Amesbury, United Kingdom: Stonehenge is a primary tourist resource in a
rural area. It is a collection of stones placed in a circular formation
approximately 5000 years ago.

Secondary tourist facilities in rural areas generally form into three types:

 Facilities that require very large areas of land, such as Disney-style theme parks
or long distance footpaths
 Those that are built around primary tourist resources and help to manage the
demands made by the number of tourists, such as cafes, souvenir shops, car
parks and hotels

22
Identify tourist facilities available in different circuits
Transportation facilities
o Tourist Gate ways (Entry and exit points)
o Airlines
o Railway companies
o Car hire companies
o Cruise companies

Transport network

Accommodation facilities (explain the meaning of each-assignment)

23
  Hotels
 Lodges
 Camps
 Cottages
 Apartments
 Banda’s
 Guest houses
 Restaurants
 motels

Tourist attractions
 Scenic landscapes
 Wildlife conservation areas
 Culture
 Historical
 archeological
 events
 business
 religious
 recreation
Other tourist support services
 Travel intermediaries ( tour operators and travel agents)
 Guiding services
 Tourist information services
 Travel insurance providers
 Medical services
 Security services
 Financial and banking services
 Shopping services
 Secretarial services
 Communication service providers

Evaluation questions

a) Identify the tourist circuits in Kenya

b) Explain the facilities that are important to tourists at the destination
c) Classify the different tourists attractions in Kenya
d) Discuss one major tourist attraction in Kenya under the following
 Nature
 Location
 Importance as an attraction
 Visitation
 development

24
17.2.1P3

17.2.4T ACCOMMODATION AND AMENITIES

THEORY

17.2.4T0 Specific Objectives

By the end of this sub-module unit, the trainee should be able to:
a) highlight types of accommodations
b) identify location, size and class of accommodation
c) list facilities in accommodation
d) explain ownership of accommodation facilities
e) explain the tariffs in accommodation

Content
Amenity- a desirable or useful feature or facility of a building or place.
-elements of comfort and convenience, most often in reference to a house, vehicle,
resort, or rental. An example of amenities are a hot tub and room service in a hotel.

Ancillary services in travel and tourism are services that are provided which make the entire
travel experience very comfortable, safe, secure and enjoyable.

For example; Travel Insurance which provides insurance for loss of baggage, passport, or any
valuables, medical expenses while in a trip. Similarly, services like airport parking, tickets for
any kind of park/museums etc, chauffeur service, specialized services at major airports provided
by major airline companies, foreign exchange, International SIM card services etc. These
services make an entire travel experience complete.

Generally, these ancillary services are provided by travel companies but nowadays one can avail
these at airports, hotels or on various travel portals online.

17.2.4T1 Highlighting the types, location and size of accommodation

 Commercial Hotels/Downtown Hotels- They are situated in the city centre
or in a big town and also in suburbs of economically or politically important
cities. They cater for internationally oriented business men and women and
most of them offer facilities for seminars, conferences and convections in
addition to basic accommodation and catering facilities.
 Resort Hotels- These are hotels Situated in attractive tourist spots. They cater
for holiday makers with a lot of time for relaxation.

25
  Residential Hotels/ apartments- These originated from North America. They
have self contained rooms usually for guests who wish to be in a place with a
homely feeling e.g. fair view hotel
 Country club/hotels- These are situated away from the city centers. They
target people seeking peace, quietness and fresh air. In most cases
membership is expected for clubs e.g. Mount Kenya Safari Club, Aberdares
Country club, Kakamega Golf Hotel and Kericho Tea Hotel
 Game lodges and tented camps-These are situated in the national reserves
and parks, where general attraction is game. The average length of stay is
short and the movement outside the facilities is limited. eg….
 Budget hotels (wananchi hotels)- These are mainly boarding and lodging
establishments found in the cities and small towns catering for average
citizens or budget tourists e.g…….
 Motels; These are situated along major highways/ motorways. They mainly
cater for motorists e.g. Wida highway hotel, Stem Hotel, Midland hotel in
Nakuru, Tsavo Inn at Mtito Andei
 Floating hotels; These are hotels that are surrounded all round by water. E.g.
Burj el Arab in Dubai. The term is also used to refer to cruise ships (cities on
the move)
 Transit hotels; They are used by people transiting a country. These are
mainly located at the air port (Airpotels). E.g.. Hilton international at London
Heathrow Airport
 Villas
 Cottages
 Condominiums/time share resort
 Apartments

