COMPUTER AIDED

ENGINEERING II
(Course Code: MTE204, Units: 1 )

for
Bachelor of Engineering
in
Mechatronics Engineering

Department of Mechatronics Engineering

Federal University Oye-Ekiti
Ekiti State
Lecture Note Prepared by: Engr. Dr. Oluwaseun. O.
Martins
 DISCLAIMER
This document does not claim any originality and cannot be used as a substitute for prescribed
textbooks. The information presented here is merely a collection by the author for his teaching
assignments. Various sources as mentioned in this document as well as freely available material from
the internet were consulted for preparing this document. The ownership of the information lies with the
respective authors or institutions.
 MTE204

Introduction to Simulink

Page 3 of 78
1.0. What Is Simulink

Simulink is a software package for modeling, simulating, and analyzing dynamic

systems (systems whose state varies with time). It supports linear and nonlinear
systems, modeled in continuous time, sampled time, or a hybrid of the two. Simulink
is a companion program to MATLAB and it contains two windows:

1. Library window: this contains several library and each library contains blocks
2. Workspace window: this is where the Simulink model is constructed

1.1. Tool for Interactive Simulation

Models can easily be constructed from scratch, or an existing model can be taken and
addition made to it. Simulations are interactive, so one can change parameters in real
time and immediately see the outcome.

1.2. Tool for Model-Based Design

Simulink turns the computer into a lab for modeling and analyzing systems. The
workspace window in Simulink provides a graphical user interface (GUI) for building
models as block diagrams, using click-and-drag mouse operations. Here one can draw
the models just as you would with pencil and paper. Simulink includes a
comprehensive block library of sinks, sources, linear and nonlinear components, and
connectors. One can also customize and create his own blocks. After drawing a model,
one can simulate it, using a choice of integration methods, either from the Simulink
menus or by entering commands in the MATLAB Command Window. Using scopes
and other display blocks, you can see the simulation results while the simulation is
running. The simulation results can be put in the MATLAB workspace for post-
processing and visualization. MATLAB and Simulink are integrated, so one can
simulate, analyze, and revise your models in either environment at any point.

Simulink can be used to explore the behavior of a wide range of real-world dynamic
systems, including electrical circuits, shock absorbers, braking systems, and many
other electrical, mechanical, and thermodynamic systems.

Page 4 of 78
2.0. Building a Model

The model below integrates a sine wave and displays the result along with the sine
wave. The block diagram of the model looks like this.

Fig. 1

2.1.Model creation steps

1. Enter Simulink in the MATLAB Command Window or click the Simulink
library on the MATLAB toolbar, the Simulink Library Browser appears.
2. Click the New Model button on the Library Browser’s toolbar, Simulink opens
a new model window.
3. Create the model by copying blocks into the model from the following Simulink
block libraries:
o Sources library (the Sine Wave block)
o Sinks library (the Scope block)
o Continuous library (the Integrator block)
o Signal Routing library (the Mux block)

Page 5 of 78
 Now drag a copy of the Sine Wave block from the browser and drop it in the
model window.

Repeat same for the other blocks.

Examine the blocks above; observe the angle bracket on the right of the Sine
Wave block and two on the left of the Mux block. The > symbol pointing out of a
block is an output port; if the symbol points to a block, it is an input port. Signal travels
out of an output port and into an input port of another block through a
connecting line. When the blocks are connected, the port symbols disappear.

4. To connect the blocks, connect the Sine Wave block to the top input port of the
Mux block. Position the mouse pointer over the output port right side of the
Sine Wave block. Notice that the cursor shape changes to crosshairs.

Hold down the mouse button and move the cursor to the top input port of the
Mux block.

Page 6 of 78
Now release the mouse button. The blocks are connected.

However, to create the branch line; such as that connects the Sine Wave output
to the Integrator block in Fig.1 above;

i. First, position the pointer on the line between the Sine Wave and the
Mux block.

ii. Press and hold down the Ctrl key (or click the right mouse button).
Press the mouse button, and then drag the pointer to the Integrator
block’s input port or over the Integrator blocks itself.

iii. Release the mouse button. Simulink draws a line between the starting
point and the Integrator block’s input port.

Finish making block connections. When you’re done, your model should
look something like this:

Page 7 of 78
 Note; the branch line carries the same signal that passes from the Sine Wave
block to the Mux block.

2.2. Setting up to run the simulation

Now we set up Simulink to run the simulation for 10 seconds. First, open the
Configuration Parameters dialog box by choosing Configuration Parameters from the
Simulation menu. On the dialog box that appears, notice that the Stop time is set to
10.0 (its default value).

