Ti Gon Metron, + + + 3 sides Measure Hence this particular branch in mathematics was developed in ancient past to measure 3 sides and 3 angles - 6 elements ofa triangle. In today's time trigonometrical functions are used in entirely different shape. The 2 basic functions are sine and cosine of an angle ina right angled triangle and there are 4 other derived functions. sin cos tan cot see cosec P BOP BH H H H BP B P In earlier classes your teacher must have told you about Pandit Badri Prasad Hari Hari Bole. All of you must also be knowing that sin@-cosecO=1; cos @+ sec 0=1; tan - cot 0= Now we come to 3 important identities from class X (1) sin?@ + cos?0@=1; (2) 1+tan’?0=sec*0; 3) 1 cot?6 = cosec?0Reciprocal of (sec 0 — tan 0); (2) _ Reciprocal of (cosee 0 ~ cot 0) Using these 3 identities hundreds of other identities can be proved. While proving identities you can use rationalisation, factorisation and many other similar mathematical operation:Measurement of Angle and sign convention (the amount of turning) 2 units ofangle measurement are degree Radians When you draw a line perpendicular to another and then divide the angle between them in 90 equal parts. Then each part will be equal to one degree. Ina circle draw an are of length / and it subtends an angle 0 at the centre. Now if length of are i.e, /-radius of circle then the angle subtended by'it at the centre of the circle is equal to 1 radian written at 1°. Symbolically /= r6 where 0 in radians. Note: x° = 180°.II reduction (180° - 0) A's OPB and OP'B' are congruent by AS A. 2(90° — 0), side r, 20 side opposite to 90° ~ 0 = x same as in AOPB and side opposite fo 0 = y same as in AOPB Zl sin(180°- 0) = 7 in; cos(180° — 6 tan(180°—0)=—tand; —_cot(180° — 0 cosec(180° — 0) = cosecd; sec(180°~ 0) Sines of supplementary angles are equal supplementary angles ar those whose sum is 180°. Sum of the cosines, tangents, cotangents, secants of supplementary angles is zero. since cos(180° — 0) = — cos cos(180° ~ 8) + cos® = 0 same for tan, cot and see Yy sin(120°) = sin(180° — 60°) = sin 60° = a a c0s(150°) = cos(180° — 30°) =~ cos 30° =~ 3REDUCTION FORMULAE: (90 + @) Relation A OPB and A OP'B' are congruent by ASA property one 28, side r, 2(90°— 0) In A OP" PR'=x ‘ide opposite to 90° — 8 is x in AOPB In A OP'BY, OB! = yas side opposite to 0 in A OPB is y. In A OPB' sin (90° + 8)= cos (90° + 8 tan (90° + 0) sec (90° + 0) cot (90° + 0) = cosec (90° + 0) In all (90° + 8) relations sin changes to cos cos changes to sin cosec changes to sec tan changes to cot cot changes to tan and sec changes to cosec with appropriate sign v3 cos 30° = 2 0S 3 sin(120°) = sin(90° + 30°) tan(135°) = tan(90° + 45°) =~ cot 45°= ~ 1 cos(150°) = cos(90° + 60°) =~ sin 60° =— MleIII reduction (180° + @) AOPB and AOP'B' are congruent by AS A 2(90°— 0), side r, 20. sin(180+ 6)= —* =~ sin8; (x9) 1 cos(180 + 0)= —* = tan(180 +6) = tan cot(180 + 6) = cot; cosec(180 + 8) =—cosec®; —_sec(180 + 8) =~ sec: sin(210°) = sin(180° + 30°) =~ sin 30° =~ 1/2 cos(240°) = cos(180° + 60°) =~ cos 60° =~ 1/2 tan(225°) = tan(180° + 45°) = tan 45 In (180 + 6) relations sin remains sin