17.2.4T2 next lesson Unit task 2: Identifying class of accommodation

Classification of hotels
Hotels are classified using three systems; these are,
1. Stars/ rosette
2. Alphabetical
3. Numerical.
Stars Alphabetical Numerical
***** A Deluxe luxury
**** B First class
*** C Second class
** D Third class
* E Forth class

Reasons why hotels are classified

 To determine and control hotel tariffs (rate of the price) as it varies from one class to
another.
 For control of hotel taxation
 To ensure that the standards of the hotel are maintained
 To create healthy competition amongst hotels

26
 To serve as a guide for developers on the facilities required for a certain class of hotel
 Classification aids the marketing of hotel products/
o The Hotel and Restaurants Authority under the ministry of tourism is responsible
for classifying hotels and restaurants in Kenya.

Criteria for hotel classification

 Location of the building (size, environment, design and architecture, capacity and
facilities).
 The lobby, lounge and waiting area they check in at
 Size of lobby in relation to hotel
 Furniture and decoration
 Temperature regulation/ventilations
 Material used for the walls and floors
 Telephone facilities
 Staff size, training and reception.
 conference facilities:- classified into
Function Rooms, Banquet rooms-a large room used for holding banquets.a banquet-
large formal meal for many people, oftenfollowed by speeches in honour of
someone:, equipments, reprography
 Restaurant
The number of restaurants, cuisines-a style or quality of cooking; cookery: e.g.
Italian cuisine and facilities
 Serving equipments e.g. cutleries
 Qualification of the staff
 Bars
Number of bars in relation to the size of the hotel
 Equipments provided e.g. the seats, ashtray.
 guest rooms
Size of the room and temperature regulation
o Mini bar and literature
o entertainment and room meal service
o Suppliers in the room e.g. drinking water, ash trays, candles e.t.c
 Audiovisual both in the room and in the waiting room
 Laundry services and change of linen
 The kitchen they consider
o Size of the kitchen in relation to the hotel
o Organization, how the staff coordinate
o Fume extraction system
o Waste disposal system
o Drainage system
o Storage facilities
o Staff training

One Star Hotels

27
 Hotels in this classification are likely to be small and independently owned, with a
family atmosphere. Services may be provided by the owner and family on an informal
basis. There may be a limited range of facilities and meals may be fairly simple.
Lunch, for example, may not be served. Some bedrooms may not have en suite
bath/shower rooms. Maintenance, cleanliness and comfort should, however, always
be of an acceptable standard.
Two Star Hotels
In this classification hotels will typically be small to medium sized and offer more
extensive facilities than at the one star level. Some business hotels come into the two
star classification and guests can expect comfortable, well equipped, overnight
accommodation, usually with an en-suite bath/shower room. Reception and other staff
will aim for a more professional presentation than at the one star level, and offer a
wider range of straightforward services, including food and drink.
Three Star Hotels
At this level, hotels are usually of a size to support higher staffing levels, and a
significantly greater quality and range of facilities than at the lower star
classifications. Reception and the other public rooms will be more spacious and the
restaurant will normally also cater for non-residents. All bedrooms will have fully en
suite bath and shower rooms and offer a good standard of comfort and equipment,
such as a hair dryer, direct dial telephone, toiletries in the bathroom. Some room
service can be expected, and some provision for business travelers.
Four Star Hotels
Expectations at this level include a degree of luxury as well as quality in the
furnishings, decor and equipment, in every area of the hotel. Bedrooms will also
usually offer more space than at the lower star levels, and well designed, coordinated
furnishings and decor. The en-suite bathrooms will have both bath and fixed shower.
There will be a high enough ratio of staff to guests to provide services like porterage,
24-hour room service, laundry and dry-cleaning. The restaurant will demonstrate a
serious approach to its cuisine.
Five Star Hotels
Here you should find spacious and luxurious accommodation throughout the hotel,
matching the best international standards. Interior design should impress with its
quality and attention to detail, comfort and elegance. Furnishings should be
immaculate. Services should be formal, well supervised and flawless in attention to
guests' needs, without being intrusive. The restaurant will demonstrate a high level of
technical skill, producing dishes to the highest international standards. Staff will be
knowledgeable, helpful, well versed in all aspects of customer care, combining
efficiency with courtesy.