Fig. 2

Close the Configuration Parameters dialog box by clicking the OK button. Simulink
applies the parameters and closes the dialog box. Now double-click the Scope block
to open its display window. Finally, choose Start from the Simulation menu and watch
the simulation output on the Scope.

Fig. 3

The simulation stops when it reaches the stop time specified in the Configuration
Parameters dialog box or when you choose Stop from the Simulation menu or click
the Stop button on the model window’s toolbar (Windows only).
Page 8 of 78
To save this model, choose Save from the File menu and enter a filename and location.
That file contains the description of the model.
To terminate Simulink and MATLAB, choose Exit MATLAB

2.2.1. Solving Differential Equations

Simulink can be used to solve evaluate various types of dynamic systems. Consider
the first order differential equation:

With initial condition 𝑥(0) = 0.

The system can be viewed as then fed into an integrator we have

the output

This can generally be depicted by

The schematics of the model of solving the system problem is presented in Figure 1

Figure 1 Model schematics 1

In Simulink the blocks required to model this system is as follows:

– Integrator block from the Continuous group;

– Sum block from the Math Operations group,
– Gain block from the Math Operations group,
– Sine Wave block from the Math Operations group; and,
– Scope block from the Sink group.

Therefore, the Simulink model is presented in Figure 2 after inputting the parameters of the
sine wave, sum and integrator blocks.

Page 9 of 78
 Figure 2 Simulink model 1
The simulation of the model gives the output of the system as presented in Figure 3. Obtained
by double-clicking the Scope to see the solution. Figure 3 shows the Scope plot after using the
auto-scale ( ) feature to rescale the scope view.

Figure 3 Oscilloscope output of model 1

However, we can make further changes to the system by checking the Configuration
Parameters under the Simulation menu item. See Figure 4. In particular, changing the
Refine Factor to 10 units can lead to smoother solutions.

Page 10 of 78
 Figure 4 System configuration parameter - Data Import/Export Parameters. Changing
the Refine Factor to 10 units for smoother solution

Hence, we obtain the scope output in Figure 5.

Figure 5 Scope plot of the solution, with Refine Factor= 10

Until now we have inputed the initial condition for the integrator internally. However,
there are instances whereby we will like to do same externally. Double-click the
Integrator block and change the initial condition source from internal to external
Figure 6. This adds another input to the block Figure 7. Drag a Constant block from
the Sources group into the model, connect it to the new input, and change the constant
value to the desired initial value. This results in the simulation shown in Figure 8.

Figure 6 integrator block initial condition source

Page 11 of 78
 Figure 7 Additional input to integrator block

Figure 8 Constant block addition as external initial condition source for the integrator

2.2.2. Exponential Growth and Decay

The simplest differential equations are those governing growth and decay. As an
example, we will discuss population models. Let P(t) be the population at time t. We
𝑑𝑝
seek an expression for the rate of change of the population, . Assuming that there is
𝑑𝑡
no migration of population, the only way the population can change is by adding or
subtracting individuals in the population. The equation would take the form

𝑑𝑝
= 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐼𝑛 − 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑂𝑢𝑡.
𝑑𝑡
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐼𝑛 = 𝑏𝑃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑂𝑢𝑡 = 𝑚𝑃.

This gives the total rate of change of population as

𝑑𝑝
= 𝑏𝑝 − 𝑚𝑝
𝑑𝑡
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑘 = 𝑏 − 𝑚

𝑑𝑝
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛, = 𝑘𝑝
𝑑𝑡
The equation above can be modelled easily in Simulink. Using Integrator, Constant, Gain, and
a Scope block. Given the initial value, 𝑃(0) = 8 and 𝑘 = −0.8

Page 12 of 78
 Figure 9 Simulink model for exponential growth and decay

Figure 10 Solution for the exponential decay with P(0) = 8 and k = -0.8. The simulation time was set at 10

2.2.3. Newton’s Law of Cooling

The law of cooling is attributed to Isaac Newton (1642-1727) who was probably the
first to state results on how bodies cool. For instance A cup of hot tea, kept in a room
will cool off and reach room temperature after a period of time. The main is idea is
that a body at temperature 𝑇(𝑡) is initially at temperature 𝑇(0) = 𝑇0. It is placed in
an environment at an ambient temperature of 𝑇𝑎. The goal is to find the temperature
at a later time, 𝑇(𝑡).

Let assume that the rate of change of the temperature of the body is proportional to
the temperature difference between the body and its surroundings. Thus, we have

𝑑𝑇
∝ T − Ta
𝑑𝑡

Page 13 of 78
The proportionality is removed by introducing a cooling constant,

𝑑𝑇
= −K (T − Ta)
𝑑𝑡

Where, 𝐾 > 0

Example 2.2

Using Simulink; A cup of tea at 60oC is placed in a room with a temperature of 20oC.
Find the temperature of a cup of tea at time 60s and 80s. given k = 0.1 s-1

Page 14 of 78
 Figure 11 Simulink model Newton's law of cooling

Figure 12 Solution for T0 = -k(T - Ta), T(0) = T0. Here we set k = 0.1 s-1, Ta = 20oC, and T0 = 60oC.

