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Tutorial 02

real analysis tutorial 2

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15 views2 pages

Tutorial 02

real analysis tutorial 2

Uploaded by

Shannamae Yang
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MH3100 Real Analysis I AY 2023/24 S2

Tutorial 2: Sequences and Series I


2nd February, Friday
Instructions to students: Please attempt these questions before your tutorial session,
so that you can have a meaningful session with your tutor.
1. Determine if each of the following statements is true.
(a) There is a sequence with an infinite number of 1’s and does not converge to 1.
(b) There is a sequence with an infinite number of 1’s and converges to a limit not
equal to 1.
(c) There is a divergent sequence such that for every n ∈ N it is possible to find
n consecutive ones somewhere in the sequence.
(d) There are sequences {an } and {bn }, which both diverge, but whose sum
{an + bn } converges.
(e) There are sequences {an } and {bn }, where {an } converges, {bn } diverges, and
{an + bn } converges.
(f) There is a convergent sequence {bn } with bn ̸= 0 for each n ∈ N such that
{1/bn } diverges.
(g) There is an unbounded sequence {an } and a convergent sequence {bn } with
{an − bn } bounded.
(h) There are sequences {an } and {bn }, where {an bn } and {an } converge but {bn }
does not.

2. Verify, using the definition of limits of sequences, that the following sequences
converge to the proposed limits.
2 2n + 1 2n2 sin(n2 )
(a) = lim . (b) 0 = lim 3 . (c) 0 = lim √ .
5 5n + 4 n +3 3
n

3. In this question, {an } is a bounded sequence and {bn } is a convergent sequence.


(a) Prove that if {bn } has limit 0, then the sequence {an bn } has limit 0.
(b) Give an example to show that the sequence {an bn } may not have a limit if
{bn } has a limit different from 0.

4. In this question, {an } denotes a sequence of positive real numbers. Use the def-
inition of limits of sequences to prove the following statements. Do not use the
Algebraic Limit Theorem.
(a) If 2 = lim an , then 1 = lim 2an3−1 .
√ √
(b) If 2 = lim an , then 2 = lim an .
(c) If 2 = lim an , then 12 = lim a1n .

5. In this question, {an } is a Cauchy sequence and c is a real number.


(a) Use the definition of Cauchy sequence to show that {can } is Cauchy. Do not
use the Cauchy Criterion or the Algebraic Limit Theorem.
(b) Use the definition of Cauchy sequence to show that {a2n } is Cauchy. Do not
use the Cauchy Criterion or the Algebraic Limit Theorem.
[Note: A proof without using the Cauchy Criterion is applicable to sequences in Q
(or any ordered field) for which the Cauchy Criterion does not hold.]
1
2

Additional Questions (if time permits)


1. In this question, {an } and {bn } are two sequences. Determine if each of the follow-
ing statements is true.
(a) If 0 = lim(an − bn ), then {an } and {bn } have the same limit.
(b) If bn → b, then |bn | → |b|.
(c) If an → a and (bn − an ) → 0, then bn → a.
(d) If 0 = lim an and |bn − b| ≤ an for all n ∈ N, then {bn } converges to b.

2. Show that if {an } has the limit a, then the sequence {bn } with
a1 + a2 + · · · + an
bn =
n
for every n ∈ N converges to a.

3. Given a doubly indexed array amn where m, n ∈ N, define a = limm,n→∞ amn to


mean
∀ε > 0 ∃N ∈ N ∀m, n > N |amn − a| < ε.
[Note: a doubly index array is a function f : N × N → R where we use amn to
denote f (m, n).]
(a) If the array satisfies amn = m/(m + n) for each m, n ∈ N, what are the iterated
limits    
lim lim amn and lim lim amn ?
n→∞ m→∞ m→∞ n→∞
(b) If the array satisfies amn = mn/(m + n) for each m, n ∈ N, does there exist
a ∈ R for which a = limm,n→∞ amn ? Do the two iterated limits exists? How
do these three values compare?
(c) Prove that if a = limm,n→∞ amn and the iterated limit
 
lim lim amn
n→∞ m→∞
exists, then the iterated limit is a.

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