Biological Nutrient Removal

Biological Nutrient Removal 101
Glen T. Daigger, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE, NAE Senior Vice President and Chief Technology Officer
2/8/2009
POTW Nutrient Removal Seminar Salt Lake City, UT
BN(itrogen)R Removal Occurs by Nitrification and Denitrification

NO3 Supply NRCY Food
RAS
WAS
Nitrification: NH3 + O2 NO3 Denitrification: Food + NO3 CO2 + H2O + N2

2/8/2009
Heres Whats Needed to Do This:

Nitrification:
Adequate Aerobic SRT Adequate Oxygen Supply Adequate Buffering (Alkalinity)
M in im u m S R T (D a y s ) 10 8 6 4 2 0 10
No Nitrification Nitrification Operating Factor
NO3-N (mg/L)
Denitrification:
Adequate Anoxic SRT Recycle of Nitrate to Anoxic Zone Exclude DO Enough Food
High-Rate Denitrification, Readily Readil Biodegradable (Dissolved) Organic Matter Low-Rate Denitrification, Slowly Biodegradable (Colloidal and Particulate) Organic Matter
Endogenous Respiration
15
20 Temp (Deg Cent)
25
30
0 0 Time
3
2/8/2009
Six Key Biological Nitrogen Removal Principals Include:

Use Influent Carbon First Design for Good Sludge Settleability Use Physical Foam Control Not All Supplemental Carbon is Created Equal SNdeN Becomes Predictable How Much GHGs are We Creating?
2/8/2009
Sludge Settleability Dramatically Affects Bioreactor Inventory

300
Allowa able MLSS (% of Value at 300 mL/g) %
250
200
150
Double MLSS Improved SVI
100
50
0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
SVI (mL/g)
5
2/8/2009
Anoxic Selector Sized Based on Anoxic SRT

SRT = 2-3 Days, Depending on Temperature 23 Staging Further Improves Selection
5 mg BOD5/mg NO3-N (8 mg COD/ NO3-N)
Designed to Nitrify Staging Improves Selection
Clarifier
RAS
2/8/2009
WAS
6
Required Aerobic Zone DO Correlates with Respiration Rate

F/M, kg COD Rem g moved/kg MLVSS, da M ay 1.6
38 1.2 12 32 28 0.8 22 16 0.4 10 4 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Aeration Basin DO, mg/l

2/8/2009
DO Uptake Rate mg O2/g VSS, hr e,

7
Bulking Occurred Bulking Did Not Occur
44

2/8/2009
Two Professionals Study Foam Problem!
Nocardia Can Be Fun!

2/8/2009
Principal Cause of Nocardiform Foaming is Trapping

Demonstrated at Laboratory and Full-Scale y Growth Form Varies with Trapping:
No Trapping System Trapping System
2/8/2009
10
Selective Foam Wasting is a Proven Technique
2/8/2009
11

2/8/2009
12
Denitrification Can Occur Inside Activated Sludge Flocs
Aerobic Anoxic
Aerobic
Low DO and/or High F/M
High DO and/or Low F/M
2/8/2009
13
Denitrification Can Also Occur Due to Bioreactor Mixing Pattern

Aerator Anoxic Aerobic Aerobic or Anoxic
RAS Influent
To Cl ifi T Clarifiers
2/8/2009
14
Denitrification Can Also Occur Due to Bioreactor Mixing Pattern
High DO
Low DO Controlling Oxygen Input K to Reliable Performance! C t lli O I t Key t R li bl P f !


Ni Nitrate Ni i NO N2O N2 Nitrite 310 x CO2
2/8/2009
16
BP(hosphorus)R Requires Anaerobic Zone

Anaerobic Zone Anoxic Zones Mixed Liquor Recirculation Aerobic Zone NRCY
RAS Location
RAS Johannesburg Process

WAS
2/8/2009
17
Phosphorus Accumulating Organisms (PAO s) (PAOs) Include:
Polyphosphate Granules: PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO4 PO Phosphate Storage Energy Storage Poly--hydroxy butyrate: Lipid Li id Carbon Storage
2/8/2009
18
PAOs Have Unique Anaerobic/ Aerobic Metabolism

Anaerobic Conditions C diti
PO4-3 Energy Acetate
Aerobic Conditions
PO4-3 Energy CO2 + H2O O2
2/8/2009
19
Four Key Biological Phosphorus Removal Principals Include:

Exclude Nitrate From Anaerobic Zone Its Not the Process, Its the Wastewater If VFAs Insufficient, Make Your Own A Fat Bug is a Happy Bug
2/8/2009
20
Stoichiometry Controls Phosphorus Removal

Efficiency Depends on Organic Matter:
Expressed as BOD5/TPO4 Ratio; Typically Requires 15 to 25 mg BOD5/mg TPO4, Depending on Process.
Specifically Requires VFAs: p y q