From the Figure 12, the cup temperature at 60s and 80s is 20oC

Note that example 2.1 shows the mathematical method where the equation to solve is
𝑇(𝑡) = 𝑇𝑎 + (𝑇0 − 𝑇𝑎 )𝑒 −𝑘𝑡

Where, 𝑇𝑎 is the ambient temperature and 𝑇0 is the body initial temperature.

2.2.4. Free Fall with Drag

Consider an object falling to the ground with air resistance? Free fall is the vertical
motion of an object solely under the force of gravity. It has been experimentally
determined that an object near the surface of the Earth falls at a constant acceleration

Page 15 of 78
in the absence of other forces, such as air resistance. This constant acceleration is
denoted by −g, where g is called the acceleration due to gravity. The negative sign is
an indication that we have chosen a coordinate system in which “up” is positive.

We are interested in determining the position, 𝑦(𝑡), of a falling body as a function of

time. The differential equation governing free fall is have

𝑦̈ (𝑡) = −𝑔

However, the differential equation we need to solve is

𝑣̇ = 𝐾𝑣 2 − 𝑔

Where, 𝑔 is acceleration due to gravity, 𝐾 is drag and 𝑣 is velocity.

The Simulink model is presented in Figure 13 with 𝐾 set as 0.00159

Figure 13 Simulation model for free fall

Figure 14 Solution for free fall with drag with k = 0.00159 starting from rest.

Page 16 of 78
2.3. Working with Simulink Output

Often we might want to access the solutions in MATLAB. Using the model in Fig. 8
add the To Workspace block from Sinks Library. Double-click and rename the simout
variable name as y and change the output type to array Figure 15. Run the simulation.
This will put tout and y data into the MATLAB workspace. In MATLAB you can plot
the data using plot (tout,y). You can add labels with xlabel(‘t’), ylabel(‘y’), title(‘y vs
t’).

Figure 15 Outputting to MATLAB

2.4. Printing Simulink Scope Images

For example, one might want to copy images produced by the scope or your model
into an MS Word document. Select the Scope Figure window in Fig. 5, then hit
ALT+PrintScrn to copy the Figure to a clipboard and paste the Figure into your
application.

2.5. Printing Models

Once you have made a model, you might want to include it in a report; this can be
done by typing the following in the MATLAB command window:

1. To print the open model to an encapsulated postscript file:

print('-sModelName','-desp,'model.esp')

Page 17 of 78
 2. For jpg files, you can use

print('-sModelName','-djpeg','model.jpeg')

3. For figure model, you can use

print -djpeg -FigureName -r300 myfigure

The picture file of the model will appear in MATLAB current folder.

Page 18 of 78
3.0. How Simulink Works

Simulating a dynamic system is a two-step process with Simulink. First, a user creates
a block diagram, using the Simulink model editor that graphically depicts time-
dependent mathematical relationships among the system’s inputs, states, and outputs.
The user then commands Simulink to simulate the system represented by the model
from a specified start time to a specified stop time.

3.1. Modeling Dynamic Systems

A Simulink block diagram model is a graphical representation of a mathematical

model of a dynamic system.

3.2. Block Diagram Semantics

A classic block diagram model of a dynamic system graphically consists of blocks and
lines (signals). The relationships between each elementary dynamic system in a block
diagram are illustrated by the use of signals connecting the blocks. Collectively the
blocks and lines in a block diagram describe an overall dynamic system.

There are two classes of blocks:

1. Nonvirtual blocks represent elementary systems. Blocks that plays specific role
in the definition of the system of equations described by the block diagram
model.
2. Virtual block is provided for graphical organizational convenience and plays
no role in the definition of the system of equations described by the block
diagram model. Examples of virtual blocks are the Bus Creator and Bus Selector
which are used to reduce block diagram clutter by managing groups of signals
as a “bundle.” You can use virtual blocks to improve the readability of your
models.

Because we use the term block diagrams in other fields, the term “time-based block
diagram” is used to distinguish block diagrams that describe dynamic systems in
Simulink from that of other forms of block diagrams.