cos remains cos tan remains tan cot remains cot sec remains sec cosecremains —_cosec with appropriate signs. in( 180° + 90°) =~ sin 90° =~ 1 ‘an(180° + 90°) ve cos 90°TV reduction (360 —®) or (2m ~- 8) Any angle of the form 22 — 6 can be written as — @ because if we say 27 — @ then it means we are moving clockwise from origin and by convention all angles measured clockwise are — ve. sin(21 -0) = sin (-0) cos(2m -0) = cos (-0) tan (-0) Again AOPB and AOP'B are congruent by ASA sin (-0) = — =~ sino; iwie] |e (2 121212 2 1e ae m slals lols | ‘4 | 6 + | 2 Degree | 0 [30° 48° [ate Foor ae [5 fae aor [27 300" » bolt (tS), /2 F472 8] ‘4 = 2 |Yrl2 2 |W | 2 zz Bp fa Tos 1 se |? be fe] a |? | oo |e 2° y i 7 = i ton | o |e] t [3 [NP] -98 | -1 |-ae v3 | ND ° Bla |2he|-4) a Te = ca [ofl [Epo |e) a [8 aL? ND HIGHLIGHT OF THE TABLE: () -1 cos(2n— nF 0, wheren € I; cosine of odd integral multiple of is zero, 1 (0) 0s (2n~1)5 =0, wheren € 1 cotangent of odd integral multiple of 5 is zero.(7) (8) (9) (10) cos0=1, cosm=~1, cos2n=0 cos 2mn = 1; cos (2m~—1)n=—1, where mel cosine of odd integral multiple of x is— 1 and even integral multiple of wis 1. Same is the fate of secant ie. sec Inm=1, sec (2m—1)n=-1 tan™ =ND; ee ae v5 =ND, wheren 1 2 2 tangent of odd integral multiple of isND cot 0°=ND, cotm=ND, cot2n=ND; .. cotnt=ND, wheren eI cotangent of integral multiple of is not defined. . mn _ . 3n same) =1,sin 20-2) =—1 = tm?)sin(A+ B) = cos Asin B + sin A cos B (1) e.g. sin 92° cos 28° + cos 92° sin 28° = sin 120° Identify true for all real values of Aand B In equation (1) replaced B by ~B sin(A—B) = sin A cos(-B) + cos A sin(-B) sin(A—B)=sinAcosB+cosAsinB _....2) In (1) Replace B by 90° +B sin (A +90° +B) =cos (A+B) cos(A + B) = sin A cos(90° + B) + cos A sin(90° + B) sin A sin B + cos Acos B cos(A+B)=cos AcosB-sinAsinB _...3) In (3) replace B by- B cos (A~B) =cos A cos(~B) ~ sin A sin(-B) cos (AB) =cos A cos B + sinA sin B (4)in(45°— 30°) = sin 45° cos 30° — cos 45° sin 30° G3-nW3+) 223+ ~ Vo+V2 sin(15°)= sin 75 Sn ='e0s 75°= cos: cos 0875 5 sin75° = sin = sin(45° + 30°) = sin 45° cos 30° + cos 45° sin 30° L vB, Lt 341 ory? 4202 422° 22 _ B41 +1 V6+v2 sin 75° = _ ot X 5 sin = = cos = cos 15°= 12 12 22 4 3-1 5 P= ee = = = pat tan 15 an Bal 2-3 = cot 75 cotrs v3+1 1 = 24,3 = cot 15°= cot 243 =o cots, tan 75°= fan = 12. v3-l1CE Two Very Important identities: (a) sin(A +B): sin(A—B) = sin2A — sin?B (b) cos(A+B)- cos(A~B ‘A= sin’ Proof:(a) _sin(A+B)- sin(A~B) =(sinA cosB + cosA sinB)(sinA cosB ~ cosA sinB) in?A cos*B — cos?A sin?B in®A(1 —sin®B) — sin?B(1 — sin?A) = sin2A — sin?B (b) cos(A+ B) - cos(A ~ B) = (cos A cosB ~ sinA sinB)(cos A cos B + sinA sinB) = cos?A cos?B ~ sin?A sin*B =cos?A(1 — sin?B) — (1 — co: =cos’A-sinrB cos?B — cos?A. )sin?B( Q) GB) @) sin(A + B) = sinA cos B + cos A sin B sin(A— B) = sin A cos B~ cos Asin B €0s(A + B) = cos A cos B ~ sin Asin B €0s(A— B) = cos Acos B + sin Asin B Adding (1) and (2) () ©) @) (8) 2 sinA cos B = sin(A + B) + sin(A—B) veel) subtracting (1) and (2) 2 cos Asin B=sin(A+B)~—sin(A—B) __ ....(6) Adding (3) and (4) 2. cos A cos B= cos(A+B) + cos(A~B)_ ...