17.2.4T4 Accommodation facilities

 The building facility- this houses the accommodation service provision
facilities and equipments
 The lobby, lounge and waiting area
 Restaurant
 Bars
 guest rooms

28
  Audiovisual both in the room and in the waiting room
 Laundry services and change of linen
 The kitchen
 Casino
 Gymnasium
 Health spa- a place where you go to exercise and to take part in
activities that are thought to be good for your health, such as massage
 Discotheque- a nightclub for dancing to live or recorded music and often
featuring sophisticated sound systems, elaborate lighting, and other
effects.

17.2.4T3 Ownership of accommodation facilities

3 Types of Ownership-Management Relationship Acknowledged in Hotel Industries

Many lodging establishments especially small hotels and inns are managed by their owners. But
it is also very common for a hotel to be owned by one party but managed by a different party.
The relationship between ownership and management may be one or three basic types:

(i) Proprietary ownership,

(ii) Franchise, and

(iii) Management contract.

i. Proprietary Ownership:
Proprietary ownership is the direct ownership of one or more properties by a person or company.
Small motels are owned and operated by a couple or family is common examples of proprietary
ownership.

A chain is a group of hotels that are owned or managed by one company. In general, three or
more units constitute a chain but major hotel chains have from 300 to 5,000 properties. A
proprietary chain is owned entirely by one company.

In a co-owner chain, ownership of individual properties is shared by the hotel company and by
independent investors. Marriott, Sheraton Intercontinental are examples of successful chains.

A chain property has certain competitive advantages over an independently owned hotel. Chain
hotels attract experienced employees, it also benefits from national advertising campaigns that
independent operators cannot afford.

29
Consumers favour products that are well known to them and hotels are no exception to this
principle. A famous chain attracts travellers who recognize and trust the brand name.

ii. Franchise:
Not all hotels that have the same name belong to a proprietary chain. A different type of chain a
franchise chain comprises properties they have the same name and design but are owned and
operated by different parties.

A franchise is a license given by a company or franchiser, to use the company’s ideas, methods
or trademarks in a business. By paying a fee, a private investor or franchise can obtain a
trademark license, architectural plans, designs, training and operating methods. The franchisee is
responsible for financing the construction of the property.

The franchisee may be an individual, a partnership, a small corporation or group of investors.

Thus many hotels that have Holiday Inn, Sheraton or Hilton signs are actually owned by local
independent investors.

A franchisee pays an initial fee upon signing the franchise agreement. Franchisees also pay
ongoing royalties based on the total income of the hotel.

Besides Holiday Inn other well-known franchise chains include Days Inn, Ramada Inn, Super 8,
and the choice chain which includes Quality Inns, Comfort Inns etc.

iii. Management Contract:

Under a management contract, a property owner contracts with a hotel management company to
operate the establishment. In some cases a well-known chain may build a new property and
retain ownership, while arranging for a local firm to manage the hotel.

In other cases, local investors may fund the construction and development of a property, while
contracting with an experienced chain such as Ramada or Marriott, to manage the operations. In
either case the management firm receives a share of profits.