Summary meaning of time-based block diagrams:

i. Simulink block diagrams define time-based relationships between

signals and state variables. The solution of a block diagram is obtained
by evaluating these relationships over time, where time starts at a user

Page 19 of 78
 specified “start time” and ends at a user specified “stop time.” Each
evaluation of these relationships is referred to as a time step.
ii. Signals represent quantities that change over time and are defined for
all points in time between the block diagram’s start and stop time.
iii. The relationships between signals and state variables are defined by a
set of equations represented by blocks.
3.3. Time

Time is an inherit component of block diagrams in that the results of a block diagram
simulation change with time. Simply put, a block diagram represents the
instantaneous behavior of a dynamic system.

3.4. States

Typically, the current values of some system, and hence model, outputs are functions
of the previous values of temporal variables. Two types of states can occur in a
Simulink model: discrete and continuous states. A continuous state changes
continuously. Examples of continuous states are the position and speed of a car. A
discrete state is an approximation of a continuous state where the state is updated
(recomputed) using finite (periodic or aperiodic) intervals. An example of a discrete
state would be the position of a car shown on a digital odometer where it is updated
every second as opposed to continuously.

Assignment

Using Simulink, model, simulate and analysis the system below:

𝑑
1. 𝑦(𝑡) + 5𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡) where 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑢(𝑡), initial condition 𝑦(0) = −2
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 6
2. = 𝑦, where 𝑦(1) = (1),
𝑑𝑡 𝑡
𝑑𝑦 6
3. = 𝑦 + 𝑡 2 , where 𝑦(1) = (1)
𝑑𝑡 𝑡
4. Solution to the logistic equation, 𝑦 ′ = 𝑟𝑦 (1 − 𝑦), with 𝑟 = 1 and 𝑦(0) = 0.1.
𝑑𝑦
5. = 𝑦 2 (1 + 𝑡 2 ) where 𝑦(1) = (1)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑠
6. + 2𝑠 = 𝑠𝑡 2 where 𝑠(1) = (1)
𝑑𝑡
7. 𝑥 + 2𝑥 = 𝑡𝑒 2𝑡 where 𝑠(1) = (1)
′

8. The temperature inside your house is 70oF and it is 30oF outside. At 1:00 A.M.
the furnace breaks down. At 3:00 A.M. the temperature in the house has
dropped to 50oF. Assuming the outside temperature is constant and that
Newton’s Law of Cooling applies, determine when the temperature inside your
house reaches 40oF.

Page 20 of 78
9. A body is discovered during a murder investigation at 8:00 P.M. and the
temperature of the body is 70oF. Two hours later the body temperature has
dropped to 60oF in a room that is at 50oF. Assuming that Newton’s Law of
Cooling applies and the body temperature of the person was 98.6oF at the time
of death, determine when the murder occurred.

Page 21 of 78
4.0. Second Order Differential Equations

These are equations involving the second derivative,𝑦 " (𝑥). Let’s assume that we can
write the equation as 𝑦 " (𝑥) = 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦(𝑥), 𝑦 ′ (𝑥)).

We would like to solve this equation using Simulink. This is accomplished using two
integrators in order to output 𝑦 ′ (𝑥) and 𝑦(𝑥).

Example

Model the initial value problem 𝑦 " (𝑥) + 5𝑦 ′ + 6𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 ′ (0) = 1, 𝑦(0) = 0 in Simulink

Figure 16 Model for the second order constant coefficient ODE 𝑦 " (𝑥) + 5𝑦 ′ + 6𝑦 = 0

4.1. Harmonic Oscillation

A typical application of second order, constant coefficient differential equations is the

simple harmonic oscillator as shown in Figure 17. Consider a mass, m, attached to a
spring with spring constant, k. According to Hooke’s law, a stretched spring will react
with a force 𝐹 = −𝑘𝑥, where x is the displacement of the spring from its un-stretched
equilibrium. The mass experiences a net for and will accelerate according to Newton’s
Second Law of Motion, F = ma. Setting these forces equal and noting that 𝑎 = 𝑥̈ , we
have

𝑚𝑥̈ + 𝑘𝑥 = 0
1
Hence, the differential equation we intend to solve with Simulink is 𝑥̈ = − 𝑚 (𝑘𝑥).

Page 22 of 78
 Figure 17 A simple harmonic oscillator consists of a mass, m, attached to a spring with spring constant, k

Example

A Simulink model for simple harmonic motion where k = 5 and m = 2. We also specify
the initial conditions 𝑥(0) = 1 and 𝑥̇ (0) = 0 is

Figure 18 A model for damped simple harmonic motion, 𝑚𝑥̈ + 𝑘𝑥 = 0

Page 23 of 78
 MTE204
INTRODUCTION TO DATA ANALYSIS IN
PYTHON

Page 24 of 78
1.0. Introduction to Python
1.1.Why Python

Python is simple and easy to learn, read, and write. It is a Free/Libre and Open Source
Software (FLOSS). Meaning one can distribute copies freely, read its source code,
modify it, etc. it is a high-level language and portable: meaning it is supported by
Linux, Windows, FreeBSD, Macintosh, Solaris, BeOS, OS/390, PlayStation, and
Windows CE platforms. Python supports procedure-oriented programming as wells
as object-oriented programming. It can also invoke C and C++ libraries can be called
from and C++ programs, can integrate with Java and NET components. Python has
been used by many of the big companies known today such as: YouTube, Google,
Dropbox, RaspberryPi, BitTorrent, NASA and NETFLIX.

