PSY 201 Test #2

Student: __Nastya Rudenko______________________________________________________________

1. Probability sampling techniques are most important for A. obtaining significant

results.B. selecting participants for experiments.C. generalization of results to a
population.D. internal validity.

2. Face validity refers to whether or not the measure A. correlates positively with other
measures of the same variable.B. correlates negatively with other measures of the same
variable.C. yields the same score for the same participant across different circumstances.
D. appears to measure what it is supposed to measure.

3. When increases in the values of one variable are associated with both increases and
decreases in the values of a second variable, what type of relationship is present?
A. negative linearB. curvilinearC. confoundedD. positive linear

4. Case studies are most useful for studying A. cognitive variables.B. large populations.
C. rare or unusual events.D. ambiguous questions.

5. A measure is reactive if the measurement A. occurs in a laboratory setting.B. changes

the behavior being studied.C. is unobtrusive.D. is unreliable.

6. In general, the lower the response rate for a survey, the A. more confidence one
has in generalizing the results.B. more likely biases exist to distort the findings.C. more
confidence one has that respondents are telling the truth.D. less likely biases exist to
distort the findings.

7. When a researcher can make a strong inference that one variable caused another, the
study is said to have _____validity. A. externalB. inferentialC. reliableD. internal
8. The survey method A. provides information of how people think and behave at a
given point in time.B. allows researchers to study if relationships among variables have
changed over time.C. complement experimental research findings.D. all of these

9. Naturalistic observation is less useful than other methods for A. investigating complex
social settingsB. developing theories based on observationC. studying well-defined
hypotheses under precisely specified conditionsD. making observations in a natural
setting over an extended period of time

10. Tracy decides to employ a naturalistic observation on her sorority. A potential

problem with this type of observation is she A. does not know the members she is
observing.B. may lose the objectivity needed to conduct the scientific observation.
C. may be unable to experience the day-to-day behaviors of the sorority.D. is not using
concealed observation.

11. The use of hidden cameras to record the license plate numbers of drivers who fail to
obey traffic signals results in ______ by the driver. A. less reliabilityB. greater reactance
C. less reactanceD. greater reliability

12. With simple random sampling, each member of the population has a(n) ________
probability of being sampled. A. nonspecificB. equalC. none of theseD. haphazard

13. A nonprobability sampling technique for choosing a sample that reflects the
numerical composition of various subgroups in the population is called A. both stratified
random sampling and quota sampling are correctB. quota sampling.C. stratified
random sampling.D. haphazard sampling.

14. What is the primary advantage of the laboratory experiment over the field
experiment? A. Participants know they are in an experiment.B. Variables are
investigated in more natural conditions.C. It is easier to hold extraneous variables
constant.D. none of these

15. In survey research, when individuals tend to respond to all questions from a
particular perspective rather than to the content of the question, they are displaying
A. feedback responseB. a response setC. negative wordingD. simplicity
16. Which type of reliability assesses reliability using responses at only one point in
time? A. test-retestB. internal consistencyC. alternate formsD. interrater

17. George wants to know what teenagers believe is the most significant social problem
facing today's youth. Which type of question would be the most useful? A. double-
barreledB. closed-endedC. loadedD. open-ended

18. Scales that measure physical dimensions such as number of items correct, amount of
alcohol consumed, and time to respond, would be an example of a(n) _______ scale.
A. nominalB. ratioC. ordinalD. interval

19. Dr. Kramer found that the average number of miles driven decreases as the price of
gasoline increases. This relationship can best be described as a _______ relationship.
A. negative linearB. zeroC. positive linearD. curvilinear

20. Experimental control is accomplished by A. paying attention to the sensitivities of

the participant.B. using careful operational definitions.C. using a control group as a
standard to measure against.D. treating participants in all groups alike except for the
independent variable.

21. In graphing the results of an experiment, the independent variable is placed on the
________axis and the dependent variable is placed on the ________ axis. A. central;
bottomB. horizontal; verticalC. vertical; horizontalD. bottom; central

22. Gerald does not tell dirty jokes to his male friends when Sheila is in the room.
However, when she leaves the room he tells them the jokes. Gerald's behavior is an
example of A. reliability.B. a negative case analysis.C. reactivity.D. validity.