17.2.4T5 unit task 4: Explaining the tariffs in accommodation

Types of Rate Codes used in hotels

30
Hotels always have more than one rate code category for each room type. Room rates categories
generally correspond to types of rooms available to sell in the hotel ( Eg: Suite, Deluxe,
Premiere, Studio, Pent house etc. ).
Room Rates and rate codes may also vary according to the available room features such as room
size, location, view, furnishing, décors etc and also with competitors pricing.
Standard Room Rates and Rate codes used in the hospitality industry:
Rack Rate: Is the Standard rate or Published tariff defined by the hotel management for a
particular room category/type. This is generally printed on the tariff sheet of the hotel and these
details are also submitted to the local government authorities for hotel licensing and in some
countries for Gov. tax compliance. In other word's these rates are always without any sorts of
discounts.
Corporate or Commercial Rate: These are rates offered to companies that provide frequent
business for the hotel or its chain. This rate may vary according to the volume of business
guaranteed by the companies. Eg: NEG1, COR1 etc.
ADHOC Rate Code: These are normally non-standard rates which is offered as special one-
time rates for first time corporate's.
Group Rate: These are rates which is offered to groups, meetings and conventions using the
hotel for their functions.
Promotional Rate Codes: These rates are generally offered during low occupancy periods to
any guest to promote occupancy. Early Bird Rates, Stay for 3 and pay for 1 etc. are some
examples. These rates may also include certain add-ons to attract the customers like free WiFi
for 24 Hrs, free buffet dinner etc.
Incentive Rate Code: The Rate offered to individuals who belong to an association or holders of
special membership cards or Credit cards. Eg: Amex / VISA / Master cardholders get 5%
discount on Rack Rate, Lufthansa Frequent Flyer members get 25 % discount etc. For hotels,
these rates always give potential referral business.
Early bird Rate: This type of rates are only open X days before arrival. Eg: Open only when 7
Days before arrival, 14 Days Before Arrival, 30 Days Before arrival Etc.
Family Rate: A rate reserved for families with children. Usually, these rates include Extra Bed
charges and may also include some free add-on activities for children.
Package Rate: Rates that includes a guest room in combination with other available events or
activities. ( Eg: Best of London package which includes room rental, all meals, site seeing,
airport transfers etc. ) Package rate can be also a simple room and meal package like American
Plan ( AP), Modified American Plan (MAP), Continental Plan ( CP )etc.
Best Available rates ( BAR ) : These rate codes are the lowest discounted rate available for a
day which can be offered to the guest by the Reservation or Front desk staff. BAR can be off
different types:
'Dynamic BAR' - Has different tiers and each tiers will be opened and closed according to the
occupancy of the hotel. ( The new age hotel management software's does this automatically for
the Revenue Mangers.)

31
Sample Dynamic BAR Rate
Open / Close when
BAR Level Occupancy
Between
BAR -01 0% TO 25 %
BAR -02 26 % TO 35 %
BAR - 03 36% TO 50%
BAR - 04 51% TO 75%
BAR - 05 76% TO 100%
'Daily BAR' - Has a pre-defined daily room rate regardless of room categories ( Run of the
house) and occupancy, these rates are set according to the day of the week, as per the demand of
hotel rooms in the city, special day's or seasons, as per the room demand forecast done by the
hotel revenue manager.
Sample Daily BAR Rate
DATE DAY RATE ($)
19/10/2016 WED 200.00
20/10/2016 THU 200.00
21/10/2016 FRI 250.00
22/10/2016 SAT 250.00
23/10/2016 SUN 250.00
24/10/2016 MON 200.00
25/10/2016 TUE 200.00
Complimentary Rate: A Room rate with zero room charge which is offered to special guests,
industry leaders, Gov. officials etc.
House use Rate: A Room rate with zero room charge which is used for rooms stays for hotel
purpose. Eg: Manager or duty room, In-house General / Resident manager room etc.
Zero Rate Code: This kind of rates are used as system requirements for PMS's as these would
be tagged to Dummy rooms, Paymaster rooms and Group Master rooms.
Virtual Rate / Follow Rates: A Special Type of rate codes whose values are derived from
another rate code or rate group. Eg: BAR1 which is 10% off on the Rack Rate

Factors affecting Hotel rates

 Touristic season; (High, shoulder, Low)
 Hotel Location
 Services offered; quality, standard, class or star rating
 Installations and facilities offered
 Meal plans and menus offered
 Guest/ tourist age variation
 Groups and convections discounts
 Room type occupied /type of occupancy Room location
 Length of stay
 Nationality

32
RECREATIONAL CENTRES
Recreation is an activity of leisure, leisure being discretionary time. The "need to do
something for recreation" is an essential element of human biology and
psychology. Recreational activities are often done for enjoyment, amusement, or
pleasure and are considered to be "fun".