Python application includes:

1. Web Scrapping
2. Automation Testing
3. Web Development
4. Data Analysis (Our focus in this course)

After the installation of Python, the next step is to start working on python. We will discuss
some important attributes then move to data analysis with python.

1.2. What is Data

Data in terms of statistics and probability refers to facts and statistics collected together for
reference or analysis. The figure below shows what can generally be done with data.

Data is subcategorized as depicted below:

Page 25 of 78
Qualitative data deals with characteristics and descriptors that cannot be easily measured, but
can be observed subjectively.

o Nominal data are data with no inherent order or ranking such as gender or race.

o Ordinal data are data with an ordered series.

Quantitative data deals with numbers and things that can be measured objectively.

o Discrete data are also known as categorical data; it can hold finite number of possible
values e.g. number of students in a class.
o Continuous data are data that can hold infinite number of possible values e.g. a
person’s weight.

It is worthy to mention here types of variable; which are:

o Discrete variable also known as categorical variable; it can hold values of different
categories. For instance, your email can hold value for inbox message or spam
message.
o Continuous variable are variables that stores infinite number of values e.g. a vehicle
speed.

Hence, variable is anything used to store a value and the kind of data associate with such
variable determines if such variable is discrete or continuous.

Variables can either be dependent or independent. Dependent variable are variables whose
value depends on any other independent variable.

Page 26 of 78
1.3. Important Attributes

Presented below as some keywords in python

1.3.1. Comments

Passing comments in python can be done using the # or ‘’’comment’’’. Where there is only one
line of comment the # is used. That is any text to the right of # is not executed by python. The
‘’’comment’’’ is applicable where multiply line of comment is to be passed in python.

Example:

# This code analysis a dataset

Or

‘’’

This

Code

Analysis

dataset

‘’’

Presented below is a demo of the python interface

Page 27 of 78
 Figure 19 Character printing

We can see form the Fig. 2 above that the keyword print is used to print the character in the
string (“”) or (‘’) in the brace.

Figure 20 Printing multiply variable form a single line input

Page 28 of 78
 Figure 21 Printing multiply variable with comma in print command brace.

1.3.2. Identifier

This is a name used to identify a variable, function, class, module or other object. For
instance, in Fig 3 X, Y and Z are identifiers. An identifier can start with A to Z or a to
z or an underscore (_) followed by zero or more letters, underscore and digits (0 to 9).
Note that python is a case sensitive programming language and does not allow any
special character within identifiers such as %, $ etc.

Identifier Naming Convention

1. class name starts with an uppercase letter. All other identifier starts with
lowercase letter.
2. Starting an identifier with one leading underscore means that identifier is
private
3. Starting an identifier with two leading underscores means that identifier is
strongly private
4. Ending an identifier with two trailing underscores means that identifier is
language-defined special name

Page 29 of 78
 Figure 22 identifier

1.3.3. Standard Data Types

Data type is a way of defining what kind of data and entry is; it can be numbers,
integer, float, Boolean etc. The data is the entry on the right side of the equality sign
and to the left is the identifier. Data can mutable or immutable data type. The figure
below presents more details:

Figure 23 Standard Data Type

Page 30 of 78
Immutable Data Type –

1. Numeric Data Type

2. Sting

Page 31 of 78
3. Tuples

Page 32 of 78
 Figure 24 Tuples

Mutable Data Type

1. List

Page 33 of 78
Page 34 of 78
 Figure 25 List data type

2. Dictionaries

Figure 26 Dictionaries

You can have dictionary within a dictionary or any other combination of data types.

3. Sets

Page 35 of 78
 Figure 27 Sets

1.3.4. Operators

Operators are important in the execution of operation in python. Fig 11 below

presents operators in python.

Page 36 of 78
1. Arithmetic Operators

2. Assignment Operator

3. Comparison Operator

Page 37 of 78
4. Logic Operators

5. Bitwise Operator

Page 38 of 78
6. Identity Operator

Figure 28 Identity operator

Page 39 of 78
7. Membership Operator: works on list, dictionary and tuples to check if an
element exist within any of those.