(7) Subtracting (3) and (4) ~2 sin A sin B = cos(A + B) ~ cos(A~ B) 2 sin A sin B = cos (A~B) ~ cos (A+B) _ ....(8) These 4 identities from (5) to (8) are useful for converting product to sum.(9) sinC+sinD= 2 sin( 4? (10) sin C- sin D =2 ooe( 22 (IL) cos C + cos D = 2 cos (12) cos C— cos D=— 2 sinTo deduce the value of tan(A + B) and cot (A + B) a Q) @) @ A+B)— tanA+tanB 1 tan(A+B)= TT tanAtanB 7D In equation (1) replaced B by~ B tam py = A= tanB » ana BD Te tanAtanB If B=7/4 inequation (1) Tt A\- I+tanA 3 tan FA} ana 3) IfB=1/4 in equation (2) : (F-a)-touea 4 ang) = tan A A) Note that (1+ tan @)(1+ tan(45°— 6) eg. (1+ tan3°)(1 + tan 6°), on(+tan 42°Y(1 + tan 45°) = 2 => k=8To deduce the value of cot(A + B) cos(A+B) _ cosAcosB-sinAsinB sin(A+B) ~ cosAsinB+sinAcosB dividing this equation by sin Asin B cotAcotB-1 ily co(A + B) = cot(A + oO BY" iB oot 6) In equation (5) replaced B by~B SGA) = AEB ED) Sait B) =~ oot +cat, cotAcotB+1 cot(A~B)= —~————_...(6) cot B—cot ATRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF MULTIPLE AND SUB-MULTIPLE ANGLES 8 8 sin 2A= sin (A+ A) = sin Acos A+ sin A cos A=2 sin Acos A sin2A=2sinAcosA ....(1) 88 Multiple angles are 20, 30, 40 etc. and sub-multiple angles are 24 disp, Gadde zi 80, Sin A tan? A 2) in x =2 cos® + 2 cosy + 2 cosa 2eos-m sin ae eg. sin x=2 C085 -2.60855 © 20855 ° nou” 2€08 55 “SiN 35 again, cos 2 = cos(A + A) = cosA ~ sin?A cos 2A = cos?A ~ sin? 3) (€.g. cos?7.5° ~ sin?7.5° = cos 15°) cos 2A=1~2 sin?A (4) cos 2A =2 cos’A~ 1 5) Note that: 2sin2A = 1 ~cos 2A } They will be useful to 2 cos?A = 1+ cos 2A determine sin 7.5° or sin 22.5°i 2 Also, cos 2A = 1! A L+ tan? A from (2) to (3) tan 2a = 20 an tan? A To deduce the value of tan 22.5° 1=cos45° 2-1 vastipnssen loosest «ts l+cos45° V2 +1 3n fd CH Note that tan = JP +1 =eotg (3) wl) ‘Asking @ ii) (iii) (iv) w (vi) cos A=4/5 find tan(A/2) Ans, (i)7/9, (ii)17/25, (ii) 24/25,~24/25 (iv)3/4 (v) 7/25, (vi) 1/3, -1/3 cos A =1/3 find cos 2A If sin A = 2/5 find cos 2A an > tan 22,5°=tan y= 3-1 =cot 8Sine, cosines and tangent of 3A sin 3A = sin(A + 2A) = sin Acos 2A + cos A sin 2A in A(I — 2sin?A) + cos?A2 sin A => result sin 3A=3 sinA—4 sin'A lly cos 3A= cos (A+ 2A) = cos A cos 2A~ sin A sin 2A 08 A (2 cos?A ~ 1) ~2 sin?A cos A 2 cos3A — cos A~ 2(1 ~ cos?A) cos A 2 cos'A~cos A~2 cos A+2 cos’A cos?A~ 3 cos A cos 3A= 4 costA~ 3 cos A 2tanA Tetan? A _ tanA—tan? A+ 2tanA 1=tan? A —2tan? A tanA+tan2A A+ tan 3A=tan(A+2A)= To aaa, 3tanA ~ tan A tan 3A= z 1-3tan-A— In (2- 6) relations sin remains sin cos remains cos tan remains tan cot remains cot sec remains sec cosec remains cosec with appropriate signs. To remember the signs we use sintve | all Students] All-ve Take — | Coffee tanve } eos +ve tan(~120°) =~ tan 120° =~ tan(180° — 60°) = tan 60° = J cos(180°) = cos(90° + 90°) = cos (180° — 0) = cos(180 + 0°) =-1 ai 1]‘To Play with cos 20, sin 20, 1 + cos 20, 1 — cos 20, 1 + sin 20, 1 - sin 20 1400828 __2c087@ = eg sin20~ 2sindcosd °* 3 0820 2sin an8 a es * he be used sae 22.5° oe Sdn can be used to compute tan 7.5° or tan 1 _ 2sin? 0 5 3 T0820 * gong L+sin2A 4. Toprove that “= tan(45°+ A) COB!EXAMPLE: Ex.1 [Sol Given Consider and cos3A _ A sin3A, sinA in3A 1 find the value of "=~ sinA | Ag costa 3-4 3A geota-3=4 = =3-4sin°A=4 cos?A cos*A = oolsin 8° = sin © = c0872° = cos 2% = 9-1 10 5 4 ity let 5-1) 6-2V5 3-V5) 14V5_V541 cas sort 2 1-2 |=1-[-{ = c0836°= cos = sin54?