23. A laboratory experiment uses ________ while a field experiment does not. A. all of
theseB. a manipulated variableC. an artificial environmentD. random assignment
24. In question construction, writing questions that are easily understood illustrates A. a
loaded questionB. yea-saying and nay-sayingC. a double-barreled questionD. simplicity

25. _____ is an indicator of reliability in which the researcher calculates the correlation of
each item with every other item. A. Cronbach's alphaB. all of theseC. test-retest
D. split-half

26. What is a major distinction between quantitative and qualitative descriptive

methods? Quantitative techniques use ____ while qualitative techniques involve _____.
A. correlational methods; experimental methodsB. numerical descriptions; verbal
descriptionsC. experimental methods; correlational methodsD. verbal descriptions;
numerical descriptions

27. When respondents answer in agreement with all questions, this is referred to as
_____. However, if respondents answer in disagreement to all questions this is referred to
as _____. A. yea-saying; nay-sayingB. social desirability; social undesirabilityC. loading;
unloadingD. positive wording; negative wording

28. When interviewing Al, Bill nods his head and smiles whenever Al responds with an
answer that he likes. Bill's behavior is an example of A. a response set.B. interviewer
bias.C. sampling bias.D. yea-saying.

29. On a survey, Judd is asked to indicate his age, gender, and marital status. These
items best represent which type of survey question? A. facts and demographics
B. attitudes and beliefC. objectiveD. behavior

30. When increases in the values of one variable are associated with increases in the
values of a second variable, what type of relationship is present? A. positive linear
B. negative linearC. no relationshipD. curvilinear

31. Data in systematic observation studies are most likely to be A. statistically

significant.B. qualitative.C. quantitative.D. unreliable.
32. The goal of naturalistic observation is to A. test theoretical hypotheses.B. describe in
detail a particular setting or situation.C. get quick answers to theoretical questions.
D. conduct experiments in real, rather than artificial, environments.

33. A researcher studies letters to the editor to assess community attitudes. The
researcher is using A. survey archives.B. a case study.C. statistical records.D. written
records.

34. A good naturalistic observation will support the analysis by A. testing only
hypotheses that have been proposed by othersB. using only quantitative dataC. using
multiple confirmationsD. using only qualitative data

35. To assess the reliability of a measure, Amy administers different versions of the same
test to the same individuals at two points in time. This procedure would be an example of
_____ reliability. A. versionB. split-halfC. alternate formsD. test-retest

36. The Wayne city council members should not be allowed to vote on increases in their
pay is an example of a _____ question. A. simplisticB. yea-saying and nay-saying
C. double-barreledD. negative wording

37. A _____ sample size will _____ the size of the confidence interval. A. small; reduce
B. large; reduceC. small; not effectD. large; expand

38. A difference between an interval scale and a ratio scale is A. a ratio scale has equal
intervals, an interval scale does notB. an interval scale has an absolute zero point, a ratio
scale does notC. an interval scale has equal intervals, a ratio scale does notD. a ratio
scale has an absolute zero point, an interval scale does not

39. When participants are categorized into groups based on some difference rather than
through random assignment, this design is referred to as a(n) _____ design.
A. experimental methodB. ex post factoC. attributeD. participant

40. Professor Bonds asked students to name different factors that may change with a
person's age. The students identified weight, height, and number of friends. These
factors would be examples of A. all of these.B. operational definitions.C. variables.
D. mediators.

41. A psychological process that is responsible for the effect of an independent variable
on a dependent variable is referred to as a _____ variable. A. operationalB. mediating
C. processD. hypothetical

42. The process of clearly identifying how a variable is measured or manipulated is

referred to as the _______ of the variable. A. levelB. validityC. reliabilityD. operational
definition

43. Which one of the following is a situational variable? A. Temperature in the room
B. Ratings for the humor of several comic stripsC. Performance on a weight-lifting task
D. Reasoning ability

44. A food critic rates restaurants according to the quality of food, service, and
atmosphere. She assigns 4 forks for excellent, 3 for good, 2 for fair, and 1 fork for poor.
This measure is an example of a(n) _____ scale. A. ordinalB. nominalC. ratioD. interval

45. An experimenter had one group of participants eat ice cream that was packaged in a
red carton, whereas another group of participants ate the same flavor ice cream from a
green carton. Participants then indicated how much they liked the ice cream by rating
the taste on a 1-5 scale. The independent variable in this experiment was the A. flavor
of the ice cream.B. ice cream ratings.C. color of the carton.D. gender of the participant.