Figure 29 Membership

Page 40 of 78
2.0.Data Analysis with Python

This is the process of inspecting, cleaning, transforming, and modeling data with the
goal of discovering useful information’s, suggesting conclusions and supporting
decision making.

Figure 30 Data life cycle

Python provides various methods for data analysis, manipulation (NumPy and
Pandas libraries) and visualization (Matplotlib library) (see Fig 14).

Figure 31 Data Analysis in Python

2.1. Introduction to NumPy Library

Page 41 of 78
NumPy is a package for scientific computing in Python. NumPy features is presented
in Fig. 15 and operations in NumPy is presented Fig. 16.

Figure 32 NumPy Features

Figure 33 Operations in NumPy

NumPy has an array called ndarray; is is a multidimensional array object of two parts-
the actual data, some metadata which describes the stored data. They are indexed just
like sequences are in Python, starting from 0

Each element in ndarray is an object of data-type object called dtype. An item extracted
from ndarray, is represented by a Python object of an array scalar type (Please note
that this done internally by Python).

Page 42 of 78
2.1.1. Creating a NumPy Array

The NumPy is a library in Python therefore, the first step is to import the NumPy
library. See Fig 17.

Page 43 of 78
 Figure 34 creating NumPy Array

The linspace function in Python can allow us to create a vector by calling the linspece
function in NumPy and specifying the initial, final and the step. See Fig. 18.

Figure 35 Linspece function

2.1.2. Creating a Multidimensional NumPy Array

Import the NumPy library as np (as in Fig 17) and pass the array code as seen in Fig.
19.
Page 44 of 78
 Figure 36 Multidimensional NumPy Array

The arrange function can also be used to create a multidimensional array within a
specified range. See Fig. 20.

Figure 37 Arange function

We can also create an array of zeros by using the zeros function and specifying the
number of rows and column. See Fig. 21

Page 45 of 78
 Figure 38 Array of zeros

2.1.3. Creating an Array from Existing Data

The numpy.asarray is used converting Python sequence into ndarrays.

Page 46 of 78
 Figure 39 Creating an Array from Existing Data

2.1.4. Restructuring a NumPy Array

A linear array of any number of elements can be restructured as desired. Here will
make an instance, converting a linear array of 8 elements into 2×2×2 3D array consider
the case of transpose in matrix.

Page 47 of 78
 Figure 40 Restructuring a NumPy Array

The restructured array can be returned to its initial state by using the function ravel.

Figure 41 using the ravel function

2.1.5. Indexing a NumPy Array

Indexing in NumPy array is identical to Python’s indexing scheme

Page 48 of 78
 Figure 42 Indexing NumPy Array

Slicing a NumPy array, the slice object is constructed by providing the initial, final and
the step parameter to slice ()

Figure 43 Slicing a NumPy Array

Figure 44 Indexing and Slicing of NumPy Array

Other slicing method possible in Python is presented in Fig.28

Page 49 of 78
 Figure 45 Other Slicing Methods

NumPy array attributes can be derived by following the step in Fig. 29

Figure 46 NumPy Array Attributes

2.1.6. Reading and writing from files

2.1.6.1.Reading and Writing from Text file

NumPy provides the option of importing data from files directly into ndarray using
the loadtxt function. The savetxt function can be used to write data from an array into
text file.

Page 50 of 78
 Figure 47 Writing and Reading from a Text file

2.1.6.2.Reading and Writing from CSV file

NumPy arrays can be dumped into CSV using the savetxt and the comma delimiter
and the CSV file can be read into NumPy array using the genfromtxt function.

Page 51 of 78
 Figure 48 Writing and Reading from CSV file

2.2. Introduction to Pandas Library

Pandas is an open-source Python library which provides efficient, easy-to-use data structure
and data analysis tools. Pandas is built on NumPy and the name Pandas is derived from
“Panel Data” = an Econometrics form multidimensional data. The Pandas library is well suited
for several kind of data like:

1. Tabular data with heterogeneously-typed columns

2. Ordered and unordered time series data.
3. Arbitrary matrix data with row and column labels
4. Any other form of observational / statistical data sets. The data actually need not be
labeled at all to be placed into Pandas data structure

2.2.1. Data Structure in Pandas

Pandas provides three data structures; Series, DataFrames, Panels all to which are built on
NUmPy array. Note all data structure in Pandas are value-mutable.

Data Structure Dimension Description

Series 1 Labeled, homogenous array of immutable size
DataFrames 2 Labeled, heterogeneous typed, size-mutable tabular data
structure
Panels 3 Labeled size-mutable array

Page 52 of 78
2.2.1.1. Series

Series is a single dimensional array structure that stores homogenous data i.e., data of single
type. All element in the Series are value-mutable but size-immutable.