Mombasa Centers of recreation include:

Mama Ngina Drive
Fort Jesus Museum
Bamburi nature trail/ Haler Park
Mamba village (Nyali).

References
o McIntosh and Goeldner (2006) Tourism Principles Practices and Philosophies 8 th
ed.
o William Theobold Global tourism
o Robert Christie Mill, Alastair M. Morrison The tourism system
o S. Medlik( 2001) Understanding Tourism
o Linkorish (19**) An Introduction to Tourism
o Internet
o Hotel brochures and catalogues

Evaluation
o Describe any five room types
o Explain any five types of room rates

17.2.5 TRANSPORT

TOPIC: TRANSPORT
By the end of this topic, the trainee should be able to:
a) Explain the term transport
b) Explain the role of transport in tourism
c) Identify modes of transport
d) Discus the factors determining tourists choice of transport

UNIT TASKS

33
Task 1: Explaining the term transport
 Transport may be defined as the act of moving, carrying and conveying items and people
from one place to another.

Components of a transport system

1. the way
2. the terminal
3. the vehicle
4. The motive power.

Task 2: Explaining the role of transport in tourism

 It is one of the basic elements of tourism

 Facilitates movement of people to place of attractions\destinations and within
destinations
 Facilitates movement of goods to place of attractions

34
  It is a tourist attraction-sgr/nyali bridge/likoni ferry
 Development and expansion of a destination depends on accessibility

Task 3: Identifying modes of transport

 Road transport
– Coaches –it offers a versatile form of transport with convenient links. Coach travel can
be enjoyed when an escort is provided. Coaches can be very luxurious, offering facilities
such as seats as toilets, air conditioning, entertainment and buffet. They can be very
uncomfortable for long journeys. They come in all sizes and seating capacities range
from 10 to 50 although the average is 40. examples include, Greyhound, Europabus both
in Europe
– car hire- Car rental provides flexibility, the freedom to go almost anywhere at any time,
to stop and stay as one pleases .Rates are usually calculated on a daily basis( 24 hours) or
weekly basis (7 days) and the customer will be charged for the number of days/hours he
has traveled. Car rental offers great reductions and can negotiate competitive rates. The
cars come in different sizes from compact, intermediate, standard and premium.
The traveler counselor needs certain information before he can begin the booking
process:
1. renters
2. Pick-up location date and time.
3. return location, date, and time
4. size/class of car
5. incoming flight data
6. Discount numbers.
– Taxies, they are available to visitors at almost all entry points for their transfer and
linkages. Taxies also play a role in enabling tourists undertake sightseeing.
– Benefits of traveling by road
1. control of the route and the stops enroute
2. the control of departure times.
3. door to door flexibility
4. the ability to carry baggage and equipment easily
5. the ability to use the vehicle for accommodation in case of recreation vehicles and
caravan
6. privacy
7. the freedom to use the automobile once the destination is reached
8. the low perceived cost.
 Rail transport – train and locomotives conjure up visions of nostalgia for a more
leisurely era. Traveling by train is indeed nostalgic plus it offers an opportunity like no
other to meet the locals and to see sights in whatever country one may be traveling. In the
early to mid 1990s were a period for romance glamour for rail road’s privately owned rail
cars started to be used e.g the American Orient Express and the Andalusian express in
Europe palace on wheels

 Benefits of traveling by train

1. safety
2. the ability to look out of the train and see enroute.