= sin *® 5+! 5 0 4NOMETRIC IDENTITIES IN A TRIANGLE Identities which hold true for the angles ofa triangle. There are thousands of identities which hold true for the angles of a triangle. This is application of trigonometry in a triangle. EXAMPLES () IfA+B+C=n, then prove that sin 2A+ sin 2B + sin 2C =4 sin A sin B sin C or Ysin2A=4[]sinA(5) In the above identity multiply cotA cotB cotC on both sides so we get cotA cosB + cotB cotC + cotC cotA = | YeotAcotB = 1 (6) Yuan tan =1 a” Yoo = [TeorGeneral formula tan(0, + 0, + 0, + S, = sum of tangents of angles taken one at a time. ie, 0,40) +0; Fon 8, ie DO, S$, = sum of tangents taken 2 at a time ie. 8,0, + 8,0, + 0,0, +. ie, 00, Application of trigonometry in maximising and minimising ie. (optimisation) We know that maximising and minimising by calculus but in certain cases trigonometry proves to be more powerful. 1. Maximising and minimising by using the property of boundness of trigonometric functions. (@) Sine and cosine have bounded values between ~ 1 and 1. (b) Tangent and cotangent are unbounded functions. (c) Cosec and sec have values greater than | and less than — 1‘Type-II: Argument of sine and cosine are different or a quadratic in sine / cos is given then we make a perfect square in sine / cosine and interpret. EXAMPLES Ex.l y=cos 2x +3 sinx. Find range, min. and max value of y.‘Type-III: Making use of reciprocal relationship between tan and cot, sin/cosec and cos/sec. EXAMPLES Ex. y=atan’x + bcot?x (a, b> 0). find y,,,, Vx eR. [Sol. y=(a tan x —b cot x)? + 2abGENERAL OR MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS INVOLVING TWO INDEPENDENT VARIABLES Ex.) x? and a? +b?=8 find (ax + by)'s minimum and maximum value. [Sol. Let x=2cos 0, a=2J7 cosd y=2sin0, b=2y3 sing ax + by= 4/5 cos @ cos 6 +45 sin @ sin b= 4/3 cos(® ~ 6) now minimumand maximum value of 4/7 andy, =-4,/2 ] y=ax+by=>_y,,,TYPE-1 Ex.1 S=cos 0+ cos 20 + c0s 30+ ..... + 608 nO. Find the sum of series. 0 0 {Sol. 2 sin2s =2 sin® cos +2 sin® COS 20+ smut 2 sin? cos nO 2 2 2 2 ~in29 — sin® + sin 39 — in 3 4. x gin 2BDO _ 2n=0 sin — sin > + sin” = sin + aout sin 8S ETO 2 sin 2s ='sin 2008 _ sin ® 2 a 2 sin OO eg ane sin ™® cos ® D8 ave = Se 0 ~ 8 2sin— sin— 2 2 2sin™ cos 2+ last) si( citerene Joos ©- — cot 2" x. 1 sin(x/2) sin(x —x/2 [Sol. T, = cosee x= —— —sinloy/2) — __sinfx=x/2)- sink ~ sinx-sin(x/2) ~ sinx-sin(x/2) sinx cos(x/2)~ cos xsin(x/2) x my = cot 5 — Cot x, sin x-sin(x/2) 2 sinx in(2x—x) _ sin2xcosx —cos2xsinx tT, oe ee OK in2xsinx sin2xsinx sin2xsinx T,, = cot 2"~!x — cot 2"x]INEQUALITIES IN A TRIANGLE: Ex.] In any A ABC show that cot?A + cotB + cot?C 21 [Sol. Inatriangleweknow — cot AcotB = 1 ....(1) let cotA=x, cotB=y, cotC=z xytyztzx=1 2) (from 1) (x-yP20 > x? +y?22xy ily (y-2zP20 and (z—x)?>0 f yt+22>2yz and 22+x?>22x (tty?+z222>1 from(2) cot?A + cot?B + cot?C 2 1]