Fig. 31 presents the creation of a Series using the Pandas library.

Figure 49 Creating Series Using Pandas Library in Python

We can see from the output console in Fig. 31 that Python automatically added the
default index for the data. However, we can set the index by using the dictionary data
structure to input the Series. See Fig 31.

Elements within a Series can be accessed using the slicing function as earlier stated in
Fig. 27 and 28 however, an example is provided in Fig. 32.

Page 53 of 78
 Figure 50 Accessing Data in Series Using Slicing

2.2.1.2.DataFrames

DataFrames is a 2D data structure in which data is aligned in tabular fashion

consisting of rows and columns.

Fig. 33 shows how DataFrame is created. We will notice that Python automatically
printed the default index as in the case of Series and a default column name of 0.
We can input our own column name by using a dictionary to input the data.

Page 54 of 78
 Figure 51 Creating DataFrame

Figure 52 The NaN case

We can also specify our own index see Fig. 35

Page 55 of 78
 Figure 53 Using your own Index in Data Frame

Series can be converted to DataFrame see Fig. 36

Figure 54 Converting Series to DataFrame

Column addition and deletion is possible with DataFrame

1. To add column to a DataFrame the data must be passed as Series

Page 56 of 78
 Figure 55 Adding a Column to a DataFrame

2. Deleting a Column from a DataFrame is done by using the del function

Figure 56 Deleting a Column from a DataFrame

3. We can also use the pop function to view on the column of interest. For
instance, let view the result of Femi only

Page 57 of 78
 Figure 57 Using the pop function

Row addition and deletion is possible with DataFrame

1. Rows can be selected in DataFramenby passing the row label to the loc[]
function. Alternatively, we can pass in the row index into the iloc[] function.

Figure 58 Using the loc function for row selection

Page 58 of 78
2.2.2. Importing and Exporting data using Pandas

Data can be loaded into DataFrame from input data stored in CSV format using
the read_csv() function

1. Create a CSV file in Python

2. Then read the file

Figure 59 Reading CSV file to Pandas Library

Data present in a given DataFrame can be written to CSV file using the to_csv()
function. If the specified path does not exist, a file of the same name is automatically
created.

Page 59 of 78
Similarly, we can write to and read from excel file using Pandas

Figure 60 Reading from Excel file

Figure 61 Writing to Excel file

Page 60 of 78
2.3. Introduction to Data Visualization and Matplotlib

Matplotlib is a Python library specifically designed for development of graphs, charts

etc., in order to provide interactive data visualization.

2.3.1. Plotting in Matplotlib

Plotting ins Python is done by importing the matplotlib.pyplot library as plt and
pass in the argument.

Figure 62 Using Matplotlib Library in Python

Page 61 of 78
 Figure 63 Specifying the x and v values in Matplotlib

We can add the grid by using the plt.grid(True).

Setting of axis is done by using plt.axis([xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax])

Labels can be added to x and y axis using plt.xlabel(‘X axis’)and plt.ylable(‘Y axis’)

Title can be added using plt.title(‘learning plotting in Python’)

Legend can be set using the legend function plt.legend()

Page 62 of 78
We save the plot by using the plt.savefig(‘file name’)

2.3.2. Plot Types

There are several plot formats for visualizing information in Python such as
Histogram, Scatter Plot, Bar Graph and Pie Chart. We will show here how to demand
any and other plot format in Python.

Page 63 of 78
1. Histogram

Histogram describes the information of a variable over a range of frequencies

or values.

Figure 64 Plotting an Histogram in Python

2. Bar Graph

We create two arrays; the first array is the midpoint of the face of every bar i.e.,
where the midpoint of the bar graph should be. The second array is the height
of the successive bar graph.

Page 64 of 78
 Figure 65 Bar graph in Python

We Can Plot a Dictionary Using Bar Chart

Page 65 of 78
 Figure 66 Plotting Bar graph from Dictionary

3. Pie Chart

Pie chart is used to compare multiple parts against the whole. For instance, let use
a pie chart to visualize how a student spend her income.

Expenses Amount
Food 5,000
Transport 1,500
Credit card 2,000
Accessory 500

Page 66 of 78
 Figure 67 Pie chart in Python

4. Scatter plot

Scatter plots displays the values for two sets of data, visualized as a collection of
points.

Page 67 of 78
Figure 68 Scatter plot in Python

Page 68 of 78
INTRODUCTION
TO
ANSYS

Page 69 of 78
1.0. Introduction to Ansys Workbench
ANSYS Workbench is a project-management tool that handles the passing of data between ANSYS
Geometry / Mesh / Solver / Postprocessing tools. This attribute makes it a great help in project
management. A project manager need not worry about the individual files on disk (geometry, mesh etc.).
Graphically, you can see at-a-glance how a project has been built. The capability of Workbench in the
management of individual applications and passing of data between, makes it easy to automatically
perform design studies (parametric analyses) for design optimization.