35
 3. the ability to move around the coach.
4. arriving at the destination rested and relaxed
5. personal comfort
6. centrally located terminal
7. environmentally friendly form of transport
8. decongested route
 Sea transport-cruises are return voyage, with entertainment on board and organized
shore excursions. Travelers normally return to their pot of origin on the same vessel. A
cruise may call at several ports and islands giving the passenger an opportunity to see a
variety of new places of interest. there is a wide choice of cabins ( accommodation),
many decks(floors of the ship) cruises, ferries, dhows, boats, etc
 Air transport – this is the most important innovation of the 20th century. It has enabled
the transportation of passengers in the shortest time and boosted the demand of long haul
trips. Scheduled airlines offer a safe, convenient, reliable, and frequent and relatively
consumer oriented product and charter flight being rented aircrafts rented for a specific
journey and can be shared by many tour operators.

Benefits of traveling by air

1. it is fast form travel
2. it is safe way to travel
3. it is convenient
4. environment friendly
5. Centrally located terminals.

Task 4: Discussing the factors determining tourists choice of transport

There are numerous modes of transport available at disposal of humans to meet their ever-growing need
for specialized and most economic mode. It becomes important to choose the most suitable mode of
transport especially while working in a logistic company or transporting goods, for other purposes like
travelling, which perhaps have largest share in trips, also it becomes essential to decide between various
modes available.

1. Accessibility – This primarily deals with the ease of getting/boarding a vehicle. If a mode is not
easily accessible then it loses its usefulness because of its unavailability in a certain condition.
2. Cost/fare of ticket or cost of service – Considering large number of trips taking place for different
purposes and a modern capitalist economy, cost becomes one of the single most important
determining factor. It can also be linked to affordability of the user. This factor is one of the most
dynamic as the willingness to pay changes on the basis or urgency and need to travel/transport.
3. Fuel efficiency/ carbon emission – With the growing environmental concerns many people and
companies prefer to chose an option with smaller carbon footprint. Some people prefer electric
vehicle solely because of the “green” label associated with them. Fuel efficiency is closely linked
with carbon emission while doing a comparative study, getting more output from same quantity of
fuel is always desirable.
4. Speed – This factor is another most important and deterministic factor depending upon the
situation. Fastest mode may seem to be best option but cost associated with it makes it less
lucrative, a cheap mode might result in delay and the purpose of whole trip may be defeated. In
cases of emergency speed gains much more significance as compared to day to day trips.
5. Capacity/ Carrying Capacity – This is another important factor especially for logistic companies, it
becomes important in case of travelling in a group. While going on a trip with your complete class
you cannot expect to take multiple vehicles because of safety and security concerns,a vehicle with

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 more carrying capacity will be preferred. In case of transporting goods the concept of scale of
economies is best exploited for economic profit while dealing with bulk orders.
6. Integration with other modes – For long trips or trips which requires change of mode this factors
becomes most significant for completion of the trip. In case the selected mode is not integrated with
other modes than the trip will never get completed. In some cases to overcome the problem of
integration a heavy cost will be incurred to complete the required trip.
7. Reliability of the vehicle/mode – The chosen mode must be reliable. All factors will turn out to be
useless if the vehicle develops some fault or is prone to develop fault. If the mode is not reliable
than it will result in loss of both time and money. Reliability again becomes important on the basis of
situation.
8. Comfort – This factor is at times ignored while some makes it priority depending upon the
affordability. This is essential in case of travelling and ignored in case of transporting goods.
Humans undertakes the trip for various purpose like work, leisure journey, picnic, shopping and
thus always prefer comfort. Those who can afford to pay more are expected to get more comfort
while some prioritize cost over comfort depending on their personal decision.
9. Safety – Considering the increased cases of accidents safety becomes another important factor.
Anyone will wish to ensure maximum available safety for their loved ones. In case of logistics also
safety matters a lot especially while dealing with fragile material.
10. Privacy – This factor is usually ignored and comes into mind in some cases especially when the
purpose of trip is confidential like in case of business trips. All conversation taking place during the
journey are required to be kept confidential. It can also be required when a person wishes to spend
quality time with someone. Public transport does not provide option of privacy or if in some cases
they do provide than its negligible. Private vehicles can provide high level of privacy.
11. Employment generation – This factor is not considered for individuals and companies but is
essential for government while making policies as employment generation becomes their
responsibility.
12. Frequency – A mode with higher frequency is desirable as the waiting time reduces thus saving
time. Modes with good frequency helps especially in cases of delays.