46. When the results of a study can be generalized to other populations and settings, the
study is said to have _______ validity. A. reliableB. internalC. inferentialD. external

47. James has constructed a 95% confidence interval and found the confidence limits to
be 75 and 79. From this interval, James A. can conclude 95% of the time, the population
mean will fall between 75 and 79B. is 95% confident the interval 75 to 79 will contain the
true population mean.C. can conclude 95% of the population means lie between 75 and
79D. 95% of the time the population mean will be 75 or 79
48. The research approach in which the researcher does not actually collect original data
but analyzes already existing data is called A. statistical reportingB. archival research
C. a field experimentD. a psychobiography

49. You take your temperature with a thermometer three times over a 20-minute period
and observe the following measurements, 98, 106, and 89 degrees. You should conclude
that the _____ of the thermometer is _____. A. reliability; lowB. validity; highC. validity;
lowD. reliability; high

50. Jack has a difficult time answering the question "Are you in favor of increasing tuition
in order increase the number of classes and parking spaces offered?" because it is a
_____ question. A. yea-saying and nay-sayingB. double-barreledC. simplisticD. loaded

51. Harvey examines baseball records to determine whether National League teams who
play the final game of the World Series at home lose more often than American League
teams. Harvey is using which of the following archival research approaches?
A. anthropological dataB. self-reportC. statistical recordsD. survey archives

52. Correlating the total score of the first twenty questions on a test with the total score
of the last twenty questions on a test is an example of what type of reliability? A. split-
halfB. alternate-formsC. item-totalD. test-retest

53. Data in naturalistic observation studies are most likely to be A. quantitative.

B. nonempirical.C. unreliable.D. qualitative.

54. According to Jourard, the social desirability response set can be reduced by
A. assuring anonymity.B. honest communication about the purpose of the research.
C. providing feedback about the results.D. all of these

55. "Do you agree that male teenage drivers are more dangerous than female teenage
drivers?" is an example of a _____ question. A. simplisticB. loadedC. yea-saying and nay-
sayingD. double-barreled
56. The sampling ________ is the actual set of people who might be included in the
sample after the population is defined. A. setB. frameC. sizeD. control

57. In order to study changes in answers to survey questions over time, a researcher
could use a(n) A. archival study.B. case study.C. wave analysis.D. panel study.

58. A person who tries to present himself or herself in a positive way on a questionnaire
is showing a ________ response set. A. social desirabilityB. social acquiescenceC. none of
theseD. social psychological

59. Research that examines the relationship between a measure and the criterion
behavior at the same time is assessing which type of validity? A. concurrentB. face
C. divergentD. convergent

60. The experimental method eliminates the third-variable problem by A. keeping

extraneous variables constant.B. neither keeping extraneous variables constant nor
randomly assigning participants to groups.C. both keeping extraneous variables constant
and randomly assigning participants to groups.D. randomly assigning participants to
groups.

61. What two problems arise when interpreting results obtained using the
nonexperimental method? A. second variable problem and third variable problem
B. none of theseC. direction of cause and effect and second variable problemD. third
variable problem and direction of cause and effect

62. Categorizing automobiles as American made or Foreign made would be an example

of a(n) _____ scale. A. intervalB. nominalC. ordinalD. ratio

63. Naturalistic observation is generally more ____ than systematic observation.

A. globalB. limitedC. quantitativeD. easily accomplished
64. When a measure relates consistently to other measures of the same concept it shows
____ validity. A. internalB. convergentC. faceD. divergent

65. If you want to assess presidential candidate preferences of Maricopa County

registered voters classified by social class and age, you might randomly select voters
from each subgroup according to their proportion in the entire county. This sampling
technique is called ________ sampling. A. simple randomB. quotaC. clusterD. stratified
random

66. When a scale designed to measure honesty actually measures a person's honesty,
the scale is said to have A. reliabilityB. construct validityC. reactivityD. consistency

67. A _____ is a type of case study in which research applies psychological theory to
explain the life of an individual. A. systematic biographyB. written recordC. statistical
case studyD. psychobiography

68. Any measure can be thought of as comprising two components. These components
are A. reliability; validityB. situational; responseC. true score; errorD. none of these

69. A relationship in which the direction of the relationship changes direction at least
once is called a A. nonmonotonicB. monotonicC. linearD. direct

70. In naturalistic observation research, a negative case is A. an observation that does

not fit the explanatory structure devised by the researcher.B. an example of a negative
relationship.C. an observation that is not statistically significant.D. a potential informant
who is unwilling to provide information.