1.1. Workbench Overview

Main Screen
Figure 1 below presents the main interface of the ANSYS Workbench software. The components of this
window are: Top menu – Toolbox – Project schematics – Messages – Progress

Figure 69 ANSYS Workbench Software Interface

Page 70 of 78
Top Menu
i. Top Menu – File
 Create /Open/Save a Workbench project file
 Saves data from all the components
 Import: Import file (of acceptable file types)
 Archive: Quickly generate a single compressed file
(.wbzp or zip file) containing all important files for
easy transfer. Zipped file can be saved at any
required location
 Restore Archive: Unzip and open zipped project files
 Scripting: Record and Run journal files
 EKM: Launch and connect to EKM (Engineering
Knowledge Manager)

ii. Top Menu – View

 Refresh and Reset Window layout
 View Toolbox, Toolbox Customization, Project
Schematic, Message, Progress. Etc. windows on Project
page
 Reset Workspace: restores current workspace to
default setting
 Reset window layout: restores original window layout

iii. Top Menu – Tools

 Refresh or Update entire project
 Modify Global Setting through options

Page 71 of 78
 iv. Top Menu – Units
 Select Unit System to be used for the project
 Sets the default unit system for all systems
 Units can be changed within components like
DM. AMP
 Display Values as Defined: displays values and
unit as defined in Workbench or original source
application
 Display Values in Project Unit: displays values
converted to selected project unit system
 Modify Unit Systems through Unit System

Toolbox
i. Analysis Systems: are ready-made stencils that include all the
individual systems (applications) needed for common analyses
(for example Geometry + Mesh + Solver + Post-Processor)

ii. Component Systems: are the individual building-blocks for

each stage of the analysis which can be setup by user

iii. Design Exploration: provides tools for optimizing designs and

understanding the parametric response

Page 72 of 78
 iv. Custom Systems: predefined systems with some interactions
between them. It is also possible to define new custom-systems

2.0. Basic Workflow

Starting a new project in the Project Schematic Window requires dragging a corresponding Analysis
System onto the Project Schematic Window. A workflow, comprising all the steps needed for a typical
analysis. For instance, the Fluid Flow (Polyflow) Analysis System in Fig. 2

Workflow is from top to

bottom. As each stage is
complete, the icon at the right-
hand side

changes

Figure 70 Analysis System in Project Schematic Window

An alternative method to creating a workflow within the Project Schematic Window is by dragging and
dropping necessary systems into the Project Schematic Window form the Component Systems and linking
the components accordingly with connectors Fig. 3.

Page 73 of 78
 Figure 71 Alternative Method to Workflow Creation
There are two types of connectors: square and round connector. The square connector as seen in Fig. 3
shows that the output of the preceding cell is being shared with the destination cell. A round connector
means the output of the preceding cell is being transferred as a setup (input) condition to be used in
the destination cell.

2.1. Cell States

Status of each cell in ANSYS Workbench are denoted by distinct icons. Here these icons and their
interpretation are presented.

Up to Date

Refresh required. Upstream data has changed

Refresh required. Upstream data has changed

Unfulfilled. Upstream data does not exist

Attention Required

Solving

Update Failed

Update Interrupted

Changes pending (was up-to-date, but upstream data has

changed)

Page 74 of 78
2.2. Sharing Data between Different Solvers

Data can be transfer between solvers in Workbench. In this 1-way FSI (fluidstructure-interaction)
example, we transfer the loads from a Fluent CFD simulation over to a Mechanical system to perform a
stress analysis.

Figure 72 Sharing Data between Different Solvers

Page 75 of 78
 Figure 73 Design Modeler Window
Figure 5 presents the Design Modeler window in ANSYS Workbench consisting of two sub-windows in
the Tree Outline: sketching window and modeling window.

In the Sketching window a new model can be created or an imported model can be improved as requisite
for the intended analysis.

In the Modeling window the necessary 3D feature is applied to the model and meshing pattern is also
added.

Figure 74 Design Modeler Showing a Created Model

2.3. File Location on the Disk

Should you need to identify the individual files on your disk for each stage of the project, these can be
found by enabling View > Files. The resulting table will cross-reference the directory and filename with
the project cells.

Page 76 of 78
 Figure 75 File location Directory

Now we will be running a demo on static structural system, Fluid Flow (Fluent) etc.

Page 77 of 78
WISHING YOU
THE BEST
IN YOUR
EXAMINATION
THANK YOU

Page 78 of 78