 Distance and time factor.

 Status and comfort
 Safety and utility
 Comparative price and services offered
 Geographical position and isolation
 Range of services offered
 Level of competition between services.

17.2.6 RESERVATIONS AND REGISTRATION

THEORY

17.2.6T0 Specific Objectives

By the end of this sub-module unit, the trainee should be able to:
a) conduct bookings procedures
b) carry out guest registration

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 Content

17.2.6T1 Conducting accommodation booking procedures

Reservation Process and Procedure

Reservation is a complete process of booking that is conducted by to parties i.e. one guest or
customer and next one is hotel reservation section.
The procedure of reservation are:

A) Enquiry for reservations:

First step of reservation is registered as enquiry of reservation where reservation personnel
conduct a brief question answer section with guest or customer to gain various knowledge about
reservation which he/she wants to make. The point that are to be recorded are note down below:

i) Name of the guest

ii) Date of arrival

iii) Date of departure

iv) Desired room type

v) Desired room rate

vi) Required number of rooms

vii) Desired room plan

viii) Number of pare.

ix) Contact address and number (details)

x) Special recommendation

B) Determining the room availability:

The second most important step in reservation is determining the room availability. In this
process we check the demand of guest encoded during the first step. The availability can be
checked by referring to forecast chart, conventional chart or density chart. In fully automated
system we can begin check in the same availability by computerized system or software.

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 Room-Forecast-Chart
C) Accepting or denying the request:
Now after check in the room availability in hotel we are able to accept or deny the reservation
request. Accepting can be done if the request is fully validated by the availability formats and
system, where as vice versa can be conducted for denying.
Exceptional: In few cases reservation personnel can up sale another room of same criteria or
higher by conveying or motivate the customer or guest.
D) Documenting the reservation details:
After accepting or denying reservation next process is documentation. Documentation is
conducted by reservation staff by completing undone part of reservation form with the necessary
details of guest who is about to stay.
E) Confirming the reservation request:
After documenting the details of a guest we need to confirm the room to a guest. Confirmations
are generally done by dispatching a confirmation letter to the guest by having a guaranteed
reservation and may be sometime non-guarantee too.
F) Maintaining the reservation record:
After confirming a room to the guest we need to make a reservation record for each and every
booking made. The records can be maintained or processed in two ways:

a) Documenting the original reservation: In this process we file and record the original
reservation details and if we are working in a computerized system we will be recording a
printed form of reservation done. The documentation are done in a basis of date of arrival and
afterward in assurance to the surname of guest.

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b) Modification of reservation: The next step in processing is changing of the details that are
recorded in reservation form. In this case, we need to attach the different ammendment/
correction form or slip with the original one.

G) Compiling the reservation report:

Now after completion of reservation record we need to prepare the report of reservation section.
on either basis of date, week, month or year.

OR

Step 1: Making a reservation for an accommodation

Choose your preferred hotels, resorts, villas, or packages from the provided. Complete the
reservation form and send it to the accommodation provider. This can be through the various
available communication channels

Step 2: Reply to your request

You will be informed about the availability of the requested hotel/resort/villa within 24-48
hours. In case your requested accommodation (s) is not available, the accommodation provider
will suggest you an alternative for your consideration.

Step 3: Confirmation
The accommodation provider will send you the booking confirmation number of your
requested hotel which will include passengers' details, dates, rates, and any included
services. You are required to pay a deposit or to pay in full, depending on payment deadlines
with the accommodations.

Step 4: Payment
For hotel bookings you may pay directly to the accounting department by bank transfer or you
may pay by credit card by filling out the Authorization Payment Form (your credit card
number is to secure your booking). Please keep in mind the accommodation provider will not
charge your credit card before you receive their services. If you fail to complete the payment
within 48 hours after you have received the confirmation information (may be through an
email), your booking will automatically be cancelled without any other notice.

Step 5: Hotel Voucher

Once the accommodation provider receives the payment information he/she will then send you
a "Hotel Voucher" & "Invoice" issued by the accommodation provider, which you can later
show to the hotels/resorts or for your accounting purpose.

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