Acetic and Propionic Acid; 7 to 10 mg VFA/mg P Removed by Bio-P
Sufficient VFAs
Influent Wastewater (Produced in Collection System) Produce in Anaerobic Zone Produce From Influent Organics Purchase and Add
2/8/2009
21
Sludge Fermentation Increases VFA Feed to BNR Systems

PE
Elutriation of VFAs
PSD S
3 Day SRT to Hydrolyze t H d l and Ferment Particulate Matter
FO O
FSD 0.1 to 0.2 0 1 t 0 2 mg VFA / VFAs/mg VS F d Fed
Many Other Configurations are Possible

Four Key Biological Phosphorus Removal Principals Include:

Exclude Nitrate From Anaerobic Zone Its Not the Process, Its the Wastewater If VFAs Insufficient, Make Your Own A Fat Bug is a Happy Bug
2/8/2009
23
Several Reactions Occur in Bio-P Systems

Anaerobic Conditions
PO4-3 Energy Acetate
VFA Uptake and PHA Formation (Phosphorus Release) Fermentation of Readily Biodegradable Organic Matter Denitrification (Undesirable)
Aerobic Conditions
PO4-3 Energy CO2 + H2O O2
2/8/2009
PHA Oxidation Poly-P Formation Poly-P Lysis y y PAO Growth Heterotroph Growth Decay Nitrification
24
Biological Nutrient Removal 101
Glen T. Daigger, Ph.D., P.E., BCEE, NAE Senior Vice President and Chief Technology Officer
2/8/2009
25

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Biological Nutrient Removal 101

POTW Nutrient Removal Seminar Salt Lake City, UT

BN(itrogen)R Removal Occurs by Nitrification and Denitrification

Nitrification: NH3 + O2 NO3 Denitrification: Food + NO3 CO2 + H2O + N2

POTW Nutrient Removal Seminar Salt Lake City, UT

Heres Whats Needed to Do This:

20 Temp (Deg Cent)

POTW Nutrient Removal Seminar Salt Lake City, UT

Six Key Biological Nitrogen Removal Principals Include:

POTW Nutrient Removal Seminar Salt Lake City, UT

Sludge Settleability Dramatically Affects Bioreactor Inventory

Allowa able MLSS (% of Value at 300 mL/g) %

Double MLSS Improved SVI

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Anoxic Selector Sized Based on Anoxic SRT

Designed to Nitrify Staging Improves Selection

POTW Nutrient Removal Seminar Salt Lake City, UT

Required Aerobic Zone DO Correlates with Respiration Rate

38 1.2 12 32 28 0.8 22 16 0.4 10 4 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Aeration Basin DO, mg/l

DO Uptake Rate mg O2/g VSS, hr e,

Bulking Occurred Bulking Did Not Occur

POTW Nutrient Removal Seminar Salt Lake City, UT

Six Key Biological Nitrogen Removal Principals Include:

POTW Nutrient Removal Seminar Salt Lake City, UT

Two Professionals Study Foam Problem!

Nocardia Can Be Fun!

POTW Nutrient Removal Seminar Salt Lake City, UT

Principal Cause of Nocardiform Foaming is Trapping

POTW Nutrient Removal Seminar Salt Lake City, UT

Selective Foam Wasting is a Proven Technique

POTW Nutrient Removal Seminar Salt Lake City, UT

Six Key Biological Nitrogen Removal Principals Include:

POTW Nutrient Removal Seminar Salt Lake City, UT

Denitrification Can Occur Inside Activated Sludge Flocs

Low DO and/or High F/M

High DO and/or Low F/M

POTW Nutrient Removal Seminar Salt Lake City, UT

Denitrification Can Also Occur Due to Bioreactor Mixing Pattern

POTW Nutrient Removal Seminar Salt Lake City, UT

Denitrification Can Also Occur Due to Bioreactor Mixing Pattern

Low DO Controlling Oxygen Input K to Reliable Performance! C t lli O I t Key t R li bl P f !

Six Key Biological Nitrogen Removal Principals Include:

POTW Nutrient Removal Seminar Salt Lake City, UT

BP(hosphorus)R Requires Anaerobic Zone

RAS Johannesburg Process

Phosphorus Accumulating Organisms (PAO s) (PAOs) Include:

POTW Nutrient Removal Seminar Salt Lake City, UT

PAOs Have Unique Anaerobic/ Aerobic Metabolism

POTW Nutrient Removal Seminar Salt Lake City, UT

Four Key Biological Phosphorus Removal Principals Include:

POTW Nutrient Removal Seminar Salt Lake City, UT

Stoichiometry Controls Phosphorus Removal

Specifically Requires VFAs: p y q

POTW Nutrient Removal Seminar Salt Lake City, UT

Sludge Fermentation Increases VFA Feed to BNR Systems

FSD 0.1 to 0.2 0 1 t 0 2 mg VFA / VFAs/mg VS F d Fed

Many Other Configurations are Possible

Four Key Biological Phosphorus Removal Principals Include:

POTW Nutrient Removal Seminar Salt Lake City, UT