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Tutorial 04

real analysis tutorial 4

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20 views2 pages

Tutorial 04

real analysis tutorial 4

Uploaded by

Shannamae Yang
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MH3100 Real Analysis I AY 2023/24 S2

Tutorial 4: Sequences and Series III


16th February, Friday
Instructions to students: Please attempt these questions before your tutorial session,
so that you can have a meaningful session with your tutor.
1. Determine if each of the following series is convergent or divergent.
X 1
(a)
2n + n
X sin(n)
(b)
n2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(c) 1 − 2 + − 2 + − 2 + − 2 + · · ·
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2. Determine if each of the following statements
P is true.
P P
(a) There are two divergent seriesP an and bn where an bn converges.
(b) PThere is a convergent series an and a bounded sequence {bn } such that
an bn diverges. P P
(c) There are twoPsequences {an } and {bn } where an and (an + bn ) both
converge but bn diverges.
(d) There is a sequence {an } satisfying 0 ≤ an ≤ n1 where (−1)n an diverges.
P

3. For each of the following propositions, provide either a short proof if it is true or a
counterexample P if it is false. P 2
(a) If a series an converges absolutely, then the series an also converges
absolutely. P
(b) P
If a series an converges and a sequence {bn } converges, then the series
an bn converges.
P P 2
(c) If a series an converges conditionally, then the series n an diverges.
P
4. Prove that if the series |aP
n | satisfies the Cauchy Criterion and the sequence {bn }
is bounded, then the series an bn satisfies the Cauchy Criterion. Do not use the
Comparison Test or the Absolute Convergence Test.
P
5. Given a series an and a strictly increasing sequence of natural numbers {nk },
the regrouping of the terms
(a1 + a2 + · · · + an1 ) + (an1 +1 + an1 +2 + · · · + an2 ) + (an2 +1 + an2 +2 + · · · + an3 ) + · · ·
P
leads to a series bk with the terms
bk := ank−1 +1 + ank−1 +2 + · · · + ank ∀k ∈ N,
where n0 denotesP0. P
Prove that if an converges to A, then bk converges to A.

1
2

Additional Questions (if time permits)


P
1. Use the Cauchy Criterion for Series to prove that if the series an is convergent
P
and the sequence {bn } is nonnegative and decreasing, then the series an bn is
convergent. Do not use the Monotone Convergence Theorem or the Algebraic
Limit Theorem for Series.
[Note: This is known as Abel’s Test.]

2. A close relative of infinite series is the infinite product, which is a formal expression
of the form ∞
Y
bn = b1 b2 b3 · · · .
n=1
This infinite product is understood in terms of its sequence of partial products {pn },
where for each n ∈ N
pn := b1 b2 b3 · · · bn .
In this question, we consider the special case of infinite products of the form
(1 + a1 ) (1 + a2 ) (1 + a3 ) · · · ,
where the sequence {an } is nonnegative.
(a) Find an explicit formula for the sequence of partial products in the case where
an = n1 and decide whether the sequence converges.
(b) P
Prove that the sequence of partial products converges if and only if the series
an converges.

3. The Alternating Series Test can be proved directly from the Nested Interval Prop-
erty.
(a) Given an alternating series
b1 − b2 + b3 − b4 + · · ·
with the sequence {bn } decreasing and converging to 0, construct a nested
sequence of closed and bounded intervals I1 ⊇ I2 ⊇ I3 ⊇ · · · such that for
each n, m ∈ N,
m ≥ n =⇒ sm ∈ In ,
where sm denotes the m-th partial sum of the alternating series.
(b) Hence use the Nested Interval Property to deduce a sum for the alternating
series.

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